Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Chemical Engineering

Laboratory Report #1
Entitled
Experimental Determination of the Gas Constant

Submitted by
Paglinawan, Trixie H.
of
ChE – 2204

To
Engr. Kim Dowell Panganiban

In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements in

ChE 404 – Physical Chemistry

March 16, 2023

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

References

A. (2023a, January 25). Gas Constant - Definition, Formula, Value, Gas Constant In Different Units, Application,
Specific Gas Constant. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/physics/gas-constant/#:~:text=The%20gas%20constant
%20is%20a,constant%20or%20universal%20gas%20constant.

L. (2023, January 30). Gas Laws: Overview. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/
States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Gas_Laws%3A_Overview#:~:text=Boyle's%20Law
%20tells%20us%20that,the%20amount%20of%20gas%20increases.

L. (2023c, January 30). The Ideal Gas Law. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/
States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/The_Ideal_Gas_Law

Los Angeles Mission College. (n.d.). Limiting Reactant. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from
https://mymission.lamission.edu/userdata%5Cpaziras%5CChem101%5CChap_03C.pdf

Sheldon, R. (2023, January 23). gas. WhatIs.com. https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/gas

What is an Eudiometer? (2023, March 1). All The Science. https://www.allthescience.org/what-is-an-

eudiometer.htm

What’s the balanced equation for magnesium and hydrochloric acid? (n.d.). Toppr Ask.
https://www.toppr.com/ask/en-kr/question/whats-the-balanced-equation-for-magnesium-and-hydrochloric-
acid/

Appendices

A. Materials
 4.0-cm ribbon of magnesium
 length of copper wire (reusable)
 6M HCl(aq)
 50-mL eudiometer*
 eudiometer stopper with hole(s)*
 burette stand
 large beaker
 thermometer
 small funnel
 small graduated cylinder
 barometer
 large tub of water
 electronic balance
 sandpaper

B. Procedure

a. Magnesium Ribbon

1. Obtain a 4.0-cm ribbon of magnesium (Mg), a piece of sandpaper, and a length of copper wire.
2. Carefully sand the outside of the Mg ribbon to remove any oxide coating. Do not sand on the bench top!
Place the Mg ribbon on a paper towel while sanding. Weigh the cleaned Mg ribbon and record this mass on
your report form. Note that this mass should be less than 0.040 grams. If it is heavier, your Mg ribbon will
have to be “trimmed” by your instructor.
3. Wrap the Mg around the end of the copper wire. Do this in a tight ball with only a small gap between
layers. Then wrap the copper wire to form a cage around the Mg ball. The cage must be tight enough to
keep the Mg inside, but loose enough to allow water to easily flow around the wire. Roughly 3-cm of
copper wire should be left over as a “handle” (see Figure 1).

b. Eudiometer/Test Tube Set Up and Reaction

4. Obtain a test tube and stopper (with holes) from the stockroom. Use the burette clamp to hold it in place,
open end up.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 5. Add ~10-mL of 6 M HCl (aq) to the test tube using a small funnel. Then add distilled water to the test
tube carefully until it is filled to the brim (see Figure 1).
6. Hang the Mg ball inside the open end of the test tube, ~2-cm down from the top. Then insert the stopper
into this end, and, while holding it in place, quickly invert the entire tube into your largest beaker 3⁄4 filled
with water. Clamp the tube in the water in the upside-down position (see Figure 2).
7. The reaction will occur as soon as the acid diffuses down the tube and reaches the Mg ribbon. As
hydrogen gas is generated it will fill the test tube by forcing the water out of the tube and into the beaker
via water displacement (see Figure 2). Allow the reaction to proceed until no Mg is left and no further gas
is formed. This should take 3-5 minutes.

c. Pressure Equalization

8. To ensure that the pressure of hydrogen (and water vapor) in the test tube is equal to atmospheric
pressure, the level of the water inside the tube must be the same as the level of water outside the tube. To
achieve this, transfer both the tube and the beaker of water into the large bucket of water in the sink. Then
raise or lower the tube until the internal and external water levels are equal.

d. Measurements

9. After equalizing the water levels, record the following measurements:

• The volume of hydrogen gas collected (read directly from the test tube scale), in mL.
• The temperature of the hydrogen gas collected, in °C. This can be measured by first removing the stopper
then placing the thermometer directly in the test tube (keep the tube inverted so the gas does not readily
escape). It is also acceptable to assume that the temperature of the hydrogen gas is the same as the
temperature of the water bath, especially if you wait a while before making your measurements.
• The atmospheric pressure (use the lab barometer), in mmHg
• The temperature of the water in the plastic tub (use the thermometer), in °C
• The vapor pressure of water at the above temperature (obtain from Table on page 2), in mmHg
10. When finished, repeat this entire procedure a second time with a fresh piece of magnesium ribbon.

C. Pre-laboratory Assignment: Experimental Determination of the Gas Constant

1. What is the name of the gas that will be collected and studied in this lab? Write the balanced equation
for the reaction used to generate this gas.

- Hydrogen gas is the one that is released when magnesium and hydrochloric acid combine, and the
balanced equation for this reaction is:

Mg (s)+2 HCl(aq )⟶ MgC l 2 (aq)+ H 2 ( g)

2. You will perform several measurements on your collected gas sample in order to experimentally
determine the value of the Gas Constant (R). What is the theoretical value of R, and what are its units?

- The theoretical value of R is equal to 0.082057 L∙atm/mol∙K or just 0.08206 L∙atm/mol∙K. Its
units are composed of liters (L) for the volume multiplied by atm for atmosphere, over mol for the
number of moles multiplied by the temperature in Kelvin.

3. The magnesium ribbon used in this reaction must be carefully handled. What mass of the magnesium
ribbon should be used?

- The mass of the magnesium ribbon to be used in the experiment should not exceed 0.040 grams. If
it does, it should be trimmed or sanded again until it reached the target mass.

4. What is the name of the specialized "tube" that your gas is collected in? Discuss something about it.

- Eudiometer tube was used in the experiment where the hydrogen gas was collected. It is a device
used to gauge a gas's volume change. The eudiometer, which is often made of glass and shaped
like an extended tube with a measuring scale, is comparable to a barometer or a thermometer.
Each eudiometer has one closed end and one open end that may be filled with water. It is
frequently submerged in water with the closed end pointing up. A gas sample enters the
instrument during immersion. As a result, an electric spark is produced between the two wires that
are permanently attached to the eudiometer, allowing a graduation inside of it to measure the
change in gas volume.

5. Part of the procedure for this experiment involves ensuring that the total pressure of gases collected
inside the tube is equal to atmospheric pressure. How is this achieved (hint, see Procedure #8)?

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 - The level of water inside the test tube must match the level of water outside the tube in order to
guarantee that the pressure of hydrogen and water vapor is equal to atmospheric pressure. Transfer
the tube and the water-filled beaker into the sizable sink-side bucket of water to accomplish this.
After the water levels inside and outside the tube are equal, raise or lower them.
D. Tables

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

0.0397 g 0.0394 g
Table 1: Mass of Magnesium Metal

Temperature of: TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

Water Bath 28 ℃ 26.8 ℃

H2 Gas 30.5 ℃ 28.9 ℃

Table 2: Temperature collected

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

28.3 mmHg 26.4 mmHg

Table 3: Vapor Pressure

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

Mass of Magnesium Metal Used 0.0397 g 0.0394 g

Volume of Gas Collected (in mL) 51.5498 mL 38.0367 mL

Temperature of H2 Gas Collected 30.5 ℃ 28.9 ℃

Atmospheric Pressure 760 mmHg 760 mmHg

Temperature of Water Bath 28 ℃ 26.8 ℃

Vapor Pressure of Water at above Temperature 28.3 mmHg 26.4 mmHg

Table 4: Summary of Experimental Determination of the Gas Constant

Trial 1 Trial 2

Volume of H2 Gas (in L) 0.5154978564 L 0.03803673504 L

Temperature of H2 Gas (in K) 303.65 K 302.05 K

Moles of H2 Gas 0.001633408764 mol 0.001621065624 mol

Pressure of H2 Gas (in atm) 0.9627631579 atm 0.9652631579 atm

Experimental Value of R (include

0.1000640691 L∙atm/mol∙K 0.07498415907 L∙atm/mol∙K
units)
Table 5: Summary of Data Analysis

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 E. Documentation

Figure 1. Removing Magnesium coating Figure 2. Mass of Magnesium metal in Trial 1

Figure 3. Line measurements on the test tube Figure 4. Beaker ¾ filled with water

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

Figure 5. Reaction between HCl and Mg Figure 6. Temperature of H 2 gas in Trial 1
metal in Trial 1

Figure 7. Initial temperature of the water Figure 8. Mass of Magnesium metal in Trial 2
bath in Trial 1

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Figure 9. 10-mL of 6 M HCl (aq) Figure 10. Reaction between HCl and
Mg metal in Trial 2

Figure 11. Temperature of H 2 gas in Trial 2 Figure 12. Temperature of the water bath in
Trial 2

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation