CONTENTS Preface to the revised edition 1. INTEGERS .. 2. FRACTIONS 3. DECIMALS 4, RATIONAL NUMBERS 5. OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS . 6. EXPONENTS. 7. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS .. 8. LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE .. 9. RATIO AND PROPORTION 10. UNITARY METHOD 10.1-10.4 11. PERCENTAGE 111-1116 12. PROFIT AND LOSS... + 12.1-12.10 13.1 - 13.10 13. SIMPLE INTEREST.. 14, LINES AND ANGLES... 15. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES .. 16. CONGRUENCE .. 17. CONSTRUCTIONS .... 18. SYMMETRY... 19. VISUALISING SOLID SHAPES .. 20. MENSURATION -I 21. MENSURATION - ID 22. DATA HANDLING I (Collection and Organisation of Data) . - 16.1- 16.25 w= 17.8 . 18.1- 18.18 19.1-19.7 Ss se 20.1 ~ 20.33 21.1-21.18 23. DATA HANDLING II (Central Values).... 24. DATA HANDLING III (Construction of Bar Graphs) .. 25. DATA HANDLING IV (Probability)INTEGERS 1.1 INTRODUCTION Inclass VI, we have learnt that the numbers sesee 8, —2,— 1, 0, 1, 2,3, 0 are called integers. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ......, ie. natural numbers, are called positive integers and the numbers —1, ~2, -3, —4, 5, —6 are called negative integers. The number 0 is simply an integer. It is neither positive nor negative. We have learnt about addition and subtraction of integers in class VI. In this chapter, we will study about multiplication and division of integers. We will also learn about various properties of these operations on integers. 1.2 MULTIPLICATION OF INTEGERS In order to multiply integers, we use the following rules: Rule 1 The product of two integers of opposite signs is equal to the additive inverse of the product of their absolute values. ‘Thus, to find the product of a positive and a negative integer, we find the product of their absolute values and assign minus sign to the product. Vor example, (i) = 7x(-4)= —(7x4)=-28 ii) (-8) x 5 =-(8x 5) =—40 Rule2 The product of two int values. Thus, to find the product of two integers, both positive or both negative, we find the product of their absolute values. For example, (i) 7x12=84 Gi) egers with like signs is equal to the product of their absolute (-8)x(-13)= 8x13 = 104 1.2.1 PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION In class VI, we have learnt Properties of multi of multiplication of whole numbers als possesses the following properties: Property1 (Closure property): The product of two integers is always an integer. That is, for any two integers a and b, a xb is an integer. Verification: We have, plication of whole numbers. All properties © hold for integers. The multiplication of integers (i) 4x3=12, which isan integer. (ii) 3 x( (iii) (7) x (-6) = 42, which is an integer. Property2 (Commutativity): For any two integers a and b, we have axb=bxa of integers is commutative. ~5) =-15, which is an integer. That is, multiplication Verification: We have, @ 7x(-6)=-(7x6) =~42 and (—6) x 7x(-6)=(-6)x7 =-(6x7)= RET Te pee9245 and (-9)*( (-9) x5). fication of (-5)x(- Property3 (Associativity): The multipl integers a, b, c, we have ax(bxo=(a xb) xe integers is associative, j 6 » for any A Verification: We have, @) (8)x {4x ED} = C3) xO (7) = (-12) x (-T) = 12x7=84 28) =3x 28=84 and, {(-3) 4} *( (68)x {4x (-} } = (22) x 15 =— (2 15) = 80 =-30 = {(-3)x4} xD (ii) 22) x (8) x5) and, {(-2)x(-3)} x (5) =6x(-8)=-(6 5) (22) (8) BI} = (2x) x8) tion over addition): The multiplication op 4, Property4 (Distributivity of multiplicatio i ] is distributive over their addition. That is, for any three integers have (i) ax(b+e)=axb+a xe Verification: We have, (8) x {(-5)+ 2} =(-3) x3) = 3x8 =9 and, (-3) x (—5) + (-8) x2= (8x5) (3x2) = 15-6=9 (3) x (5) +2} = (8) x (-5) +(-8) «2. Gi) C4) x (2) + (C3)} = C4) x (5) = 4x5 = 20 and, (4) x (-2) + (-4) x (-3) = (4x2) + (4x3) =8 +12 =20 | 2 (4) x (2) +3} = 4) x2) +4) x3). Remark 1 A direct consequence of the distributivity of multiplication over addition is ax(b-c)=axb-axe rece, Hb, Sy (ii) +0) xa=b xatexa Property5 (Existence of multiplicative identity): For every integer a, we have axl xa The integer 1 is called the multiplicative identity for integers. Property6 (Property of zero): For any integer, we have ax0=0=0xa Property7 For any integer a, we have ax(-)=-a=(-l) xa Remark (i) We now ita is additive inverse or opposite of a. Thus, 10 fa th opposite or additive inverse or it i we multi eel negative of an integer, (ii) Since multiplication of int is jati for any tH Heeeaeeae ried integers is associative. Therefore, fe (a xb) xe=a xb xe) In what fol ill writ xo ae uae we will write a x b x ¢ for the equal products (4 ie jatit® (it) Since multiplication of integers is both commutative and 2%" ogIntegers 13 Therefore, in a product of three or more integers even if we rearrange the integers, the product will not change. (iv) When the number of negative integers in a product is odd, the product is negative, (v) When the number of negative integers in a product is even, the product is positive. Ifa, b, care integers, such that a > b, then @ axe>b xe, ifcis positive (ii) ax c 18946 = 18946 q = 18946 x(99+1) (Using: ax b +axc=ax(b+c)] " 18946 x 100 = 1894600 (iii) 1569 x 887 — 569 x 887 = (1569 — 569) x 887 [> bxa-exa=(b-c)xa] = 1000 x 887 = 887000 EXERCISE 1.1 1. Determine each of the following products: () 127 (i) (15) x8 (ii) (25) x(-9) (iv): 128 x -8) 2. Find each of the following products: () 3x (8) x5 (ii) 9x (8) x (-6) (il) (-2) x 36 x (-5) (WW) ©2)x 4) x 6) x (-8) 3. Find the value of: ()) 1487 x 327 + (-487) x 327 (i) 28945 x 99- (-28945) Vip \| Integers 4, Complete the following multiplication table: Second number x 7TER EEE a4fiofny] sf ule [-a][- 2[-! ait 6 oo. = 2] 4 Alo teh |= First [= | 4 it ¢ = number | 0 | 7 pL o[O 0 ee Se oe 2 |-8 b[-w[-2/O]2 [+ "4 [=p -bl-a| 6] qa La [= |=) =u OE sea Is the multiplication table symmetrical about the diagonal joining the upper left corner to the lowerrightcorner? Yes, 5, Determine the integer whose product with '-1’is : @ 58-69 Wi) 0 CO ii) -226 925 6. What willbe the sign ofthe productif we multiply together (i) 8negative integers and 1 positive integer? 0S" 4 eo (i) 21 negative integers and 3 positive integers? “S (ill) 199 negative integers and 10 positive integers? : 7. State which is greater: : ' (i) (6+9)x10and8+9x10 (51) (iy @-stoandsasit0 3) dill) {(-2)—5} x(-6) and (-2)45x(-6) Qwal 2 > Be — 8. (i) Ifax(-1) =~30, is the integer a positive or negative? s (ii) If ax (-1) = 30, is the integer a positive ornegative? Noy © 9. Verify the following () 19x {7+(-9)} =19x7 + 19x (-3) (il) (23) {(-5)+(+19)} = (23) x (+5) + (-23) x (419) 10. Which of the following statements are true? (i) The product of a positive and a negative integeris negative, “rue (ii) The product of three negative integers is a negative integer, tu (il) Ofthe two integers, if one is negative, then their product mustbe positive. _ (iv) Forall non-zero integers aand b, ax bis always greater than either aor b. (v) The product of a negative and a positive integer may be zero. (vi) There does not exist an integer b such thatfor a>1, axb=bxa=b. “Jerse fFrece ANSWERS 1. (i) 84 (i) 120 (il) 225 (iv) 1000 2 () -120 (i) 162 i) 360 (iv) 384 3. (i) 327000 (li) 2894500Mathematics 16 10° Classy, 4, Yes tx] ]a[3]21+ [o] 1,2} 3 aT l2[e|4[o|4}4}-2 eo ie| 0: | 6 3 | a) afe|s|[4|2)0 | 4 | 8 -1 | -2 | -3 afa{s{[2[i1{o1-t ototolo;oj{olo}|ojo fea) iecaul aoe | ou iets 0) lence |e 2)2}s]4{[2[o]2/41 6 3 [-12[-9 [| 3] 0 3| 6/9 (4 [+16 | -12] 8 4]o | 4/8 | 12 5, () 8 @o (i) 225 6. () positive (i) negative (li) negative 7. (+9)x10 (i) (B-9)x10 (ii) [(-2)-5] x(-6) 8. () positive (i) negative 4.3 DIVISION OF INTEGERS 40. (i), (vi) We know that division of whole numbers is an inverse process of multiplication, In this section, we shall extend the same idea to integers. We know that dividing 20 by 5 means finding an integer which when multiplied with 5 gives us 20. Clearly, such an integer is 4. Therefore, we write cine 20+5=4or, Similarly, dividing 36 by -9 means, finding an integer which when multiplied with -9 gives, 36. Obviously, such an integer is -4. Therefore, we write 36 36 +(-9)=—4or, ie Dividing (-85) by (7) means, what integer should be multiplied with (~7) to get (-38). Clearly, such an integer is 5. Therefore, (-85)+ (1) =50r, 2 =5 a ‘We have the following definitions: Dividend The number to be divided is called dividend. Divisor ‘The number which divides is called the divisor. Quotient — The result of diy ion is called the quotient. It follows from the above discussion that when dividend is negative and divisor is negative, the quotient is positive. When the dividend is negative and divisor is positive, the quotient is negative. Thus, we have the following rules for division of integers: Rule 1 The quotient of two integers both positive or both negative is a positive integer equal to the quotient of the corresponding absolute values of the integers.Integers 17 Thus, for dividing two integers with like signs, we divide their values regardless of their sign and give plus sign to the quotient. Rule 2 The quotient of a positive and a negative integer is a negative integer and its absolute value is equal to the quotient of the corresponding absolute values of the integers. Thus, for dividing integers with unlike signs, we divide their values regardless of their sign and give minus sign to the quotient. 1.3.1 PROPERTIES OF DIVISION Division of integers has the following properties: (i) Ifaand b are integers, then a+ b is not necessarily an integer. For example, 15 + 4,—14 + 3 are not integers, (ii) [fais an integer different from 0, then a +a= 1. (iii) For every integer a, we have a + I= a. (iv) Ifa isa non-zero integer, then 0+a (v) Ifa is an integer, then a + 0s not meaningful. (vi) Ifa, be are non-zero integers, then (a+b) +¢1a+(b+c), unless ¢= 1. (vii) Ifa, b, care integers, then (i) a>b > a+e>b+6,ifcis positive. (i) a>b + a+ecb +6, ifcis negative, ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example1 Divide: (i) 84by7 (ii) -91 by 13 (iii) -98by-14 (iv) 324 by-27 Solution (i) We have, (iv) We have, 324 +(-27)= 12 Example2 Find the quotient in each of the following: (i) (-1728) +12 (ii) (15625) +(-125) (iii) 30000 +(-100) Solution (i) We have, (a7a8) +12 = E128) 1728 yy [12] “12 (ii) We have, 15625) 15695 (-15625) + (-125) = |=125. = 795” =1257 Matt i 18 (athematics Lo Cas6 (iii) We have, __ 130000] _ _ 30000 . _390 30000 + (-100) = [100 100 Example3 Find the value of (i) [8242x174 (-6)] +15 Gi) [|-17|+17|+||-25|-42 Solution (i) We have, [324 2x17+(-6)]+15 60 = [324344 (-6)] +15 = (66-6) +15 = 60 + 15= 7 =4 Gi) We have, {|-17|+17|+||-25]-42| 34 = [17 +17] +|25~42| = |34]+|-17] = 84417 = 7 Example4 Simplify: {36 +(-9)}+{(-24) +6} Solution — We have, {36 + (-9)} +{(-24) +6} “HSH -E3 HHnee EXERCISE 1.2 1. Divide: () 102by17 (i) -85by5 (ii) ~161 by-23 (iv) 76by-19 (v) 17654 by~17654 (vi) (729) by (-27) (vil) 21590 by~10 (vill). Oby-135 2. Fillin the blanks: (i) 296 (i) (i) 84 (we (ace (vi) 3. Which of the following statements are true? () 0+4=0 (i) i) 15 (wy (v) (-8) (vi) ae : ANSWERS H O97 7 M4 wa (vl) 27 2159 0 202 M8 WH7 Wy +125 | a2 7 ~867 2 7 3. (i), (id, (a)— o ae Bee Integers 4.4 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE ; In simplifying mathematical expressions consisting of the same type of operation, We perform one operation at a time generally starting from the left towards the right. If an expression has more than one fundamental operations, you cannot perform operations ‘i the order they appear. Some operations have to be performed before the others. That is, each operation has its own precedence. Generally, the order in which we perform operations sequentially from left to right is: division, multiplication, addition, subtraction, This order is expressed in short as ‘DMAS’ where ‘D’ stands for division, “M for multiplication, ‘A’ for addition and, ‘S’ for subtraction. We first do the divisions and multiplications starting from the left towards the right and then perform additions, subtractions left to right. ‘The following examples will illustrate the precedence of operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example1 Simplify: 24-4 + 2x3 Solution We have, 24-4 + 2x8 = 24-23 (Performing division —4 + 2 = -2] 24-6 (Performing multiplication 2 x 3 = 6) = 18. (Performing subtraction] Example 2 Simplify: (-20) +(-8) + (2)x3 Solution We have, (20) +(-8) + -2)x3 -20) +4 x3 -20) +12 (Performing multiplication] =-8. [Performing subtraction] Example3 Simplify: (-5)— (48) + (16) + (-2)x6 Solution We have, (5) -(48) + (16) + (-2)x6 -5)-3 + (-2)x6 (Performing division] = (-5)-3+(-12) (Performing multiplication] -5-3-12 {Performing addition] EXERCISE 1.3 Find the value of 1. 36+64+3 2. 24415+3 3. 120-2044 4.) 32-(8x5) +4 5. 3-(5-6+3) 6. 21-12+3x2 7. 16+8+4-2x3 8. 28-5x6+2 9. (-20) x (+1) + (-28) +7 10. (-2)+(-8) +(-4)» Mathematios ; 140 S| or Clage wy 12, (-40)x(-1) + (-28) +7 11. (-15)+4+(6-3) eae eae) 18. (+3) +(-8)+(-4)-2x(-2) ANSWERS 1.9 229 3. 115 4,21 5.0 6.13 7.1 80 9. 16 10. 0 1, 13 12. 3% 13.3 14.7 1.5 USE OF BRACKETS In the previous section, we have learnt about the precedence of: fundamental Operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. According to it, the order in wy “ operations are tobe performed is first division then multiplication after which addition 08 finally subtraction. But sometimes in complex expressions, we require a set of operations be performed prior tothe others. For example, ifwe want an addition to be performed before division or a multiplication, then we need to use brackets. A bracket indicates that the operations within it are to be performed before the operations outside it. For example, tn: expression 24 + 3 x 4, as per DMAS rule, is simplified by first dividing 24 by 8 and thes multiplying by 4 as shown below: + 8x4 = (2423) x4 = 8x4 = 32, However, if we wish to multiply 3 and 4 first and then divide 24 by the resulting number, we write the expression as 24 + (34) and simplify it as 24 +(3x4)=24+12=2, In complex expressions, sometimes, it is necessary to have brackets within brackets, Since same type of brackets one within another can be confusing, so different types of brackets are used. Most commonly used brackets are: Brackets symbol Name 0 Parentheses or common brackets 1) Braces or Curly brackets 0 Brackets or square brackets or box brackets ~ Vineulum ‘The left part of each bracket symbol indicates the start of the bracket and the right part indicates the end ofthe bracket. In writing mathematical expressions consisting of more than one brackets, parenthesis is used in the innermost part followed by braces and these two are covered by square brackets. REMOVAL OF BRECKETS In order to simplify expressions involving more than one brates, we use the Silowing steps: STEEL =— Sex whether the given expression contains a vinculum or not. If a vinculum is present, then perform operations under it, Otherwise go to next step. See Sex the innermusdt bracket and perform operations within it STEEL Heme the innermars bracket by using following rules: Baie Ya bracket is preceded by a plus sign, remine it by writing its terms 0 they wre. Beale. d If a bracket is preceded by 4 minus sign, change positive signs withit by negative and vire-vereg. Bale: If there is wn sign between a number and a grouping symbol, then it mvana maltighration,Integers 111 Rule 4: If there is a number before some brackets then we multiply the number inside the brackets with the number outside the brackets. STEPIV See the next innermost bracket and perform operations within it. Remove the ‘second innermost bracket by using the rules given in step III. Continue this process till all the brackets are removed. Let us now illustrate these steps by means of some examples. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example1 Simplify: 27 - [ 5+ {28-(29-7)}] Solution — We have, 27-[5+(28-(29-7)}] = 27-[5+{28-22}] (Removing the innermost brackets) = 27-[5+6] [Removing braces) = 27-11 =16. Example2 Simplify: 48 - [18-{16--4=0}] Solution — We have, 48—[ 18 -{16-6-4-1)}] = 48-[18-{16-(6-3)}] [Removing vinculum] = 48-[18-{16-2}] [Removing parentheses} = 48-[18-14] {Removing braces} = 48-4 244. . oe Example3 Simplify: 222 - [52 +(56—8+9)| +108 | J Solution — We have, fa = 222-| = |42+(56-8+9)| +108 | 13 i} . ] fi as en (56 - te a - (Removing vinculum| fa 1 = fat} " | = 222-| 3142 + 39} +108 | {Removing parentheses] [1 ai = 222-27 +108] =222-1 = 222. +108) {Removing braces} 7 Example4 Simplify: 39 - [23 -{29- 17-93) Solution — Wehave, 39-(23-[29-117-9-3)] 1412 = 39-[23-{29-(17-6)}} = 39-[23-{29-11}] = 39- [23-18] = 39-5 =34 Example Simplify: 7 @ 118-[121sa1«10)-(-4)-{3-9=2)] (i) We have, 11g-[121+1x11)-4)- {3-9-3} = 118-[121+(11x11)-(-4)-{3-7}] = 118 [121+ 121 -(-4)-{3-7]] = 118-[1-(-4)-(-4)] ‘Solution = 18~[1+4+4] =118-9= 109 EXERCISE 1.4 Simplify each ofthe following: ite Mathematics for Classy, [Removing incu [Removing Parentheses) [Removing braces) [Performing division) 1. 3-(6-6+3) 1 = 3 25-5(5+4-(8+2-T43} 5. 36- [18-(14- (15-4 +22))] 7 25--[28-[20- (23-23-23) 9.44 g[oes-B-3}..5] 2.-25+14+(5-3) 4, 27--[38-[46-('5-13-2}}] 6. 45~[38-{60:3-(6-9 +3) +3}] 8.2550-[510- {270-(90-80+70) | 10. 22-1 (-5-(-48)+(-16)) 1. 69-[(-9){-2-8-3}]-[315+-2y-9)] 12, [29-(-2)(6-(7-3)}]+[3x(5+(-3)x(-2)}] 13. Using brackets, write a ‘mathematical expression for each of the following: () Nine multiplied by the sum of two and five, (i) Twelve divided by the sum of one and three. (ti) Twenty divided by the difference of seven and two. (iv) Eight subtracted from, the product of two and three. (\) Forty divided by one more than the sum of nine and ten, (vi) Two multiplied by one less than the Gifference of nineteen and six. ANSWERS 10 2-18 3.21 4.31 5. 21 6. 26 7.0 8 237 9. 19 10. 24 11, 62 12.4 13. (i) 9245) ( 12+(143) (ii) 20 (7-2) (iv) 2x3-8 0) 40+ (14410) (i 2x (19-6)-1)1.13 Integers OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Mark the correct alternative in each of the following: 4. (Ax (A) (1) (A) .....-500 times = (a) -1 (b) 1 (c) 500 (d) -500 2. (1) +(1)4 (1) +(-1)+.....800 times = (a) 500 (b) 1 (c) -1 ay -500 3, The additive inverse of -7is 1 ' 1 (a) -7 () -7 (ey7 @ > } oD 4) . 4) The modulus of an integer xis 9, then ke } -9 ey -12<-9 (©) (-12)+9>0 © @) (-12)x9>0 11. The sum of two integers is —8. If one of the integers is 12, then the other is Yay 20 (b) 4 (c) -4 (d) -20 12. On subtracting - 14 from - 18, we get (a) 4,5 2 ey -4 (c) -32 (d) 32 13. (-35)x2+(-35)x8 = (a) -350 (b) -70 (c) -280 (d) 350 14. If x +29=0, then x = (a) 29 (b) -29 (c) 0 (4) None of these144 Hn dg (10) +(-10) +S timasarnt y= ( 2(-2)s( Danco atte (a) 118 (b) -118 (eo) —182 ey - x-y , 16 tha=(-x(-Dx(-9)...100 times and 6 = ( )s( Is (-1)...95 times, then (a) -1 (b) -2 (e) 0 41 at+be 47. |3-12-4l= (a) -5 (b) 5 © 7 @ -7 48. Ifthe difference of an integera and (—9) is 5, then a4 (b) 5 (c) -4 @ -9 49, The sum of two integers is 10. If one of them is negative, then other has tobe (a) negative (6) positive (o) may be positive ornegative (d) None of these 20. It a(t (D9 * 25 times, y = (3) (-3)x(-3), then xy = () -27 (b) 27 (c) 26 (d) -26 ANSWERS 0) 2) 3 (0) 4. (c) Ae) | GO) a 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 45. (b) 16.(c) 17. (®) 18. (0) 19. (b) 20. (b)Integers 1.15 THINGS TO REMEMBER The numbers...., ~4, -3,~1,0, 1, 2,3, 4,.....ete. are integers. 1,2,3, 4, 5... are positive integers and -1,-2, -3.. .. are negative integers. is an integer which is neither positive nor negative. Onan integer number line, all numbers tothe right of 0.are positive integers and all numbers to the left ofOare negative integers. Dis less than every positive integer and greater than every negative integer. 9. Every positive integer is greater than every negative integer. Two integers that are at the same distance from 0, but on opposite sides of it are called opposite numbers. 8. The greater the number, the lesser sits opposite. 9, The sum of an integer and its opposite is zero. 10, The absolute value of an integer is the numerical value of the integer without regard to its sign. The absolute value of an integer as denoted by |al and is given by AORS aa ig -{ a.if a is positive or 0 "| =a.if ais negative 11. The sum of two integers of the same sign is an integer of the same sign whose absolute value is equal to the sum of the absolute values of the given integers. 12. The sum of two integers of opposite signs is an integer whose absolute value is the difference of the absolute values of addend and whose sign is the sign of the addend having greater absolute value. 13. To subtract an integer b from another integer a, we change the sign of b and addit to a. Thus, a~b=a+(-b) 14, Allproperties of operations on whole numbers are satisfied by these operations on integers. 15. Ifa and are two integers, then (a— b) is also an integer. 16, ~a anda are negative or additive inverses of each other. 17. To find the product of two integers, we multiply their absolute values and give the result a plus sign if both the numbers have the same sign ora minus sign otherwise. 18. To find the quotient of one integer divided by another non-zero integer, we divide their absolute values and give the resulta plus sign if both the numbers have the same sign ora minus sign otherwise. 19. All the properties applicable to whole numbers are applicable to integers in addition, the subtraction operation has the closure property. 20. Any integer when multiplied or divided by 1 gives itself and when multipfied or divided by -1 gives its opposite. 21, When expression has different types of operations, some operations have to be performed before the others. Thats, each operation has its own precedence. The orderin which operations are performedis division, multiplication, addition and finally subtraction (DMAS). 22. Brackets are used in an expression when we wanta set of operations to beperformed before the others. 28. While simplifying an expression containing brackets, the operations within the innermost set of brackets are performed first and then those brackets are removed followed by the ones immediately after them till all the brackets are removed. 24, While simplifying arithmetic expressions involving various brackets and operations, we use BODMAS ne.