Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101825

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Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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Mathematical modelling of unsteady Oldroyd-B fluid flow due to

stretchable cylindrical surface with energy transport
Muhammad Yasir a,⇑, Awais Ahmed b, Masood Khan a, Abdullah Khamis Alzahrani c, Zaka Ullah Malik c,
Ahmed Mohammad Alshehri c
a
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics, National University of Modern Languages, H-9 Islamabad Pakistan
c
Mathematical Modelling and Applied Computation Research Group (MMAC), Department of Mathematics King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The unsteady boundary layer flow and thermal transportation analysis of an incompressible Oldroyd-B
Received 18 February 2022 nanofluid driven by stretching cylinder is scrutinized with analytically approach in this study. The gov-
Revised 19 April 2022 erning unsteady boundary layer equations (PDEs) are first established, and then these PDEs are converted
Accepted 30 April 2022
into highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using appropriate similarity transformations.
Available online 07 June 2022
The obtained equations are then solved in the form of series solutions via homotopy analysis method
(HAM) for the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields. Additionally, the convergence analysis
Keywords:
of the analytic series solutions is discussed. The model under consideration predicts the features of both
Axisymmetric flow
Stretchable cylinder
the relaxation and retardation times effects. The aspects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion char-
Oldroyd-B fluid acteristics due to nanoparticles are studied by employing Buongiorno’s model. The findings demonstrated
Buongiorno model that when the curvature parameter increases, the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions
Analytical solutions near the cylinder’s surface enhanced. Moreover, the velocity profile, for relaxation and the retardation
times parameters, showed the opposite behavior. Also, the unsteadiness parameter enhanced the fluid
velocity. The comparison of some current and old results is remarkable.
Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams Uni-
versity. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1. Introduction scientists explored the characteristics of heat transfer in a non-

Newtonian fluid over a stretching surface. Tsou et al. [1] analyzed
In fluid dynamics, the unsteady boundary-layer flow of a non- the combined study (analytical and experimental) of a stretching
Newtonian fluid due to stretching sheet/surface is a significant area flow and showed that such types of flow are physically realizable.
of study. In several experimental problems, due to the free stream Sharidan et al. [2] presented the similarity analysis to studied the
velocity being time-dependent, the flow could be unsteady. The time-dependent boundary layer flow due to stretching sheet. The
investigation of thermal diffusion along with mass transfer over a effects of a chemical reaction on time-dependent thermal and solu-
stretching surface is very interesting and useful when the velocity tal transport on a stretched surface were investigated by Chamkha
of the free stream changes with time. It is notable that, stretched et al. [3]. Elgazery [4] studied the non-uniform heat source/sink in
boundary flow problems with heat transfer analysis have many the existence of a magnetic field over an unsteady stretching sur-
applications in engineering and manufacturing processes such as face. Three-dimensional unsteady flow of viscoelastic fluid over a
paper and food materials, glass blowing, cooling of metallic plates stretched surface was investigated by Ahmed et al. [5]. The associ-
in cooling baths, and many more. Recently, many researchers and ated similar studies can be found in Refs. [6–13].
It is not possible to describe the characteristics of all non-
Newtonian fluids into one constitutive relationship. Generally, it
⇑ Corresponding author.
can be classified into (i) differential (ii) integral, and (iii) rate types.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Yasir).
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
The simplest of rate type fluid is a Maxwell fluid model wherein
only the properties of relaxation time are defined by this model
while the retardation time characteristics cannot be presented by
the Maxwell fluid model. An extension of the Maxwell fluid model
Production and hosting by Elsevier that adequately explains the behavior of both relaxation time and

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101825
2090-4479/Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
M. Yasir, A. Ahmed, M. Khan et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101825

Nomenclature

u; w velocity component [ms1 ] C fluid concentration [K]

a stretching rate [s1 ] C1 ambient concentration [K]
k1 relaxation time [s] Pr Prandtl number
k2 retardation time [s] S unsteadiness parameter
cp specific heat [JK 1 m3 ] k curvature parameter
m kinematic viscosity [m2 s1 ] Le Lewis number
l dynamic viscosity [pa.s] f dimensionless stream function
k1 thermal conductivity [Wm1 K 1 ] / dimensionless concentration
a1 thermal diffusivity [m2 s1 ] h dimensionless temperature
qf fluid density [kgm3 ] Shz Sherwood number
T fluid temperature [K] Nuz Nusselt number
T1 ambient temperature [K]
qw surface heat flux [Wm2 ]

retardation time is one Oldroyd-B fluid which is named after G. To the best of our knowledge, no one has ever studied the flow
Oldroyd [14]. Some investigations conducted on Oldroyd-B fluids of an unsteady Oldroyd-B nanofluid due to a stretching cylinder.
include the unsteady flow of an incompressible Oldroyd-B fluid The Oldroyd-B fluid has more application as compared to the Max-
between the two parallel plates was discussed by Siddiqui et al. well fluid. The main objective of the current work is to examine the
[15]. The time-dependent flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid was further features of flow and heat transfer of Oldroyd-B fluid involving the
studied by Jamil et al. [16] where the model equation was tackled nanoparticles. Firstly, the boundary layer equations of unsteady
by Hankel transform. Awad et al. [17] studied the impacts of ther- Oldroyd-B fluid are established. The homotopy analysis approach
mophoresis, and Brownian motion on the unsteady flow of is used to construct the series solutions of resulting non-linear dif-
Oldroyd-B fluid over a stretching surface. Irfan et al. [18] studied ferential equations. The impact on the velocity, temperature, and
the mixed convection flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid with chemically concentration fields of the related parameters is analyzed through
reactive species and non-linear thermal radiation over a stretching graphs and tables. The local Nusselt number and Sherwood num-
surface of the cylinder. Abbas et al. [19] investigated the thin film ber are also calculated.
examination for time-dependent Oldroyd-B liquid with heteroge-
neous/homogeneous reaction over a rotating disk. Ye [20] focused 1.1. Development of governing equations
on the global regularity of an incompressible high-dimensional
Oldroyd-B fluid model. Amongst others, similar studies include in The time-dependent two-dimensional flow of an Oldroyd-B
Refs. [21–28]. fluid influenced by a stretching cylinder is investigated in this
Nanofluid has numerous applications in different fields includ- study. The Oldroyd-B fluid’s Cauchy stress tensor is given by
ing, medical, manufacturing, micro fluids, transportation, micro-


D D
electronic, and energy saving. All of these elements are affected 1 þ k1 S ¼ l 1 þ k2 A1 ; ð1Þ
Dt Dt
by heat transformation issues. The nanofluids boost up the heat
transportation rate and reduce the time activity as well as increase in which, S signifies the extra stress tensor, l the dynamic viscosity,
the life span and efficiency for mechanism. Because of this, k1 the relaxation time, and k2 the retardation time, this model
researchers and scientists are developing advanced approach for reduces to Newtonian fluid model when ðk1 ¼ k2 ¼ 0Þ and in Max-
heat transfer rate. Consequentially, Choi [29] 1995 developed a well fluid model when ðk2 ¼ 0Þ.
new innovative class of heat transport rate in fluid, which is com- For an incompressible fluid flow, the mathematical expressions
monly known as ‘nanofluid’. Nanofluids contain nano-sized (1– for conservations of mass and momentum are, respectively.
100 nm) particles that dilute suspension. Choi and Eastman [30]
r  V ¼ 0; ð2Þ
upgraded the nanofluids properties of important fluids such as
by mixture of solid metal nanoparticles with low thermal conduc-
qf a ¼ rp þ r  S; ð3Þ
tivity base fluid to results in the boost up thermal conductivity
than usual fluid. Hereafter Buongiorno [31] succeeded to develop where qf is the fluid density, p the pressure, and a signify the mate-
a two-phase model for convection heat transfer investigation by rial time derivative in term of velocity vector V and is defined as
the implementation of nanoparticles. While Tiwari and Das [32]
dV @V
generated a single-phase model for the effects of variable proper- a¼ ¼ þ ðV  rÞ V; ð4Þ
ties on heat transfer boost. Numerical analysis is performed by dt @t
Ma and Banerjee [33] to explore the behavior of thermal transport the divergence of equation ð1Þ gives
of nanofluid by using different nanoparticles models. Numerical


D D
analysis is performed by Ghadikolaei et al. [34] to discuss the flow 1 þ k1 r  S ¼ l 1 þ k2 r  A1 ; ð5Þ
of (CNTs/C2H6O2) nanofluid between rotating channels. Hamid Dt Dt
 
et al. [35] studied the time-dependent flow of magnetized Wil- after implementation the operator 1 þ k1 Dt
D
on equation ð3Þ, and
liamson nanofluid with thermal radiation and heat source/sink. using ð5Þ, we have
Very recently, by using the Galerkin technique to study the MHD



flow of nanofluid along converging/diverging channels was also D D D
qf 1 þ k1 a ¼  1 þ k1 rp þ l 1 þ k2 r  A1 ; ð6Þ
studied by Hamid et al. [36]. The related articles can be found here Dt Dt Dt
Refs. [37–41].

2
M. Yasir, A. Ahmed, M. Khan et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101825

D 1.2. Problem formulation

where A1 is the first Rivlin-Ericksen tensor, and Dt is the upper con-
vective derivative which are expressed as
Here, we considered the two-dimensional unsteady flow of the
A1 ¼ rV þ ðrVÞT ; ð7Þ upper-convected Oldroyd-B nanofluid driven by a stretchable
cylinder. The cylinder is stretched along the z direction with
DA @A 
¼ þ ðr  VÞ A  ðrVÞ A; ð8Þ velocity uw ¼ 1azat having radius R. The radius of the cylinder is
Dt @t the same as the order of the thickness of the boundary layer.
we consider the velocity vector and the stress tensor in the follow- Hence, the flow is assumed to be axisymmetric. The stretching
ing form for unsteady two-dimensional flow in cylindrical cylinder velocity, which varies with time, introduces unsteadiness
coordinates in the flow field. The flow starts at t ð¼ 0Þ and it is steady when
 tð< 0Þ. Cylindrical coordinates ðz; rÞ are chosen in such a way that
V ¼ ½uðt; z; r Þ; 0; wðt; z; rÞ
; ð9Þ the z axis is along the surface of the cylinder while the r axis
S ¼ Sðr; zÞ
normal to the surface. The surface of a cylinder is kept with a con-
here, u and w denoted the velocity components in z and r direc- stant temperature T w where ðT w > T 1 Þ corresponds to the heated
tions, respectively. The system of differential equations for the flow surface while ðT w < T 1 Þ is for the cooled surface. C w and C 1
problem are given below, under the assumptions mentioned above denoted the concentration at the surface and far away from the
 9 surface, respectively. Fig. 1 shows the physical representation of
@u
þ u@u þ w@u
2 2 2
@2 u
þ k1 @@t2u þ u2@@z2u þ w2@@r2u þ 2u@t@z @2 u
þ 2w@t@r @ u
þ 2uw@r@z
2
>
>
@t @z @r >
> the flow configuration.
  2  >
>
>
> Thus, the constitutive Eqs are given by
D 1 @p @ w @2 u
¼  1 þ k1 Dt q @z þ m @r@z þ @r2 þ 2 @z2 þ r @z þ r @r @2 u 1@w 1@u >
>
>
>
8 3
f
9 >
= @ ðruÞ @ ðrwÞ
> @ w
þ
3
@ u
þ 2
3
@ u
þ 1@ w 2
þ 1@ u2
þ u
3
@ w
þ u
3
@ u
þ 2u
3
@ u
> þ ¼ 0; ð16Þ
>
> @t@r@z @t@r 2 @t@z 2 r @t@z r @t@r @r@z2 @z@r 2 @z 3 >
> @z @r
> >
>
< þu@ 2 w2 þ u @ 2 u þ w @32w þ w@ 33u þ 2w @ 3 u2 þ w@ 2 w þ w@ 2 2u > = >
>
>
> n o9
þmk2 r @z r @z@r @r @z @r @r@z r @r@z r @r >
> >
> @u
þ u@u þ w@u þ k1 @2 u 2 2
@2 u
þ u2@@z2u þ w2@@r2u þ 2u@t@z @2 u
þ 2w@t@r @2 u
þ 2uw@r@z >
>
>
>
w @w @u @ 2 w @u@ 2 u @u@ 2 u 1@u@w 1@u@u
r2 @z  @z @r@z  @z @r2  2 @z @z2  r @z @z  r @z @r  2 @r @r2 > @u@ 2 w
> >
> >
> @t @z @r @t 2 >
>
>
>
>
: > >
>
; >
>
;  
(
@3 u 2
@ u @ u3 ) >
>
=
@u @ 2 u @u@ 2 w 2@u@w
 @r @z@r  @r @z2  r @r @r þ 2r2 @r w @u
@2 u @t@r2
þ 1r @t@r þ u@z@r 2
¼m þ 1r @u þ mk2 ;
@r2 @r 2
@ u
þur@z@r
3 2
þ w@@r3u þ wr@@r2u þ rw2 @u >
>
ð10Þ >
>
n o@r >
>
 9 mk2
2
@u@ u 1@u@u @u@ w2
@u @ 2 u 2@u@w
þ r @z @r þ 2 @r @r2 þ @r @z@r þ r @r @r >
;
@z @r 2
@w
þ u@w þ w@w
2 2 2
@2 w
þ k1 @@tw2 þ u2@@zw2 þ w2@@rw2 þ 2u@t@z @2 w
þ 2w@t@r @2 w
þ 2uw@r@z >
>
@t @z @r >
> ð17Þ
  2  >
>
D 1 @p 2 2 >
>
@ u @ w
¼  1 þ k1 Dt q @r þ m @r@z þ @z2 þ 2 @r2 þ r @r  r2 @ w 2@w 2w >
>

f >
>
8 @3 u 9 >
= @T @T @T a1 @ @T
> þ @3 w
þ 2 @3 w
þ 2@ 2 w
 2 @w
þ 2u @3 w
þ u @3 u
þ u@3 w
> þu þw ¼ r
>
> @t@r@u @t@z 2 @t@r 2 r @t@r r @t
2 @r@z 2 @r@z 2 @z >
3 > ; @t @z @r r @r @r
> >
>
< þ2u@ w þ 2 u2 @w þ 2w@ w3 þ w @ u2 þ w @ w2 þ 2w@ w2  42 w@w >
2 3 3 3 2
= >
>
>
>
(
2 )
þmk2
r @r@z r @z @r @z@r @r@z r @r r @r >
> @C @T DT @T
 1@w@u >
> þ s DB þ ; ð18Þ
>
>
2
þ4wr3 þ @w @2 w
þ @w @2 u @w@ 2 u 1 @w 2
2 þ 2 @z @z2 þ r @z þ r @z @r >
> >
> @r @r T 1 @r
>
> @z @r@z @z @r >
> >
>
>
: 2 2 2  2
>
; >
;
þ2@w @ w
@r @r 2
þ @w @ u
@r @r@z
þ @w@ w
@r @z2
þ 2 @w
r @r
 2 w @w
r 2 @r


@C @C @C DB @ @C DT 1 @ @T
ð11Þ þu þw ¼ r þ r ; ð19Þ
@t @z @r r @r @r T 1 r @r @r
where m the kinematic viscosity, in view of the usual boundary layer
with corresponding BCs
approximation, we consider u, r, k1 , k2 , t, and p are of order 1, while )
z, and w are of order d, and m is of order d2 , where d is the boundary u ¼ uw ; w ¼ 0; T ¼ T w ; C ¼ C w at r ¼ R;
: ð20Þ
layer thickness. Therefore, equation ð10Þ and ð11Þ are reduced to u ! 0; @u ! 0; T ! T 1 and C ! C 1 as r ! 1
@r
 9
@u 2 2 2
@2 u @2 u @2 u >
þ u@u þ w@u þ k1 @@t2u þ u2@@z2u þ w2@@r2u þ 2u@t@z þ 2w@t@r þ 2uw@r@z >
>
@t @z @r >
>
   >
>
¼  1 þ k1 Dt D 1 @p
þ m 1@u
þ
2
@ u =
qf @z r @r @r 2 ;
( 3 ) >
>
@ u @2 u
þ 1r @t@r @3 u
þ u@z@r u @2 u @3 u w@ 2 u
2 þ r @z@r þ w @r 3 þ r @r 2 þ r 2 @r
w @u >
>
þmk2 @t@r 2 >
>
2 2 2 >
;
@u@ u  1@u@u  2@u@ w  @u @ u  2@u@w
@z @r2 r @z @r @r @r2 @r @z@r r @r @r

ð12Þ


D 1 @p
 1 þ k1 ¼ 0; ð13Þ
Dt qf @r

the momentum equation’s relevant boundary conditions are

)
uðt; z; r Þ ¼ 1azat; wðt; z; rÞ ¼ 0 at r ¼ R;
@u
; ð14Þ
u ! 0; @r
! 0 as r ! 1

and the pressure gradient term can be calculated using the bound-
ary layer approximation and the boundary condition at infinity as
1 @p
¼ 0: ð15Þ
qf @z

Fig. 1. The problem’s geometry.

3
M. Yasir, A. Ahmed, M. Khan et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101825

Letting the similarity transformations [13,18]: f o ðgÞ ¼ ð1  eg Þ; ho ðgÞ ¼ eg and /o ðgÞ ¼ eg ; ð29Þ
0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 9
u ¼ ð1azatÞf ðgÞ; w ¼ Rr 1amatf ðgÞ; h ¼ TTT 1
;=
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2 
w T 1 @3 @ @2 @2
; ð21Þ Lf ¼  ; L ¼  h and L ¼  /; ð30Þ
/ ¼ CCC 1
; g ¼ mð1a atÞ r 2R R ; @ g3 @ g
h
@ g2
/
@ g2
w C 1

satisfying
which convert equations ð16 to 19Þ into a system of ODEs as follow
 
000 } } 02 0 } De1 k 2 }
9 Lf ¼ c0 þ c1 eg þ c2 eg ; Lh ¼ c3 eg þ c4 eg and L/
ð1 þ 2gkÞ f þ 2kf þ ff  f  Sf  gSf  1
f f >
> 
( 0 } )
2 ð1þ2gkÞ >
> ¼ c5 eg þ c6 eg ; ð31Þ
>
>
02 0 0 }
2ff f  2Sf  2S2 f  gSf f þ 3Sff  f f
} 2 000 >
>
þDe1 >
=
000 } 000 where ci ði
¼ 0; 1; 2; ::; 6Þ are constants.
þgSff  74 gS2 f  14 g2 S2 f ;
8 n o 9 >
> One can write the problems corresponding to zeroth order as
< ð1 þ 2gkÞ f 002 þ 2Sf 0 0 0 þ 1 gSf iv  ff iv þ 3Skf } = >
>
>
> n o n o 9
¼ 0>
2
þDe2 >
: 000 000 ; >
; ð1  pÞ Lf ^f ðg; pÞ  f 0 ðgÞ ¼ —
hf Nf ^f ðg; pÞ >
>
>
þgSkf  4kff n o n o >
=
ð22Þ ^
ð1  pÞ Lh hðg; pÞ  ho ðgÞ ¼ — ^
hh Nh hðg; pÞ ; ð32Þ
n o n o>
>
>
>
ð1  pÞ L/ / ^ ðg; pÞ  / ðgÞ ¼ — h/ N u / ^ ðg; pÞ ;
0 0 1 0 o
ð1 þ 2gkÞ h} þ 2kh þ Prf h  PrgSh
2
n o )
0 0
þ ð1 þ 2gkÞ Pr N b h / þ Nt h
02 ^f ð0; pÞ ¼ 0; ^f 0 ð0; pÞ ¼ 1; h^ð0; pÞ ¼ 1; /
^ ð0; pÞ ¼ 1
;
^f 0 ð1; pÞ ¼ 0; ^f 00 ð1; pÞ ¼ 0; ^hð1; pÞ ¼ 0; / ^ ð1; pÞ ¼ 0
¼ 0; ð23Þ
ð33Þ
1 Nt n o
ð1 þ 2gkÞ/} þ 2k/0 þ PrLef /0  PrLegS/0 þ 9
Nf bf ðg; pÞ ¼ ð1 þ 2gkÞ b f þ 2kbf } þ bf b f }  bf 02  Sb f 0  12 gSb
000
2 Nb f} >
>
  >
>
8 9 >
>
 ð1 þ 2gkÞ h} þ 2kh0 < k b
f 2 b
f }
 2bf b
f 0 b
f }
þ 2S b
f 02
þ 2S 2 b
f 0
þ g S b
f 0 b
f }
 3S b
f b
f }
þ bf 2 b
f
000
= >
=
ð1þ2gkÞ
De1 ;
¼ 0; ð24Þ : 2 b}
þ 4 gS f  gS f f þ 4 g S f
7 b b 000 1 2 2 b0 0 0 ; >
>
>
n n o o>
>
>
>
with corresponding BCs þDe2 ð1 þ 2gkÞ bf }2 þ 2Sbf  b
000
f bf iv þ 12 gSb f iv þ 3Skb f } þ gSkbf  4kbf bf
000 000 ;
)
0
f ð0Þ ¼ 0; f ð0Þ ¼ 1; hð0Þ ¼ 1; /ð0Þ ¼ 1 ð34Þ
: ð25Þ
0 00
f ð1Þ ¼ 0; f ð1Þ ¼ 0; hð1Þ ¼ 0; /ð1Þ ¼ 0 n o 9
b
h ðg; pÞ ¼ ð1 þ 2gkÞ bh } þ 2kb h þ Prbf b h >
h  12 PrgSb
0 0 0

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Nh =
n o ; ð35Þ
In the above equations, k ¼ 1R mð1a atÞ is the curvature param- >
þð1 þ 2gkÞ Pr Nb b b þ Nt b ;
0 0 02
h/ h
 k a  k a
eter, De1 ¼ 1
1
at and De2 ¼ 1at are the Deborah numbers
2
in term
 n o 9
of relaxation and retardation times, respectively, S ¼ aa the N/ /^ ðg; pÞ ¼ ð1 þ 2gkÞ /^ 00 þ 2k/ ^ 0 þ PrLe^f /
^ 0  1PrSLeg/
^0 >
=
    2
unsteadiness parameter, N b ¼ sDB ðC wm C 1 Þ and N t ¼ sDT ðmTTw1T 1 Þ the n o ;
00
þNNt ð1 þ 2gkÞ ^h þ 2k^h
0 >
;
Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters, respectively, b
   
Pr ¼ am1 the Prandtl and Le ¼ Da1B the Lewis number. ð36Þ
here p 2 ½0; 1 stands for embedding parameter, Nf , Nh , and N/ for
1.3. Engineering interest quantities the non-linear operators, and h—f , —
hh and h
—/ for non-zero auxiliary
parameters. Setting p ¼ 0; and p ¼ 1 we have
Physical quantity of interest expressions are as follows:
9
^f ðg; 0Þ ¼ f ðgÞ;
^f ðg; 1Þ ¼ f ðgÞ >
zqw zjw o =
Nuz ¼ and Shz ¼ ; ð26Þ ^hðg; 0Þ ¼ ho ðgÞ;^hðg; 1Þ ¼ hðgÞ :
k 1 ðT w  T 1 Þ DB ðC w  C 1 Þ ð37Þ
>
;
^ ðg; 0Þ ¼ / ðgÞ; /
/ ^ ðg; 1Þ ¼ /ðgÞ
where qw , and jw denoted the heat and mass fluxes o



@T @C
qw ¼ k1 and jw ¼ DB : ð27Þ When we change p from 0 to 1, then ^f ðg; pÞ, h^ðg; pÞ and /
^ ðg; pÞ
@r @r
r¼R r¼R
show the alteration from primary approximation’s f o ðgÞ, ho ðgÞ and
By using Eq. ð26Þ, we obtained. /o ðgÞ to desired ultimate solutions f ðgÞ, hðgÞ and /ðgÞ.
By employing Taylor’s series expansion.
Nuz Shz
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ h0 ð0Þ and pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ /0 ð0Þ; ð28Þ 
Rez Rez 9
^f ðg; pÞ ¼ f ðgÞþ1 f ðgÞpm ; f ðgÞ ¼ 1 @ m ^f ðg; pÞ >
>
 o m¼1 m m m! @pm >
>
where Rez ¼ uwm z denoted the Reynold number. 
p¼0
>
=
^hðg; pÞ ¼ ho ðgÞþ1 hm ðgÞpm ; hm ðgÞ ¼ 1 @ m h^ðgm; pÞ ; ð38Þ
m¼1 m! @p
p¼0
 >
>
1.4. Analytical solution procedure >
>
^ ðg; pÞ ¼ / ðgÞþ / ðgÞp ; / ðgÞ ¼ 1 @ m /^ ðgm; pÞ
/ 1 m >
;
o m¼1 m m m! @p
p¼0
Here, the homotopic technique is used for convergent series
solutions of highly non-linear ordinary differential equations
the convergence regarding the equation ð38Þ is strongly based upon
ð22 to 24Þ along with boundary conditions ð25Þ. For this, one
—f , —
the suitable choices of h hh and h
—u . Choosing suitable values of h
—f ,
required the appropriate linear operators and initial guesses which
hh and —
— h/ so that equation ð38Þ converge at p ¼ 1; then
are defined as

4
M. Yasir, A. Ahmed, M. Khan et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101825

9
f ðgÞ ¼ f o ðgÞþ1
m¼1 f m ðgÞ > = Table 1
Convergence analysis of the homotopy solutions for the different order of approx-
hðgÞ ¼ ho ðgÞþ1 m¼1 hm ðgÞ ; ð39Þ
>
; imation when k ¼ S ¼ 0:1; De1 ¼ De2 ¼N t ¼ Nb ¼ 0:2; Pr ¼ 6:2 and Le ¼ 1.
/ðgÞ ¼ /o ðgÞþ1 /
m¼1 m ð gÞ 00
Approximation order f ð0Þ h0 ð0Þ /0 ð0Þ

the m  th order deformation problem are defined as follows 1 1.137843 0.555314 0.281154
3 1.141838 0.568626 0.293529
 9
hf R m
Lf f m ðgÞ  vm f m1 ðgÞ ¼ — f ðgÞ >=
6 1.151842 0.569407 0.295454
 9 1.155231 0.571771 0.296730
Lh hm ðgÞ  vm hm1 ðgÞ ¼ — hh Rmh ðgÞ >; ð40Þ 12 1.158632 0.572436 0.297342
 ;
L/ /m ðgÞ  vm /m1 ðgÞ ¼ — h/ R m/ ðgÞ
15 1.158613 0.573134 0.298730
18 1.158613 0.573129 0.298543
21 1.158613 0.573129 0.298543
0 0 00
9
f m ð0Þ ¼ f m ð0Þ ¼ f m ð1Þ ¼ f m ð1Þ ¼ 0 >
=
24 1.158613 0.573129 0.298543

hm ð0Þ ¼ hm ð1Þ ¼ 0 ; ð41Þ

>
;
/m ð0Þ ¼ /m ð1Þ ¼ 0

000
9
Rm
}
f ðgÞ ¼ ð1 þ 2gkÞf m1 þ 2kf m1  Sf m1  2 gSf m1
0 1 } >
>
>
>
Pm1 h } 0 0
i P P }
>
>
>
De1 k
þ k¼0 f m1k f k  f m1k f k  ð1þ2gkÞ k¼0 f m1k l¼0 f kl f l m1 k
>
>
>
>
8 Pm1 Pk 0 Pm1 Pk 9 >
>
> }

000
> >
>
> 2 f f f f f f > >
>
< P n k¼0 m1k l¼0 kl k¼0 m1k l¼0 kl l
0 0 0
o=>
> =
m1 0 0 0 } }
þDe1 þ k¼0 2Sf m1k f k  gSf m1k f k þ 3Sf m1k f k þ gSf m1k f k ;
>
> >
> >
>
>
: 000 >
; >
>
2 2
 1 g2 S f m1  74 gS f m1  2S f m1
} 2 0 >
>
>
8 nP 4 h i o9 > >
< ð1 þ 2gkÞ m1
f
}
f
}
 f f
i v
þ 1
g Sf
i v
þ 2Sf
000
= >>
>
>
þDe2
k¼0 m1k k m1k k 2 m1 m1 >
>
>
: P m1 0 0 0 } 0 0 0 ; >;
4k k¼0 f m1k f k þ 3Skf m1 þ gSkf m1
ð42Þ

00 0 0 0
) 2. Results and discussion
Rm m1
h ðgÞ ¼ ð1 þ 2gkÞ hm1 þ 2khm1 þ Prk¼0 f m1k hk  2PrgShm1
1

m1
  0 0
 0 0
 ;
þð1 þ 2gkÞ Prk¼0 Nb hm1k /k þ Nt hm1k hk In this section explanation of series solution with the impact of
ð43Þ different involved physical parameters on the dimensionless veloc-
ity, temperature and concentration distributions are discussed in
00 0 0
) detail through graphs and tables. To understand the physical
Rm
/ ðgÞ ¼ ð1 þ 2gkÞ /m1 þ 2k/m1 þ PrLek¼0 f m1k /k
m1
  ; ð44Þ behavior of these graphical outcomes, the computations were car-
12gSPrLe/0m1 þ NNt ð1 þ 2gkÞ h00m1 þ 2kh0m1 ried out for a different values of De1 ð0:1 6 De1 6 3:0Þ,
b

De2 ð0:1 6 De2 6 3:0Þ, kð0:1 6 k 6 1:0Þ, Sð0:1 6 S 6 1:0Þ,

N t ð0:1 6 N t 6 1:5Þ, N b ð0:1 6 N b 6 1:5Þ, Prð6:2 6 Pr 6 7:5Þ, and
0; when m 6 1
vm ¼ ð45Þ Leð1:0 6 Le 6 1:6Þ. The impact of Deborah numbers that is in terms
1; when m P 1
of fluid relaxation time ðDe1 Þ and retardation time ðDe2 Þ are shown
the m  th order problem have the following solutions in Fig. 2(a) and (b), respectively. From these figures, we noted that
0
9 the velocity profile f ðgÞ and the related boundary layer thickness

f m ðgÞ ¼ f m ðgÞ þ c0 þ c1 eg þ c2 eg >
= show the opposite behaviors for De1 and De2 . As we know that
hm ðgÞ ¼ hm ðgÞ þ c3 eg þ c4 eg ; ð46Þ De1 and De2 are directly proportional to the relaxation time and
>
;
/m ðgÞ ¼ /m ðgÞ þ c5 eg þ c6 eg the retardation time, respectively. Therefore, an increase in relax-
ation time leads to stronger the elastic forces which controls the

in which, f m ðgÞ, hm ðgÞ, and /m ðgÞ represents the special solutions. motion of a fluid due to which the fluid becomes like a solid that’s
why the fluid velocity decreases. In Fig. 2(b), retardation time
shows the opposite behavior on velocity profile as compared to
1.5. Convergence analysis
relaxation time. In fact, elastic forces decrease due to increase in
retardation time and consequently, the velocity profile enhances.
The homotopy analysis method discussed in Sec. 5 includes
It is a well-known that an increase in the relaxation time parame-
auxiliary parameters — hf , —
hh and h—/ whose suitable values are
ters results in a decrease the velocity of the fluid, while fluid veloc-
required for the convergence of a series solution. The related values
ity increases De1 , while a growing pattern is noted when De2
of these auxiliary parameters are getting out by the least square
increases.
error. 0
The influence of curvature parameter ðkÞ on dimensionless f ðgÞ,
" #2 hðgÞ and /ðgÞ profiles are illustrated in Fig. 3(a), (b) and (c), respec-
1 X N Xm
tively. In Fig. 3(a), for the increasing values of ðkÞ radius of the
Ff ; m ¼ Nf F j ðiDgÞ ð47Þ
N þ 1 j¼0 i¼0 cylinder decreases, therefore, fluid velocity and the momentum
boundary layer thickness enhance as a result of less resistance pro-
In Table. 1 we demonstrate the convergence of homotopy solu-
vided to the fluid motion. Further, the impact of k on hðgÞ and /ðgÞ
tions for the velocity, temperature, and concentration. It is investi-
are captured in Fig. 3(b) and (c). It is evident from these figures that
gated that ð15Þth order of estimation is enough for the convergence the temperature and concentration distributions increases.
of velocity while ð18Þth order of estimation is enough for tempera- Because, due to higher variation of curvature parameter the trans-
ture and concentration.
5
M. Yasir, A. Ahmed, M. Khan et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101825

Fig. 2. (a-b) The impact of Deborah numbers ðDe1 and De2 Þ on velocity profile.

Fig. 3. (a-c) The impact of curvature parameter ðkÞ on ðaÞ: velocity profile ðbÞ: temperature distribution and ðcÞ: concentration distribution.

fer rate of heat and mass increases from cylinder to the fluid as a conductivity, and such thermal conductivity establishes an
result enhancement occurs in temperature and concentration increase in temperature and concentration distribution.
distribution. In Fig. 6(a) we noted that an increasing values of Brownian
Fig. 4(a-c) illustrates the variation in velocity, temperature, and motion parameter ðN b Þ enhances the temperature field. Because,
concentration for higher estimation of unsteadiness parameter ðSÞ: due to higher values of Brownian motion parameter the interaction
It is evident from Fig. 4(a) that an improvement in unsteadiness of particles boost up which increases the temperature distribution.
parameter S increases the velocity. Physically, this implies that While concentration distribution decreases with the increase in
an increasing trend of S enhances the fluid acceleration which help ðN b Þ, because in this case the collision of particles gives the distur-
to improves the velocity field. In figure Fig. 4(b) and (c) the bance for the mass transfer, that’s why the concentration distribu-
unsteadiness parameter improved particle interactions, which tion decreases as shown in Fig. 6(b).
indirectly helped to improve thermal conductivity. That’s the rea- The higher values of ðPrÞ and ðLeÞ cause a reduction in hðgÞ and
son of increasing in temperature, and concentration fields. nanoparticles concentration distribution /ðgÞ, shown in Fig. 7(a)
The variation of ðN t Þ on hðgÞ and /ðgÞ are presented respectively and (b) respectively. Here, as we increase the Prandtl number,
in Fig. 5(a) and (b). Here, the profiles and their related thickness of the temperature distribution hðgÞ and related boundary layer
the boundary layer are enhanced for increasing values of ðN t Þ. thickness are decreased. Because Pr is the ratio between momen-
Physically, because the nanoparticles improve the fluid thermal tum diffusivity and thermal diffusivity. Thus increasing ðPrÞ lower

6
M. Yasir, A. Ahmed, M. Khan et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101825

Fig. 4. (a-c) The impact of unsteadiness parameter ðSÞ on ðaÞ: velocity profile ðbÞ: temperature distribution and ðcÞ: concentration distribution.

Fig. 5. (a-b) The impact of thermophoresis parameter ðN t Þ on ðaÞ: temperature distribution and ðbÞ: concentration distribution.

Fig. 6. (a-b) The impact of Brownian movement parameter ðN b Þ on ðaÞ: temperature distribution and ðbÞ: concentration distribution.

7
M. Yasir, A. Ahmed, M. Khan et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101825

Fig. 7. (a-b) The impact of Prandtl number ðPrÞ on ðaÞ: temperature distribution and Lewis number ðLeÞ on ðbÞ: concentration distribution.

Table 2 coefficient of Brownian diffusion yields to lower the concentration

00
Comparison of f ð0Þ for unsteadiness parameter ðSÞ when k ¼ De2 ¼ 0: distribution of nanoparticles.
S Sharidan et al. [2] Chamka et al. [3] Present results To check the accuracy of the present numerical results a com-
0.8 1.261042 1.261512 1.261039
parison is made with already existing results proposed in Refs.
1.0 – – 1.320513 [2,3,6,7], which are given in Tables 2 and 3. This table demon-
1.2 1.377722 1.378052 1.377821 strates a reasonable correlation between current numerical find-
1.3 – – 1.404055 ings and past results. This ensures that our numerical reports are
2.0 1.587362 – 1.587129
accurate. The numerical results for h0 ð0Þ and /0 ð0Þ for different
values of De1 , De2 , k, S, N t and N b are presented in Table. 4. Here,
the rate of heat and mass transfer declines for the progressive val-
Table 3 ues of fluid relaxation time De1 and fluid retardation time De2 ,
00
Obtained results of f ð0Þ for De1 when k ¼ S ¼ De2 ¼ 0: respectively. Since the increasing values of De1 and De2 increases
De1 Abel et al. [6] Megahed et al. [7] Present results the relaxation and retardation times. Such increase conducts the
depletion in heat and mass transport rate. The transport rate of
0.0 1.0000000 0.9999780 1.000000
0.2 1.0519480 1.0519450 1.051838 heat and mass increases for the increasing values of k. Because
0.4 1.1018500 1.1018480 1.101842 the resistance between the cylinder surface and the fluid falls as
0.6 1.1501630 1.1501600 1.150231 the radius of the cylinder lowers, as k increases, the resistance
0.8 1.1966920 1.1966900 1.197532
between the cylinder surface and the fluid decreases. Further, the
1.2 1.2852570 1.2852530 1.285317
unsteadiness parameter strengthened the particle interactions,
which helped to improve the thermal conductivity indirectly, due
to which the numerical values of h0 ð0Þ are increases. Further,
the thermal diffusivity, which causes a reduction in temperature the numerical results revealed that the transport rate of heat and
profile and the related boundary layer. Since the Lewis number mass decreases as the thermophoresis parameter and Brownian
depends upon the Brownian-diffusion coefficient ðDB Þ. An increase motion parameter values increase, whereas the mass transfer rate
in ðLeÞ leads to lower the Brownian diffusion coefficient. This lower shows the reverse pattern.

Table 4
The calculated numerical values of h0 ð0Þ and /0 ð0Þ.

De1 De2 k S Nt Nb h0 ð0Þ /0 ð0Þ

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6396972 1.3719886
0.2 – – – – – 0.6316371 1.3268961
0.3 – – – – – 0.6239911 1.2843645
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6396972 1.3719886
– 0.2 – – – – 0.6497337 1.4224082
– 0.3 – – – – 0.6566886 1.4573653
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6396972 1.3719886
– – 0.3 – – – 0.6716092 1.4990627
– – 0.5 – – – 0.7005311 1.6328715
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6396972 1.3719886
– – – 0.2 – – 0.7375931 1.3534494
– – – 0.3 – – 0.8116354 1.3342672
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6396972 1.3719886
– – – – 0.2 – 0.5908652 1.3786006
– – – – 0.3 – 0.5467763 1.4152298
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6396972 1.3719886
– – – – – 0.2 0.4704245 1.5106871
– – – – – 0.3 0.3401639 1.5626963

8
M. Yasir, A. Ahmed, M. Khan et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101825

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Acknowledgement
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Muhammad Yasir is PhD scholar at Department of

Mathematics, Quaid-I-Azam University 45320, Islam-
abad 44000, Pakistan.

10