JSON ECMAScript

●
ECMAScript is standardized JavaScript.
●
The current version is the 10th edition.
Péter Jeszenszky – Ecma International, ECMAScript 2019 Language
Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen Specification, Standard ECMA-262, 10th Edition,
[email protected] June 2019.
http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/sta
Last modified: November 25, 2019 ndards/Ecma-262.htm
●
The next version currently under development
is ECMAScript 2020.
– ECMAScript 2020 Language Specification
https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/ 3

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) JavaScript

●
Lightweight, textual, and platform independent ●
The term JavaScript is used for the
data exchange format. implementations of ECMAScript by different
– Used for representing structured data. vendors.
– Can be read and written easily by humans. – See also: JavaScript technologies overview
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Jav
– Can be generated and processed easily by aScript/JavaScript_technologies_overview
computer programs.
●
Originates from the ECMAScript programming
language.
●
Web page: http://www.json.org/
2 4
 JavaScript Engines Node.js (2)
SpiderMonkey (programming language: C/C++; license: Mozilla Public License 2.0)
It lets the developers to build applications in
●
●
https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Mozilla/Projects/SpiderMonkey

JavaScript that run outside a web browser.

●
The JavaScript engine of the Mozilla Project.
●
V8 (programming language: C++; license: New BSD License) https://developers.google.com/v8/
https://github.com/v8/v8/

●
– The JavaScript engine of Chromium.
Chakra: the JavaScript engine developed for the Microsoft Edge web browser.
●
It can be used for client-side and server-side
– Its core is available as free and open source software from early 2016 (license: MIT License).
https://github.com/Microsoft/ChakraCore application development.
– See also: Microsoft Edge’s JavaScript engine to go open-source

●
https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2015/12/05/open-source-chakra-core/
Nashorn (programming language: Java, license: GPLv2) http://openjdk.java.net/projects/nashorn/
●
Its package ecosystem, npm, is the largest
●
– JavaScript engine developed by Oracle that is included in JDK 8, JDK 9, and JDK 10 (see the package javax.script).
GraalVM Community Edition (CE) (programming language: Java; license: GPL v2) https://www.graalvm.org/
ecosystem of open source libraries in the
https://github.com/oracle/graal
– Available on Linux and macOS systems.
world.
See: https://www.graalvm.org/docs/reference-manual/languages/js/
See: http://www.modulecounts.com/
–
–
●
…

5 7

Node.js (1) Node.js (3)

●
A JavaScript runtime environment built on the ●
“Hello, World!” example:
V8 JavaScript engine that is designed to build – See:
scalable network applications. https://nodejs.org/en/docs/guides/getting-started-g
uide/
– Website: https://nodejs.org/
const http = require('http');
https://github.com/nodejs/node
const hostname = '127.0.0.1';
– License: MIT License const port = 3000;
– Written in: C++, JavaScript const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.statusCode = 200;
– Platform: Linux, macOS, Windows res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
res.end('Hello, World!\n');
});

server.listen(port, hostname, () => {

6 console.log(`Server running at http://${hostname}:${port}/`); 8
});
 Node.js (4) ECMA International
●
Node.js frameworks: http://nodeframework.com/ ●
International non-profit standards organization.
– Express (license: MIT License) http://expressjs.com/ – Target domains: information and communication
https://github.com/strongloop/express technology (ICT), consumer electronics (CE)
– Meteor (license: MIT License) https://www.meteor.com/
https://github.com/meteor/meteor
●
Was founded in 1961 originally, operates
under its current name since 1994.
– Sails.js (license: MIT License) https://sailsjs.com/
https://github.com/balderdashy/sails – European Computer Manufacturers Association
– … (ECMA)
●
Web page: http://www.ecma-international.org/

9 11

Compatibility History
●
ECMAScript compatibility of implementations: ●
Discovered and popularized by Douglas Crockford.
– ECMAScript 2016+ compatibility table – Was “discovered” in 2001.
http://kangax.github.io/compat-table/es2016plus/ – Crockford originally used JSON for communication
between JavaScript clients and Java servers.
– IEEE Computer Society, Discovering JavaScript Object
Notation with Douglas Crockford, 28 March 2012.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kc8BAR7SHJI
●
„I don’t claim to have invented it, because it already existed in
nature. I just saw it, recognized the value of it, gave it a name,
and a description, and showed its benefits. But I did not invent
it. I don’t claim to be the first person to have discovered it.”
●
Source:
10 https://inkdroid.org/2012/04/30/lessons-of-json/ 12
 File Properties JSON vs. ECMAScript
● File extension: .json ●
JSON is based on the syntax of ECMAScript,
but is not fully compatible with it.
● IANA media type: application/json
– Further information:
●
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScri
pt/Reference/Global_Objects/JSON
●
Magnus Holm, JSON: The JavaScript subset that isn't,
2014.
http://timelessrepo.com/json-isnt-a-javascript-subset

13 15

Specification JSON vs. XML (1)

●
Ecma International, The JSON Data ●
JSON can be used as an alternative to XML
Interchange Format, Second Edition, Standard for data exchange.
ECMA-404, December 2017. – Provides the same advantages as XML but without
http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/ its disadvantages.
standards/Ecma-404.htm ●
Lásd: JSON: The Fat-Free Alternative to XML
●
T. Bray (ed.), The JavaScript Object Notation http://www.json.org/xml.html
(JSON) Data Interchange Format, RFC 8259,
December 2017.
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259

14 16
 JSON vs. XML (2) JSON vs. XML (4)
●
Common characteristics of JSON and XML: ●
Example:
– Simplicity (undoubtedly JSON is the winner) – XML:
<file>
– Can be read and written easily by humans <uri>http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home.png</uri>
<size>1936</size>
– Can be generated and processed easily by computer <contentType>image/png</contentType>
programs (undoubtedly JSON is the winner) <lastModified>2006-07-24T14:58:33Z</lastModified>
</file>
– Interoperability – JSON:
– Open standard {
"file": {
– Self-describing data representation "uri": "http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home.png",
"size": 1936,
– Universal data exchange format "contentType": "image/png",
"lastModified": "2006-07-24T14:58:33Z"
}
17 } 19

JSON vs. XML (3) JSON vs. XML (5)

●
The main difference is that JSON is data- ●
Example:
XML:
oriented, while XML is document-oriented. –
<properties>
<property name="user.home">/home/jeszy</property>
– JSON is the perfect choice for representing data <property name="user.name">jeszy</property>
</properties>
structures. – JSON:
●
JSON is less verbose compared to XML. {
"properties": {
– Use XML for document-oriented applications. "property": [
{
●
XML is extensible and has a more mature infrastructure. "name": "user.home",
"content": "/home/jeszy"
},
{
"name": "user.name",
"content": "jeszy"
}
]
}
18 20
}
 Data Types and Structures JSON Value
●
The following primitive types are available:
– strings
– numbers
– booleans
– null
●
The following structured types are available:
– arrays
– objects

21 23

Tokens Numbers (1)

●
JSON text is a sequence of tokens the conforms to the JSON
value grammar rule.
●
Tokens:
– The {, }, [, ], :and , characters are structural tokens.
– Strings
– Numbers
– true, false and null are literal tokens.
●
Whitespace characters are allowed before and after tokens
and are insignificant.
– Whitespace characters: HT (U+0009), LF (U+000A), CR (U+000D),
space (U+0020)
– Strings are the only tokens that can contain whitespace characters.
22 24
 Numbers (2) Strings (2)
●
No constraints are imposed on the range and
precision of numbers.
– Implementations should consider interoperability.
●
For example, they should use double-precision
numbers.
●
Examples:
– 0
– -1.0
– 2.718282
– 1E-12
25 27

Strings (1) Arrays (1)

●
Sequences of Unicode characters delimited by quotation ●
Ordered sequences of zero or more values
marks (U+0022).
(can be empty).
●
Can contains any characters with the following exceptions
that must be escaped: – Elements can be of any type (including arrays).
– Quotation mark (U+0022), backslash (U+005C), control characters
(U+0000–U+001F)
●
Special characters can be specified using escape
sequences: \", \\, \t, \n, \r, …
● Unicode characters in the BMP can be specified as \unnnn,
where nnnn is the code point of the character encoded by
four hexadecimal digits.
● Examples: "", "\"Hello, world!\n\"", "\u263A", "\
u263a" 26 28
 Arrays (2) Objects (2)
●
Examples: ●
RFC 8259:
– ["Athos", "Porthos", "Aramis", – Objects with unique names are interoperable.
"d'Artagnan"] – Objects with non-unique names can be handled
– [9, 14, 19, 25, 26, 28] differently by applications.
– ["Pi", 3.141593, null, true] – Implementations may or may not make the
– [[45.7370889, 16.1133866], ordering of members available.
[48.5852340, 22.8981217]]

29 31

Objects (1) Objects (3)

●
Unordered collections of zero or more ●
Example:
name/value pairs. {
"title": "Alien",
– A name is a string, a value is a JSON value. "year": 1979,
"rating": 8.5,
– Name/value pairs are also called as members. "votes": 643196,
"genres": ["horror", "sci-fi"],
"url": "http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078748/"
}

30 32
 Objects (4) Character Encoding
●
Example: ●
RFC 8259:
{
"artist": "Porcupine Tree", – JSON text exchanged between systems be
"title": "Fear of a Blank Planet",
"year": 2007,
encoded using UTF-8.
"tracks": [
{
"title": "Fear of a Blank Planet",
"length": 448
},
{
"title": "My Ashes",
"length": 307
},
{
"title": "Anesthetize",
"length": 1062
},
...
33 35
]
}

Objects (5) Display JSON in Web Browser

●
Example: ●
Chromium, Google Chrome:
– JSON Editor (license: MIT License)
– Zippopotamus – Zip Code Galore https://github.com/tulios/json-viewer
http://api.zippopotam.us/ ●
Microsoft Edge (EdgeHTML):
●
Obtaining information about the Hungarian ZIP code – JSON Formatter for Edge (license: MIT License)
4028: http://api.zippopotam.us/hu/4028 https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/p/json-formatter-for-edge/9nz
9d2j86w6s
– Nominatim https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/ ●
Firefox:
https://nominatim.org/
– JSONView (license: MIT License) https://jsonview.com/
●
Example:
https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=debrec
●
Opera:
en&format=json – JsonViewer (license: ?)
https://addons.opera.com/hu/extensions/details/jsonviewer/

34 36
 JSON-P: Java API for JSON
Editors (1)
Processing
●
Free and open source software: ●
JSR 374: Java API for JSON Processing 1.1 (Final Release)
– Atom (platform: Linux, macOS, Windows; license: MIT License) https://atom.io/ https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=374
https://github.com/atom/atom
●
Recommended package: Pretty JSON https://atom.io/packages/pretty-json – Was introduced in Java EE 7 (JSR 353).
– Eclipse (platform: Linux, macOS, Windows; license: Eclipse Public License 2.0)
https://www.eclipse.org/
– See the javax.json, javax.json.spi and javax.json.stream
●
Recommended plug-ins: packages.
JavaScript Development Tools (JSDT) https://www.eclipse.org/webtools/jsdt/
Implementations:
–
●
– JSON Editor Plugin https://marketplace.eclipse.org/content/json-editor-plugin https://github.com/boothen/Json-Eclipse-Plugin
– JSON Editor (programming language: JavaScript; license: Apache License 2.0)
https://github.com/josdejong/jsoneditor/
– Reference implementation provided as part of the GlassFish application
●
Online: http://jsoneditoronline.org/
server: https://javaee.github.io/jsonp/
– Notepad++ (platform: Windows; license: GPLv2) https://notepad-plus-plus.org/ ●
License: GPLv2/Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL) Version 1.1
https://github.com/notepad-plus-plus/notepad-plus-plus ● Available in the Maven Central Repository: org.glassfish:javax.json:*.
●
Recommended plugin: JSToolNpp http://www.sunjw.us/jstool/npp/ https://github.com/sunjw/jstoolnpp
– Visual Studio Code (platform: Linux, macOS, Windows; license: MIT License)
– Apache Johnzon (license: Apache License 2.0) http://johnzon.apache.org/
https://code.visualstudio.com/ https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode ● Available in the Maven Central Repository: org.apache.johnzon:johnzon:*.
●
See: Editing JSON with Visual Studio Code https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/json

37 39

Editors (2) JSON-B: Java API for JSON Binding

JSR 367: Java API for JSON Binding (JSON-B) (Final Release)
●
Non-free software: ●

https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=367
– <oXygen/> XML Editor (platform: Linux, macOS, – Was introduced in Java EE 8.
Windows) https://www.oxygenxml.com/ – See the javax.json.bind, javax.json.bind.adapter,
javax.json.bind.annotation, javax.json.bind.config,
●
See: https://www.oxygenxml.com/xml_editor/json_editor.html javax.json.bind.serializer and javax.json.bind.spi packages.
Web page: http://json-b.net/
IntelliJ IDEA (platform: Linux, macOS, Windows)
●
–
Implementations:
https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/
●

– Eclipse Yasson (license: Eclipse Public License 1.0)

●
See: https://www.jetbrains.com/help/idea/json.html https://github.com/eclipse-ee4j/yasson
The reference implementation, available in the Maven Central Repository:
XMLSpy XML Editor (platform: Windows)
●

– org.eclipse:yasson:*.
https://www.altova.com/xmlspy-xml-editor – Apache Johnzon (license: Apache License 2.0) http://johnzon.apache.org/johnzon-jsonb/
● Available in the Maven Central Repository: org.apache.johnzon:johnzon:*.
●
See: https://www.altova.com/xmlspy-xml-editor/json_editor

38 40
 Libraries Gson (2)
●
See: http://json.org/ ●
Example:
– C++:
import java.math.BigDecimal;
●
nlohmann/json (license: MIT License) https://github.com/nlohmann/json import java.net.URL;
●
RapidJSON (license: MIT License) https://github.com/miloyip/rapidjson import java.util.List;
– Java:
●
Genson (license: Apache License 2.0) https://owlike.github.io/genson/ public class Movie {
●
Gson (license: Apache License 2.0) https://github.com/google/gson
●
Jackson (license: Apache License 2.0) private String title;
https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson private int year;
– Python: the json module is part of the standard library private BigDecimal rating;
https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html private int votes;
private List<String> genres;
– R: private URL url;
●
jsonlite (license: MIT License) // ...
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/jsonlite/
●
rjson (license: GPLv2) https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rjson/ 41 } 43

Gson (1) Gson (3)

●
Example: ●
Example (continued):
import com.google.gson.Gson; import com.google.gson.Gson;
// ... import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
Gson gson = new Gson(); // ...
String s1 = gson.toJson(3.141593); // "3.141593" Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().setPrettyPrinting().create();
String s2 = gson.toJson("Hello, world!"); // "\"Hello, world!\""
String s3 = gson.toJson(false); // "false" Movie m = new Movie();
String s4 = gson.toJson(null); // "null" m.setTitle("Alien");
String s5 = gson.toJson(new int[] {3, 26, 31, 46, 66}); m.setYear(1979);
// "[3,26,31,46,66]" m.setRating(8.5);
m.setVotes(681290);
double result1 = gson.fromJson(s1, Double.class); m.setGenres(List.of("horror", "sci-fi"));
String result2 = gson.fromJson(s2, String.class); m.setUrl(new URL("http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078748/"));
boolean result3 = gson.fromJson(s3, Boolean.class);
Object result4 = gson.fromJson(s4, Object.class); FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("alien.json");
int[] result5 = gson.fromJson(s5, int[].class); gson.toJson(m, writer);
writer.close();
// ...
42
Movie result = gson.fromJson(new FileReader("alien.json"), 44
Movie.class);
 Gson (4) Gson (6)
●
Example (continued): the contents of the ●
Example (continued):
alien.json file import com.google.gson.Gson;
import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
// ...
{ Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().setPrettyPrinting().create();
"title": "Alien",
"year": 1979, Album album = new Album();
"rating": 8.5, album.setArtist("Porcupine Tree");
"votes": 681290, album.setTitle("Fear of a Blank Planet");
album.setYear(2007);
"genres": [
"horror", ArrayList<Track> tracks = new ArrayList<Track>();
"sci-fi" tracks.add(new Track("Fear of a Blank Planet", 448));
], tracks.add(new Track("My Ashes", 307));
"url": "http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078748/" tracks.add(new Track("Anesthetize", 1062));
album.setTracks(tracks);
}
String s = gson.toJson(album);
45
// ... 47
Album result = gson.fromJson(s, Album.class);

Gson (5) Gson (7)

●
Example: ●
Example: http://country.io/names.json
public class Album {
private String artist; {
private String title; "BD": "Bangladesh",
private int year; "BE": "Belgium",
private List<Track> tracks; "BF": "Burkina Faso",
// ...
} "BG": "Bulgaria",
"BA": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
public class Track { "BB": "Barbados",
private String title; ...
private int length;
}
public Track(String title, int length) {
this.title = title;
this.length = length;
}
// ...
} 46 48
 Gson (8) Gson (10)
●
Example (continued): ●
Example (continued):
import java.io.InputStreamReader; // PostCodeInfo.java:
import java.io.Reader; import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;
public class PostCodeInfo {
import java.lang.reflect.Type; @SerializedName("post code") private String postCode;
import java.net.URL; private String country;
import java.util.Map; @SerializedName("country abbreviation") private String
countryAbbreviation;
import com.google.gson.Gson; private List<Place> places;
import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken; // ...
}
URL url = new URL("http://country.io/names.json");
// Place.java:
Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(url.openStream()); import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;
Type type = new TypeToken<Map<String, String>>(){}.getType(); public class Place {
Map<String, String> map = new Gson().fromJson(reader, type); @SerializedName("place name") private String placeName;
private String state;
@SerializedName("state abbreviation") private String stateAbbreviation;
private Double longitude;
private Double latitude;
49 // ... 51
}

Gson (9) Gson (11)

●
Example: http://api.zippopotam.us/hu/4032 ●
Example (continued): Gson + Unirest
{ Unirest.config().setObjectMapper(new GsonObjectMapper());
"post code": "4032",
"country": "Hungary", HttpResponse<PostCodeInfo> response = Unirest.get(
"country abbreviation": "HU", "http://api.zippopotam.us/{countryCode}/{postCode}")
"places": [
{
.routeParam("countryCode", "hu")
"place name": "Debrecen", .routeParam("postCode", "4028")
"longitude": "21.24", .asObject(PostCodeInfo.class);
"state": "Hajd\u00fa-Bihar",
"state abbreviation": "HB", if (response.getStatus() != 200) {
"latitude": "47.7675" // Hiba
} // ...
] } else {
} PostCodeInfo pci = response.getBody();
// ...
}
50 52
 import com.google.gson.TypeAdapter;
Gson (12) import
import
com.google.gson.stream.JsonReader;
com.google.gson.stream.JsonToken;
import com.google.gson.stream.JsonWriter;

import java.io.IOException;
●
Example: using a custom type adapter import java.time.ZoneId;

(java.time.LocalDate) public class LocalDateAdapter extends TypeAdapter<LocalDate> {

@Override
– See: java.time.LocalDate public void write(JsonWriter out, ZoneId value) throws IOException {
if (value == null) {
https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api out.nullValue();
/java.base/java/time/LocalDate.html } else {
out.value(value.toString());
}
}
Gson gson = new Gson();
@Override
String s = gson.toJson(LocalDate.now()); public ZoneId read(JsonReader in) throws IOException {
System.out.println(s); if (in.peek() == JsonToken.NULL) {
in.nextNull();
// {"year":2019,"month":3,"day":15} return null;
}
return LocalDate.parse(in.nextString());
}

}
53 55

Gson (13) Gson (15)

●
Example (continued): using a custom type ●
Example (continued): using a custom type
adapter (java.time.LocalDate) adapter (java.time.LocalDate)
– See: import com.google.gson.Gson;
●
Gson User Guide – Custom Serialization and import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
Deserialization // ...
https://github.com/google/gson/blob/master/UserGuide. Gson gson = new GsonBuilder()
md#TOC-Custom-Serialization-and-Deserialization .registerTypeAdapter(LocalDate.class,
● com.google.gson.TypeAdapter new LocalDateIdAdapter())
https://javadoc.io/page/com.google.code.gson/gson/late .create();
st/com/google/gson/TypeAdapter.html
String s = gson.toJson(LocalDate.now());
System.out.println(s);
// "2019-03-15"
54 56
 JSON Extensions Applications (1)
●
JSON5 https://json5.org/ ●
Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML), AJAJ (Asynchronous
– The JSON5 Data Interchange Format is a proposed extension to JSON that JavaScript and JSON)
aims to make it easier for humans to write and maintain by hand. – See: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/AJAX
●
Adding new syntax features to JSON, such as comments, the names of members in
objects can be strings or identifiers, … ●
GeoJSON http://geojson.org/
– Is a superset of JSON but does not introduce new data types. – Is a format for encoding geographic data structures.
– Specification: – Specification:
●
The JSON5 Data Interchange Format https://spec.json5.org/
●
Howard Butler, Martin Daly, Allan Doyle, Stefan Hagen, Tim Schaub, The
●
YAML: YAML Ain't Markup Language https://yaml.org/ GeoJSON Format, RFC 7946, August 2016. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946
– Is a superset of JSON. ●
JSON-LD https://json-ld.org/
– Is more human readable than JSON, offers a number of new features. – A lightweight syntax to serialize Linked Data in JSON.
– Specification: – Specification:
●
YAML Ain’t Markup Language (YAML) Version 1.2 https://yaml.org/spec/1.2/spec.html
●
Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Markus Lanthaler (eds.), JSON-LD 1.0: A JSON-
based Serialization for Linked Data, W3C Recommendation, 16 January 2014.
https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/
57 59

BSON („Binary JSON”) Applications (2)

●
Binary data exchange format. ●
NoSQL databases: a number of document-oriented databases use
JSON for storing data.
– Specification: http://bsonspec.org/ – Apache CouchDB (programming language: Erlang; platform: Linux, macOS,
Windows; license: Apache License 2.0) http://couchdb.apache.org/
●
Used by the MongoDB NoSQL database system. https://github.com/apache/couchdb
https://www.mongodb.org/ – EJDB2 (written in: C; license: MIT License) https://ejdb.org/
https://github.com/Softmotions/ejdb
– BSON is used for data storage and network transfer. – RethinkDB (programming language: C++; platform: Linux, macOS; license:
●
Extends the types of JSON. Apache License 2.0) https://rethinkdb.com/
https://github.com/rethinkdb/rethinkdb
– For example, timestamps, regular expressions, … – UnQLite (programming language: C; platform: Linux, macOS, Windows;
license: Simplified BSD License) https://unqlite.org/
– There is no number type, uses the int32, int64 and https://github.com/symisc/unqlite
double types instead. – …

58 60
 Applications (3) Applications (5)
●
Web APIs: ●
Storing configuration data (continued):
– Facebook APIs – AWS CloudFormation
https://developers.facebook.com/docs/apis-and-sd https://aws.amazon.com/cloudformation/
ks – WebExtensions
– Flickr API https://www.flickr.com/services/api/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/A
– Nominatim API dd-ons/WebExtensions
https://nominatim.org/release-docs/develop/api/Ov ● See: manifest.json
erview/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Add-on
s/WebExtensions/manifest.json
– reddit API https://www.reddit.com/dev/api – …
– …

61 63

Applications (4) JSON Schema (1)

●
Storing configuration data: ●
JSON-based schema language http://json-schema.org/
– package.json: http://package.json.is/
●
Current version: 2019-09
https://docs.npmjs.com/files/package.json – As far as I know, currently, it is supported by only one
implementation.
●
Uses:
– npm https://www.npmjs.com/ https://github.com/npm/cli
●
Previous version: draft-07
– Grunt https://gruntjs.com/ https://github.com/gruntjs/grunt – It has many implementations.
●
See: https://gruntjs.com/getting-started#package.json
– Visual Studio Code https://code.visualstudio.com
●
Migrating from draft-07 to 2019-09:
https://github.com/microsoft/vscode – JSON Schema 2019-09 Release Notes
●
See: https://json-schema.org/draft/2019-09/release-notes.html
https://code.visualstudio.com/api/references/extension-man
ifest

62 64
 JSON Schema (2) JSON Schema (4)
●
Related specification: ●
JSON document: an information resource described by
the application/json media type, i.e., a JSON value.
– Paul C. Bryan (ed.), Kris Zyp, Mark Nottingham (ed.),
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Pointer, RFC ●
Instance: a JSON document to which a schema is
6901, April 2013. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901 applied.
●
Defines a syntax for identifying a specific value inside a ●
JSON schema:
JSON document. – A JSON document used to describe an instance.
– Examples:
● /country
– An object or a boolean.
● /places/0
– Can be nested one into another.
● /places/0/longitude ●
The outermost schema is called the root schema, the others are called
●
See: JSON Pointer Tester http://www.jsonpointer.com/ subschemas.
– IANA media type: application/schema+json

65 67

JSON Schema (3) JSON Schema (5)

●
Specifications: ●
Property: a member of an object instance.
– Austin Wright (ed.), Henry Andrews (ed.), Ben Hutton (ed.), Greg Dennis,
●
Keyword: a property of a schema object that is applied to an instance.
JSON Schema: A Media Type for Describing JSON Documents, – Keywords assert constraints on JSON instances or annotate those instances with additional
September 17, 2019. http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-core.html information.
– Examples: "properties", "type", "$ref"
– Austin Wright (ed.), Henry Andrews (ed.), Ben Hutton (ed.), JSON Schema
Validation: A Vocabulary for Structural Validation of JSON, September 17, ●
Vocabulary: a set of keywords defined for a particular purpose.
2019. http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-validation.html – Keywords have well defined syntax and semantics.
– Henry Andrews (ed), Austin Wright (ed.), JSON Hyper-Schema: A – Each of the following specifications defines a vocabulary:
Vocabulary for Hypermedia Annotation of JSON, September 17, 2019. ●
Austin Wright (ed.), Henry Andrews (ed.), Ben Hutton (ed.), Greg Dennis, JSON Schema: A Media Type
for Describing JSON Documents, September 17, 2019.
http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-hypermedia.html http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-core.html
– Geraint Luff, Henry Andrews (ed.), Relative JSON Pointers, September 17, ●
Austin Wright (ed.), Henry Andrews (ed.), Ben Hutton (ed.), JSON Schema Validation: A Vocabulary for
Structural Validation of JSON, September 17, 2019.
2019. http://json-schema.org/latest/relative-json-pointer.html http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-validation.html
●
Henry Andrews (ed), Austin Wright (ed.), JSON Hyper-Schema: A Vocabulary for Hypermedia
Annotation of JSON, September 17, 2019. http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-hypermedia.html

66 68
 JSON Schema (6) JSON Schema (8)
●
Meta-schema: a schema that itself describes ●
Implementations: http://json-schema.org/implementations.html
C++:
a schema.
–
●
json-schema (license: Boost Software License 1.0)
https://github.com/KayEss/json-schema
– Example: – Java:
●
JSON Schema meta-schema: ●
json-schema (license: Apache License 2.0) https://github.com/everit-org/json-schema
– JavaScript:
– http://json-schema.org/draft/2019-09/schema ●
Ajv (license: MIT License) https://ajv.js.org/ https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv
– http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema – .NET:
●
Json.NET Schema (license: AGPLv3) http://www.newtonsoft.com/jsonschema
– Web interface: https://www.jsonschemavalidator.net/
●
Manatee.Json (license: MIT License) https://github.com/gregsdennis/Manatee.Json
– Python:
●
jsonschema (license: MIT License) https://github.com/Julian/jsonschema

69 71

JSON Schema (7) JSON Schema (9)

●
Tools: ●
JSON Schema Store
Free and open source software:
http://schemastore.org/json/
–
●
Visual Studio Code (platform: Linux, macOS, Windows; license: MIT License)
https://code.visualstudio.com/ https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode https://github.com/SchemaStore/schemastore
– See: Editing JSON with Visual Studio Code https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/json
– Non-free software: – A collection of schemas for commonly known
●
<oXygen/> XML Editor (platform: Linux, macOS, Windows)
https://www.oxygenxml.com/
JSON file formats.
– See: Editing JSON Schema Documents
https://www.oxygenxml.com/doc/versions/21.1/ug-developerEclipse/topics/editing-JSON-schema.h
– Editor support: IntelliJ IDEA, Microsoft Visual
tml
●
IntelliJ IDEA (platform: Linux, macOS, Windows) https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/
Studio, …
– See: https://www.jetbrains.com/help/idea/json.html
●
XMLSpy XML Editor (platform: Windows) https://www.altova.com/xmlspy-xml-editor
– See: https://www.altova.com/xmlspy-xml-editor/json_schema_editor

70 72
 JSON Schema (10) JSON Schema Examples (1)
Schema:
Associating JSON schemas with JSON Schema:
● ●
●
– true – false
documents: – {} – { "not": {} }
Valid instances: Valid instances:
JSON schema specifications do not provide any
● ●
–
42 None
means.
– –

– true ●
Invalid instances:
– Implementation specific solutions: – null – 42
– ["Gargamel", "Azrael"] – true
●
<oXygen/> XML Editor { "firstName": "Douglas",
– – null
https://www.oxygenxml.com/doc/versions/21.1/ug-editor "lastName": "Crockford" } ["Gargamel", "Azrael"]
/topics/json-associating-schema-directly-in-doc.html – …
–

– { "firstName": "Douglas",
●
Visual Studio Code: ●
Invalid instances: "lastName": "Crockford" }
https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/json#_jso – None – …
n-schemas-and-settings

73 75

JSON Schema (11) JSON Schema Examples (2)

Schema:
●
Further recommended reading: ●

{
"type": "string"
– Michael Droettboom, Understanding JSON }
Schema, 2019. ●
Valid instances:
https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schem – ""
a/index.html – "Hello, world!\n"
– …
●
Invalid instances:
– 42
– true
– null
– ["Gargamel", "Azrael"]
– { "firstName": "Douglas", "lastName": "Crockford" }
– …
74 76
 JSON Schema Examples (3) JSON Schema Examples (5)
Schema:
Schema: Valid instances:
●
● ●
{
"type": "array",
"items": { "type": "string" }
{ – []
"type": "array",
} "items": { – ["Pi=",
●
Valid instances: "type": ["number", "string"]
– [] } 3.141593, "\n"]
}
– ["Hello, world!\n"] – …
– ["Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"]
– …
●
Invalid instances:
– "Hello, world!\n"
– 3.141593
– true
– null
– { "firstName": "Douglas", "lastName": "Crockford" }
– … 77 79

JSON Schema Examples (4) JSON Schema Examples (6)

●
Schema: ●
Valid instances: ●
Schema:
{ – ["sci-fi"] {
"type": "array", "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
"items": { "type": "string" },
– ["sci-fi", "horror"]
"type": "object",
"minItems": 1, – … "properties": {
"uniqueItems": true
"uri": { "type": "string" },
} ●
Invalid instances: "size": { "type": "integer" },
– [] "contentType": { "type": "string" },
"lastModified": { "type": "string" }
– ["a", "a"] },
– ["a", "b", "a"] "required": ["uri", "size", "contentType", "lastModified"]
}
– …

78 80
 JSON Schema Examples (7) JSON Schema Examples (9)
●
Schema: ●
Schema:
{
{ "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#", "type": "object",
"type": "object", "properties": {
"properties": { "artist": { "type": "string" },
"uri": { "type": "string", "format": "uri" }, "title": { "type": "string" },
"size": { "year": { "type": "integer" },
"type": "integer", "minimum": 0 }, "tracks": {
"type": "array",
"contentType": { "items": {
"type": "string", "type": "object",
"pattern": "^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9!#$&\\-^_]*/[a-z0-9][a-z0-9!#$&\\-^_]*$" "properties": {
}, "title": { "type": "string" },
"lastModified": { "length": { "type": "integer", "minimum": 0 }
"type": "string", "format": "date-time" } },
"required": ["title", "length"],
},
"additionalProperties": false
"required": ["uri", "size", "contentType", "lastModified"] },
} "minItems": 1
}
},
"required": ["artist", "title", "year", "tracks"],
81 "additionalProperties": false 83
}

JSON Schema Examples (8) JSON Schema Examples (10)

●
Schema: ●
Schema:
{ {
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#", "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
"type": "object", "type": "object",
"properties": { "properties": {
"title": { "type": "string" }, "name": { "type": "string" },
"year": { "type": "integer" }, "born": { "$ref": "#/definitions/event" },
"rating": { "type": "number", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 10 }, "died": { "$ref": "#/definitions/event" },
"votes": { "type": "integer", "minimum": 0 }, "gender": { "enum": ["female", "male"] }
"genres": { },
"type": "array", "required": ["name", "born", "gender"],
"items": { "type": "string" }, "definitions": {
"minItems": 1, "event": {
"uniqueItems": true "type": "object",
}, "properties": {
"url": { "type": "string", "format": "uri" } "date": { "type": "string" },
}, "place": { "type": "string" }
"required": ["title", "year", "rating", "votes", "genres", "url"], }
"additionalProperties": false }
} }
82 } 84
 JSON Schema Examples (11) JSON Schema Examples (13)
●
A valid instance (continued): ●
Schema:
{
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
{ "type": "object",
"name": "Edgar Allan Poe", "properties": {
"name": { "type": "string" },
"born": { "born": { "$ref": "#/definitions/event" },
"date": "1809-01-19", "died": {
"allOf": [
"place": "Boston, Massachusetts, United States" { "$ref": "#/definitions/event" },
}, {
"properties": {
"died": { "cause": { "type": "string" }
"date": "1849-10-07", },
"required": ["cause"]
"place": "Baltimore, Maryland, United States" }
}, ]
},
"gender": "male" "gender": { "enum": ["female", "male"] }
} },
"required": ["name", "born", "gender"],
"definitions": {
"event": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"date": { "type": "string" },
"place": { "type": "string" }
}
85 } 87
}
}

JSON Schema Examples (12) JSON Schema Examples (14)

●
Schema: ●
A valid instance (continued):
{
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#", {
"type": "object", "name": "John F. Kennedy",
"properties": { "born": {
"name": { "type": "string" },
"born": { "$ref": "#/definitions/event" }, "date": "1917-05-29",
"died": { "$ref": "#/definitions/event" }, "place": "Brookline, Massachusetts, United States"
"gender": { "enum": ["female", "male"] } },
},
"required": ["name", "born", "gender"],
"died": {
"definitions": { "date": "1963-11-22",
"event": { "place": "Dallas, Texas, United States",
"type": "object", "cause": "assassination"
"properties": {
"date": { "type": "string" }, },
"place": { "type": "string" } "gender": "male"
}, }
"anyOf": [
{ "required": ["date"] },
{ "required": ["place"] }
]
}
} 86 88
}
 JSON Schema Examples (15) JSON Schema Examples (17)
●
Schema: ●
Real examples:
{
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#", – manifest.json (WebExtensions):
"type": "object",
"properties": {
http://json.schemastore.org/webextension
"$schema": { "type": "string" },
"type": { "enum": ["book", "serial"] },
– package.json (npm): http://json.schemastore.org/package
"title": { "type": "string" },
"publisher": { "type": "string" } – SWAPI – The Star Wars API https://swapi.co/
},
"required": ["type", "title", "publisher"], ●
https://swapi.co/api/planets/schema
"if": {
"properties": { "type": { "const": "book"} } ●
https://swapi.co/api/species/schema
},
"then": {
●
https://swapi.co/api/starships/schema
"properties": {
"isbn": { "type": "string", "pattern": "^[0-9]{13}$" }
●
…
},
"required": ["isbn"]
– tsconfig.json (TypeScript compiler configuration file):
},
"else": {
http://json.schemastore.org/tsconfig
"properties": {
"issn": { "type": "string", "pattern": "^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{3}[0-9X]$" }
},
"required": ["issn"] 89 91
}
}

JSON Schema Examples (16) XML–JSON Conversion (1)

●
Valid instances: ●
Code Beautify https://codebeautify.org/
{ – JSON to XML Converter
"type": "book",
"title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles", https://codebeautify.org/jsontoxml
"publisher": "Penguin Books",
"isbn": " 9780241952870"
– XML to JSON Converter
} https://codebeautify.org/xmltojson
{ ●
<oXygen/> XML Editor
"type": "serial",
"title": "IEEE Internet of Things Journal", https://www.oxygenxml.com/
"publisher": "IEEE",
"issn": "2327-4662" – Tools → JSON to XML…
}
– Tools → XML to JSON…

90 92
 XML–JSON Conversion (2) Query Languages
●
JSON-java (programming language: Java; ●
There exist a number of custom languages, I personally find the
following of them promising:
license: JSON License) – JSONiq http://www.jsoniq.org/
https://github.com/stleary/JSON-java ●
Declarative functional language based on XQuery for querying and processing JSON.
●
Implementation:
– The JSONObject() method of the XML class – Zorba – The NoSQL Query Processor (programming language: C++; platform: Linux, macOS,
Windows; license: Apache License 2.0) http://www.zorba.io/
converts an XML document to an equivalent JSON – jq (programming language: C; platform: Linux, macOS, Windows; license:
object. Expat License) https://stedolan.github.io/jq/
●
Command line JSON processor.
●
XSLTJSON (programming language: XSLT – JMESPath http://jmespath.org/
2.0; license: New BSD License) ●
Implementations: Go, Java, JavaScript, Lua, .NET, PHP, Python, Ruby, Rust (license:
MIT License)
https://github.com/bramstein/xsltjson – JSONata (license: MIT License) http://jsonata.org/
●
Query and transformation language inspired by the semantics of XPath 3.1 path
expressions.
●
JavaScript implementation.
93 95

XML–JSON Conversion (3) Acknowledgments

●
JsonML (JSON Markup Language)
http://www.jsonml.org/
https://github.com/mckamey/jsonml
– Aims the lossless conversion of XML documents
to JSON. Thanks for László Szathmáry
for his remarks and for recommending jq.
– Syntax: http://www.jsonml.org/syntax/

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