Chapter No

1. Introduction:
Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan. The history of Agriculture in Pakistan dates
back to Indus Valley Civilization Era and even before that in some parts of Pakistan.
Today, Pakistan ranks third worldwide in farm output. The special vehicles play a major
role in various fields such as industrial, medical, military applications etc., The special
vehicle field are gradually increasing its productivity in agriculture field. Some of the
major problems in the Pakistan agricultural are rising of input costs, availability of skilled
labors, lack of water resources and crop monitoring. To overcome these problems, the
automation technologies were used in agriculture. The agricultural census gives vital
information on the distribution of land holdings in our country. According to the census
majority of the farmers are having the land less than 1 hectare. This is one of the major
drawbacks for the mechanization in agricultural sector in Pakistan. The vehicles are being
developed for the processes for ploughing, seed sowing, water spraying. All of these
functions have not yet performed using a single vehicle. In this the robots are developed
to concentrate in an efficient manner and also it is expected to perform the operations
autonomously. The proposed idea implements the vehicle to perform the functions such
as ploughing, seed sowing, water spraying. These functions can be integrated into a
single vehicle and then performed.

1.1 Literature Survey:

Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan. The history of Agriculture in Pakistan dates to Indus
Valley Civilization Era and even before that in some parts of Pakistan. Today, Pakistan ranks
third worldwide in farm output. The special vehicles play a major role in various fields such as
industrial, medical, military applications etc., The special vehicle field are gradually increasing
its productivity in agriculture field. Some of the major problems in the Pakistan agricultural are
rising of input costs, availability of skilled labors, lack of water resources and crop monitoring.
To overcome these problems, the automation technologies were used in agriculture. The
agricultural census gives vital information on the distribution of land holdings in our country.
According to the census majority of the farmers are having the land less than 1 hectare. This is
one of the major drawbacks for the mechanization in agricultural sector in Pakistan. The vehicles
are being developed for the processes for ploughing, seed sowing, water spraying. All of these
functions have not yet performed using a single vehicle. In this the robots were developed to
concentrate in an efficient manner and also it is expected to perform the operations
autonomously. The proposed idea implements the vehicle to perform the functions such as
ploughing, seed sowing, water spraying. These functions can be integrated into a single vehicle
and then performed.
[1] Agricultural robots system analysis and profitable, feasibility the robotic operations are more
economically doable than the conventional systems. The high cost of real time kinematics Global
Positioning System( RTK- GPS) and the small capacity of the vehicles are the main parameters
that increase the cost of the robotic systems. d the computations on partial budgeting, where the
cost change is compared to conventional practices. In this model frame, we included changes in
original investments, labour costs, change in speed, daily working hours, energy consumption,
control and surveillance costs.
[2], husbandry has converted into a high- tech enterprise that most 20th century growers might
slightly fete . After all, it was only around 100 times ago that husbandry in the US transitioned
from beast power to robotic power. Over the once 20 times the global positioning system( GPS),
electronic detectors and other new tools have moved husbandry indeed further into a
technological wonderland
[3] 3D ray detectors over 2D vision and stereo vision is the vacuity of dependable ranging data,
which relieves the object discovery and the object localization over 2D vision and other 3D
detector technologies are the robustness against illumination and atmospheric conditions, which
enables the robot to operate dependable at any rainfall conditions indeed 24 h a day.

Wan- Soo Kim, Dae- Hyun Lee, The proposed crop height estimation, which consists of depth
chart generation, ROI determination using edge discovery, area clustering, and distancebased
filtering, can measure the height of a crop under unbridled field conditions; the proposed system
is different from former styles for phenotypic analysis, which were conducted under controlled
conditions with stable backgrounds from images taken from a top-down view. There are colorful
depth objects in anterior scenes during tractor work; thus, our approach has tried to determine the
ROI in a target region, according to the anticipated field of view during civilization. [4]

Nithin P V1, Shivaprakash[5] vehicle is controlled by Relay switch through IR detector input.
The language input allows a stoner to interact with the robot which is familiar to utmost of
thepeople.These robots are hands-free and fast data input operations. In the field of agrarian
independent vehicle, a conception is been developed to probe if multiple small independent
machine could be more effective than traditional large tractors and mortal forces
 1.2 Problem statement:
To develop a system which is capable of performing following actions:
Design and development of an agricultural robot, which can be able to ploughing, dispense
seeds and water spraying in agricultural field and can be able to show digging, seeding
operations and water spraying. Fabricate the model operated by bluetooth control which are
able to show operations likes ploughing and seeding. Also design and analyses a real time
system for this robot to give a solution and propose a model which can be used in real time
field.

1.3 Objectives and deliverables:

The objective is to present the current trends and implementation of Agricultural and
autonomous systems and outline the potential for future applications. Different applications of
autonomous vehicles in agriculture have been examined and compared with conventional
systems
 movement of robot in the field using bluetooth
 Ploughing mechanism of seed
 Design of mechanical structure base on size of crop

1.4 Description of Block Diagram

 1.5 Market Survey:

Components List Availabilities

Off-the-shelf Designed
Mechanical Frame ✓
Battery ✓
Motor ✓
IR & Ultra sonic sensors ✓
Arduino ✓
Motor Drive circuit ✓
Seeder funnel ✓
Ploughing tooth ✓
Water tank and nozzle ✓

It can be assumed that the components along with their features, pricings and their availability in local
and international markets. We need to look for similar products available for internationally and locally
and then we need to finalize them. We need components like battery, motor, IR and ultra sonic these
components are available locally and internationally.
 1.6 Relevant Patents
1.6.1 Abstract:
Agricultural operations using flexible manufacturing, software, robotics and sensing techniques
in agriculture[6]. In manufacturing operations using flexible machining and flexible assembly
robots, work pieces pass through a fixed set of workstations on an assembly line. Machine vision
systems, laser raster devices, radar, touch, photocell and other sensing methods are located at
various stations; Flexible armatures of robots and the like are used to operate on them. This
flexible agricultural automation turns that concept on its head, moving software-programmable
workstations across agricultural fields on mobile robots that can sense and flexibly respond to
their environment. Agricultural automation will enable large-scale farmers to implement labor-
intensive agricultural practices that are currently only practical for small-scale farming,
improving land use efficiency while dramatically reducing labor costs
1. A flexible agricultural automation for any type of: pruning, harvesting, weeding,
trimming, tying, planting, spraying, pollinating or other operations on plants, comprising:
(a) a mobile robotic machine mounted on a means of locomotion with controls for guiding the
machine by an operator
(b) one or more types of sensing apparatus mounted on the machine substantially like
machine vision, laser raster scanned three-dimensional mapping, microwave radar, ultrasonic,
infrared, chemical and touch sensors
(c) robotic arm or a plurality of robotic arms mounted on the machine which are equipped
with means for tracking movement of same
(d) a means of decision processing substantially like a computer and/or artificial intelligence
electronics or simulations of same for and control the movement of robot arm or arms

1.7 Industrial Prospective of the project:

1.7.1 History:
Agriculture has always been the backbone of Pakistan's growth and economy. Some of the major
challenges in Pakistan's agriculture are rising input costs, availability of skilled labor, shortage of
water resources and crop monitoring. Automation technologies have been used in agriculture to
overcome these problems. The agricultural census provides vital information about the
distribution of land in our country.]. This is one of the major disadvantages of mechanization in
the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Vehicles are developed for the processes of plowing, sowing
seeds, spraying water. Farmers worry about the quality and productivity of vegetables and plants
 1.7.2 Advancement:
The world is making advances in agricultural robotics every day. Farming in this area is
something that can improve the efficiency of farm management and also increase the
productivity of farmers. In the growing age of agriculture in our country, it is useless not to use
its advantages. That is why we have created a solution for farmers that is both durable and easy
to use. This paper presents a robot capable of performing critical agricultural operations such as
seeding, irrigation, and pesticide spraying. The robot is completely wireless and operates on
simple joysticks that make it easy for farmers to use it efficiently. Our goal is to reduce the
manual labor of farm work and at the same time reduce the wages required for agricultural
activity. We hope our robot will be a solution to farmers' problems and a step forward in the
advancement of agricultural robotics.

1.7.3 Industrial Importance:

Automatic robot systems with wireless control can be used in agriculture, watering, seed sowing
and ploughing. Once installed, the system creates a controlled environment in fields that
facilitates water distribution, protection from damage, and the cultivation of high-quality crops .
It does not require permanent operator control. The project will benefit the market and
agricultural business in terms of the most efficient development of high quality crops. It will
benefit the country's economy and also boost exports. It receives not only city dealers, but also
small-scale intelligent system.

1.7.4 Future:
Every day we are reminded that the robot revolution is moving forward. From autonomous
vehicles to automated cash registers, robots are taking an ever-increasing place in our daily lives.
And while our focus has been on robots in the manufacturing industry, there is one critical area
of activity that they may disrupt more than anything else. To quote the authors of one of the
most renowned articles on the subject. The world is modernizing very quickly. This project is
more reliable than human efforts in the field. This is a great opportunity for townspeople and
farmers to maximize the harvest they want.

1.7.5 Industrial Advisor:

No external advisor has been selected yet
 1.8 Project Methodology and Timeline

Task 1: Literature Survey

Task 2: Market survey
Task 3: Components purchasing
Task 4: Testing Phase Calculations
Task 5: Software learning
Task 6: Project assembling
Task 7: Thesis
Task8: CNC Testing Phase
Task 9: Delivery

Project Schedule
May-22Jul-22Aug-22Oct-22Dec-22Jan-23Mar-23May-23Jun-23 Proposal
Literature and Maket Survey
Component Purchase
Testing Phase Project assembling
Thesis Testing Phase
REFERENCES:
[1]Published online 27 July 2006 Springer Science Business Media, LLC 2006
[2]A Critical Review on Agricultural Robots. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
and Technology, 7( 4), 2016,pp. 183 – 188.
[3] Robotics and Autonomous Systems 59( 2011) 265 – 273
[4] Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 181( 2021) 105937
[5] International Journal of Engineering Research VolumeNo. 5 Issue Special 6, pp 1129- 1254

[6] Brian P., H. (2002) US6671582B1 - Flexible Agricultural Automation, Flexible

agricultural automation. Google. Available at:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US6671582B1/en (Accessed: November 2, 2022).