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PREFACE
“Believe in yourself. You are braver than you think, more talented
than you know, and capable of more than you imagine.” ― Roy T.
Bennett

In Quest for Excellence, the middle sections of International Indian School

Dammam organize Talent Search Exam for the students of VI, VII & VIII.
Through this booklet, students can explore their academic capabilities in
a challenging situation.

TSE is a measure to know how well a student has understood the concepts
and gives detailed feedback on the same to help them to improve. Also
students broaden their spectrum of knowledge about the system where
they live in and familiarize with the surroundings.

The Talent Search Booklet is published to give our young minds the
detailed syllabus for all five subject areas and enable them to have proper
orientation in their preparation by providing the exact content under all
the five categories. Apart from this, this booklet will bring out information
which will influence them in their daily life and enrich their general
knowledge.

Lawrence Varghese

Headmaster Boys Middle Section (Chief Organizer)

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 SYLLUBUS @ A GLANCE
1. TEXT BOOK LESSONS AS IN PORTION PAPER - 30%
2. STUDY MATERIALS – 40 %
3. OUTSIDE TEXT BOOK & STUDY MATERIAL BUT
WITHIN THE SYLLUBUS – 30 %

CLASS 8, TALENT SEARCH EXAMINATION PORTION: 2022 - 23

SUBJECT WEIGHTAGE CLASS VIII

Reported Speech (Statements, Imperatives & Interrogatives),

Tenses - Present, Past & Future (All twelve forms), Subject Verb
ENGLISH 15 Agreement (From the given list of subjects.), Conditional Clauses
without 'if', List of idioms/expressions. , Books, Authors and
Literature Awards (From the given list)

L-2 Linear Equations , L-3 Understanding Quadrilaterals, Mental

MATHS 25 Maths Puzzles, Logical Reasoning , pattern , Odd one out,
Geometrical Concept

L 2 – Microorganisms: Friend & Foe, L 4 – Materials - Metals &

Non-metals, L 16 – Light.
SCIENCE & Subtopics: Human anatomy, Plant & Animal physiology, Cellular
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TECH. organization, Matter around us, Nobel prizes, Food & pollution,
Inventions & discoveries, ISRO / Indian Space missions,
technology – electronic gadgets

Geo:L-4 Agriculture, L-5 Industries ,SPL: L-1 The Indian

Constitution, Major Landforms, Continents and Oceans, Asian
Countries and Capitals, Indian States &Union Territories and
SOCIAL SC. 15
Capitals,Physical Divisions of India, United Nations its organs and
functions, Parliament and Union Cabinet, Monuments of India,and
Indian Freedom Movement (1915 -1947)

Earth, Atmosphere, Natural Resources, Forests, Space, Pollution,

ENV / GK / Natural Disasters, World life sanctuaries, National Awards 21-22,
CURRENT 20 World Cup T20, FIFA World Cup, Covid 19, Artificial
AFFAIRS Intelligence, Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav,
Current Affairs: Oct 2022 to Jan 2023

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 TALENT SEARCH STUDY MATERIAL
SUBJECT:ENGLISH
1. Reported Speech (Statements, Imperatives and Interrogatives)
Direct speech - is a word-to-word repetition of what the speaker or writer has conveyed.
Indirect speech - is a report on what someone else said without using that person's exact words.
Statements:

* Indirect speech is always in past tense.

* Present changes to Past
* Past changes to Past perfect
* Answer should end with only full stop (remove comma and
quotation marks)
NOTE:
1. Reported Speech: The part of the narration sentence, which is in the inverted, is called reported speech.
[Check what in inside the inverted comma, which tense,
then change that tense to reported speech]
2. Reporting Verb: The part which is outside the
inverted commas is called reporting verb.
[Check what is [Check what is before comma - says, say,
future word + say, said, said to]
Examples: (Statements)
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1. My mother says, “Honesty is the best policy.” My mother says that honesty is the best policy.
2. Tanya will say, “There is a change in the program.” Tanya will say that there is a change in the program.
3. He said, “Mustafa loves reading books.” He said that Mustafa loved reading books.
4. I said, “He jumped on the bed yesterday.” I said that he had jumped on the bed the previous day.
5. Neha said to Raj, “I am coming with you now.” Neha told Raj that she was coming with him then.
6. They said, “We all have reached home.” They said that they all had reached home.
7. I said to him, “I am the best singer.” I told him that I was the best singer.
8. He said, “Manoj was completing this project.” He said that Manoj had been completing that project.
9. “Injured were taken to the hospital”, I said. I said that injured had been taken to the hospital.
10. Teacher said, “We will go to lab today.” Teacher said that they would go to lab that day.
Imperatives:
Imperative sentences are of four types: command/order, request, advice or suggestion.
According to the type of sentence the reporting verb ‘said that/told that’ are changed into
commanded/ordered, requested, advised, suggested.

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Remember rules for imperatives:
* remove comma and inverted comma in indirect speech (answer)
* For command, order, request and advice: use reporting verb + to
* For suggestion: use ‘suggested’ + that + pronoun + should
* remove comma and inverted comma in Indirect speech
* For command, order, request and advice: use reporting verb + to
* For suggestion: use ‘suggested’ + that + pronoun + should
Examples: (Imperatives)
1. I said to my sister, “Please, give me your mobile for a day.” I requested my sister to give me her mobile for a day.
2. Dad said to me, “Work hard to succeed.” Dad advised me to work hard to succeed.
3. Puja said to Rupa, “Do not touch my things.” Puja commanded Rupa not to touch her things.

4. Manager said to the employees, “Complete this presentation immediately.”

Manager ordered the employee to complete that presentation immediately.
5. Father said to his son, “Let’s go to Canada for vacation.”
Father suggested his son that they should go to Canada for vacation.
Interrogatives:
*Read the question carefully and check the answer orally.
* All ‘wh’+ ‘how’ question’s answer will be a sentence. If the answer is a
sentence, then use same question word.
*If the answer is ‘yes’ or ‘no’ then no need to use same question word
instead use, ‘whether’ or ‘if’.
Grammar structure:
If the answer is a sentence → Who asked whom + ‘wh’ word + subject
+ verb in past tense + remaining sentence.

If the answer is in ‘yes or no’ → who asked whom + whether/if + subject + verb in past tense +
remaining sentence.
Examples:
1. The mother said to the daughter,” Do you know where John is?”
The mother asked the daughter whether she knew where John was.

2. The Principal asked the candidate, “May I know your name?”

The Principal asked the candidate whether/if he might know his/her name.

3. The teacher said to me, “What is your name?"

The teacher asked what my name was.

4. He said to her, “Where do you live?” He asked her where did she lived.
5. Mary said to him, “Are you going to India?” Mary asked him whether/if he was going to India.

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2. Tenses – Present, Past and Future (All twelve forms)
Tense is a form of the verb generally used to denote the time of an action.
Present Tense- is used to denote an action that happens now.
Past Tense- denotes an action that took place earlier.
Simple Present Tense --- verb +s /verb- s
Present Continuous Tense-- am/is/are + verb + ing
Present Perfect Tense--- has /have + verb in past participle form
Present Perfect Continuous Tense--- has /have + been + verb + ing

Simple Past Tense--- verb in past

Past Continuous Tense---was/were + verb + ing
Past Perfect Tense--- had + verb in past participle form
Past Perfect Continuous Tense--- had + been + verb + ing

Simple Future Tense --- will/shall + verb

Future Continuous Tense --- will/shall + be + verb + ing
Future Perfect Tense --- will/shall + have + verb in Past Participle form
Future Perfect Continuous Tense --- will/shall +have + been + verb + ing

Examples: (Present Tense- all four forms with Singular and Plural subjects.)
1. Nabila goes for a walk every morning. (go) (Simple Present Tense)
2. The soldiers exercise daily. (exercise) (Simple Present Tense)
3. I am playing guitar now so, don’t disturb me. (play) (Present Continuous Tense)
4. Teacher is describing the wild life. (describe) (Present Continuous Tense)
5. We are staying at Taj Hotel this week. (stay) (Present Continuous Tense)
6. Bilal has completed his studies. (complete) (Present Perfect Tense)
7. They have carried that heavy stone. (carry) (Present Perfect Tense)
8. Ahmed has been playing football for two hours. (play) (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
9. The laborers have been painting the building since morning. (paint) (Present Perfect Cont Tense)

Examples: (Past Tense- all four forms with Singular and Plural subjects.)
1. The bird flew away long back. (fly) (Simple Past Tense)
2. We all jumped on the bed yesterday. (jump) (Simple Past Tense)
3. The king was fighting against the enemies. (fight) (Past Continuous Tense)
4. The sparrows were chirping in the garden. (chirp) (Past Continuous Tense)
5. Sameer had left that school last year. (leave) (Past Perfect Tense)
6. Mina and her sisters had baked the cake for my birthday party yesterday. (bake) (Past Perfect Tense)
7. Ramees had been collecting seashells since he was a child. (collect) (Past Perfect Cont Tense)
8. Three policemen had been catching the thief for three hours. (catch) (Past Perfect Cont Tense)
Examples: (Future Tense- all four forms with Singular and Plural subjects.)
1. Akshi will write (write) a letter. They will write a letter. (write) (Simple Future)
2. I shall be waiting for you. My brother will be waiting for you. (wait) (Future Continuous)
3. The teams will have performed in the stadium.
Noraiz will have performed at the theatre. (perform) (Future Perfect)

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4. For entrance they will have been preparing for six hours.
I shall have been preparing since years. (prepare) (Future Perfect Continuous)

3. Subject Verb Agreement

It is the grammatical rule where the verb in a sentence must match with
the number, person, and gender of the subject.
Verbs:
SINGULAR---- is/was/has/does/verb + s
PLURAL ------- are/were/have/do/verb - s
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT
(noun/pronoun) (action word) (further describes noun/pronoun)

Examples:
(Learn only the given list of subjects.)
Singular Subjects:
1. [everybody, anybody, nobody, somebody]
Everybody was making noise in that class. Anybody knows the answer.
Nobody is obeying duties given in the circular. Somebody has done this painting.

Plural Subjects:
2. [both, few, several, many]
Both tablets and syrup were available. Few report cards are on the teacher’s table.
Many students learn art and craft in our school. Several students in our class do their work on time.

Singular or Plural:
3. [either/or, neither/nor]
RULE: Check the second subject to decide the verb.
If the second subject is singular, take singular verb. If the second subject is plural, take plural verb.
Either Asim or his parents have come. * here parents is plural
Either the bears or the tiger has escaped from the zoo. * here tiger is singular
Neither Peter nor his classmates were aware of surprise test. * here classmates is plural
Neither friends nor he is responsible for this error. * here he is singular

4. [along with, as well as, with]

RULE: Check the first subject to decide the verb.
If the first subject is singular, take a singular verb. If the first subject is plural, take plural verb.
Mother along with her children is going for vacation. * here mother is singular
Passengers along with the plane have disappeared from the radar signal. *here passengers is plural
All apartments as well as furniture are destroyed in fire. * here all apartments is plural
The owner as well as pets is enjoying morning walk in the garden. * here the owner is singular

5. [Plenty of, A lot of]

RULE: Check the subject whether it is uncountable or countable.

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* Uncountable subject takes a singular verb. * Countable subject takes a plural verb.
A lot of boys have completed their projects. A lot of noise is coming from this side of the class.
Plenty of juice is left in the jug. Plenty of stars are shining today in the sky.

4. Conditional Clauses without ‘if’

A clause consists of a subject and a verb and is the smallest grammatical unit that expresses a thought. We
make conditional clauses with ‘if’. These clauses usually express a condition – something which must
happen first so that something else can happen.
(Learn only the given list of conditional clauses.)
[as long as / so long as / only if / should / had / provided that / provided]
Examples:
1. I can let you keep the puppy as long as you promise to take care of it.
2. You can borrow the car so long as you don't drive too fast.
3. Only if you like classical music is it worth coming tonight.
4. Should it rain, there will be no picnic today.
5. Had I known his real motive, I wouldn’t have supported him.
6. I can always lend you lumpsum money provided that you pay me back on time.
7. My friend said that I would pass provided I continue to work on my project.
5. List of idioms and expressions.
Idiomatic expressions are group of words with established meaning unrelated to the meanings of
individual words.
NOTE: Tense can be changed according to the sentence. (Learn only the given list.)
Idiom/Expression Meaning
1. To let the cat out of bag - accidently let the secret out.
2. Up to the neck in something - to be very busy
3. Keep an eye on - watch carefully or take care of
4. Go over one’s head - to be too difficult for someone to understand
5. Lose face - lose the respect of other people
6. Catch somebody napping - something happens to that person that they are not prepared for
7. Be out of touch with - not know or understood what is happening in a particular subject or area
8. Have a taste for something - a desire for a particular food, drink, or experience
9. Under one’s heels - in one’s power and control
10. Take to one’s heels - to run away
Examples:
1. I was trying to keep the party a secret, but Mel went and let the cat out of
the bag.
2. I am up to neck in work this week. Could we possibly meet next week
instead?
3. Please keep an eye on the kettle. The water will boil soon.
4. A lot of what was said in the meeting went right over my head.
5. She lost her face after she admitted her mistake.
6. The goalkeeper was caught napping, and the ball went straight in.
7. He was away from the country for several years and felt quite out of touch.
8. He never had a taste for fighting of any kind.

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9. I’m really sick of living life under your heels.
10. The thieves took to their heels when they saw the policemen approaching.

6. Books, Authors and Literature Awards (Learn from the given list)
Book Author
1. One Hundred Years of Solitude Gabriel Garcia Marquez
2. Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe
3. Pebble in the Sky Isaac Asimov
4. The Room on the Roof Ruskin Bond
5. The Namesake Jhumpa Lahiri
6. The Kite Runner Khaled Hosseini
7. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Stephen Covey
8. Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief Rick Riordan
9. The Godfather Mario Puzo
10. The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald
Literature Awards
1. Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1961)- To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
2. Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1982)- The Color Purple by Alice Walker
3. The Booker Prize (2022)- The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida by Shehan Karunatilka
4. The Booker Prize (1997)- The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy
5. The Booker Prize (2006)- The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai
6. Nobel Prize for Literature (2022)- Annie Ernaux
7. Nobel Prize for Literature (1993)- Toni Morrison
8. Nobel Prize for Literature (1913)- Rabindranath Tagore
9. Who is the youngest Nobel laureate for Literature? Rudyard Kipling
10. Which poet won the Pulitzer Prize four times? Robert Frost

Fun facts
1. The word ‘QUEUE’ spells the same even if we remove the last 4 letters.
2. The first novel ever written on a typewriter was Tom Sawyer.
3. The only 15 letter word that can be spelt without repeating a letter is ‘uncopyrightable’.
4. ‘Dreamt’ is the only English word that ends in the letters ‘mt’.
5. Silent and Listen are spelt with the same letters.

SUBJECT-MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER2 LINER EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

The linear equations in one variable are an equation which is expressed in the form of ax+b = 0, where a
and b are two integers, and x is a variable and has only one solution. For example, 2x+3=8 is a linear
equation having a single variable in it. Therefore, this equation has only one solution, which is x = 5/2.
(Refer Textbook)

1.What should be added to -7/3 to get 3/7?

(a). 21/58 (b). 58/21 (c). 47/21 (d). 50/21
Answer(b)

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Solution: Let the number be x
-7/3+x = 3/7
x=3/7+7/3 = (9+49)/21 = 58/21

2. The age of the father is three times the age of the son. If the age of the son is 15 years old, then the
age of the father is:
(a) 50 years (b) 55 years (c) 40 years (d) 45 years

Answer: (d)
Solution: Let the age of the father is x
Given: x = 3 × (age of son) = 3 × (15) = 45 years

3.The root of the equation 2y = 5(3 + y) is

(a) 5 (b) 15 (c) -5 (d) –15

Answer: (c)
Solution: 2y = 5 (3 + y) ⇒ 2y = 15 + 5y
⇒ 5y – 2y = -15
⇒ 3y = -15 ⇒ y = –153 = -5

4. A boy gets 3 marks for each correct sum and loses 2 marks for each incorrect sum. He does 24 sums
and obtains 37 marks. What was the number of correct sums?
(a) 20 (b) 17 (c) 31 (d) 19

Answer: (b)
Solution: Let the number of correct answers be 'x'.
Then the number of incorrect answers is 24−x
The boy gets 3 marks for correct answers and loses 2 marks for wrong answers.
∴Total marks 3x−2(24−x) = 37 (Given) 3x−48+2x=37
5x=37+48
x=17 The number of correct sums is 17.

5.The ratio of boys and girls in the class is 9:5, the number of boys is 12 more than the number of girls.
What is the strength of the class?
a. 40 b.41 c.42 d.45
Answer: (c)42
CHAPTER 3 UNDERSTANDING QUADRILATERALS:
Quadrilaterals are one type of polygon which has four sides and four vertices and four angles along with 2
diagonals. There are various types of quadrilaterals.
Types of Quadrilaterals
• Trapezium
• Kite
• Parallelogram
Some Special Parallelograms
• Rhombus
• Rectangle
• Square

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Angle Sum Property of polygon:

The sum of interior angles of a polygon is- (n - 2) × 180° (Where n = number of sides of the
polygon)
Example
Number of Sum of Interior
Polygon
Sides Angles
Triangle 3 (3 – 2) × 180° = 180°
Quadrilateral 4 (4 – 2)* × 180° = 360°
n-gon n (n – 2) × 180°

Sum of the Measures of the Exterior Angles of a Polygon

The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon will be 360°.

.
(Refer Textbook)
1.The diagonals of a rectangle are 2x + 1 and 3x – 1, respectively. Find the value of x.
(a). 1 (b). 2 (c). 3 (d). 4
Answer: (b).2
solution: The diagonals of a rectangle are equal in length.
2x + 1 = 3x -1
1 + 1 = 3x – 2x
2=x
2.The angles of a quadrilateral are in ratio 1:2:3:4. Which angle has the largest measure?
(a) 120° (b) 144° (c). 98° (d). 36°
solution: (b).144°
3 The measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon of 9 sides is
(a) 30° (b) 40° (c) 60° (d) 45°.
solution: (b) 360°/9 = 40°.
4.Which of the following statement is false ?
(a) All the rectangles are parallelograms
(b) All the squares are rectangles
(c) All the parallelograms are rectangles
(d)All the rhombuses are parallelograms.
solution: (c)
5.ABCD is a parallelogram as shown. Find x and y.

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(a) 1, 7 (b) 2, 6 (c) 3, 5 (d) 4, 4

solution: (c)
x+y=8
y + 5 = 10 ⇒ y = 5
∴ x + 5 = 8 ⇒ x = 3.

Logical Reasoning:

Logical reasoning consists of aptitude questions that require a logical level of analysis to arrive at the
correct solution. Most of the questions are constructed based on concepts and the rest are out of the box
thinking ones.

Steps To Solve Logical Reasoning Based Questions

1. Read and understand the information carefully.

2. Analyze critical logical information.
3. Think of all the possible solutions.
4. Compare the answer obtained with other possibilities.
5. Come to a correct logical conclusion.
Directions (Q1): Based on the alphanumeric series given below, answer the following questions:
Alphanumeric Series: W % ^ K V P 1 I 7 E 0 & 2 9 A F Z N 4 * @ U ? M

Q 1. How many numbers in the series are preceded by a vowel?

A. Four B. None C. Two D. One E. Three
Answer: (C) Two (7 is preceded by I and 0 is preceded by E).
2. In a certain code language, ‘ANIMALS’ is written as ‘SLAMINA’. How is ‘ONLINE’ written in that
code?
1. ENILNO 2. OLINEN 3. LNOINE 4. NNLOIE 5. EINONL
Answer: (1) ENILNO (The first alphabet is replaced with the last alphabet, the second with second last
and so on)

3. Look at this series: 12, 11, 13, 12, 14, 13, … What number should come next?
A. 10 B. 16 C. 13 D. 15
Answer: D. 15. (This is an alternating number of subtraction series. First, 1 is subtracted, then 2 is added).

4. CUP : LIP :: BIRD : ?

A. GRASS B. FOREST C. BEAK D. BUSH
Answer: C. BEAK. (You drink out of a cup with your lips. Similarly, birds bite grass with their beaks)

Mental Math’s:
Mental math’s is, in a nutshell, the act of solving math’s problems in your head! As learners progress,
they’ll be expected to gradually solve more and more complex problems, so it’s important that the
techniques and skills that they use to achieve this are mastered at an early age

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1. I am an odd number. Take away one letter and I become even. What number am I?
Answer:
Seven (take away the ‘s’ and it becomes ‘even’).
2. The sum of the two numbers is 11 and their product is 30, then the numbers are____
(a) 8, 3 (b) 9, 2 (c) 7, 4 (d) 6, 5
Answer: (d)
3. Find the missing 125 : 5 : : 64 : ?
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 32
Answer: (b)
Patterns in Math’s
In Mathematics, a pattern is a repeated arrangement of numbers, shapes, colors and so on. The Pattern can
be related to any type of event or object. If the set of numbers are related to each other in a specific rule,
then the rule or manner is called a pattern. Sometimes, patterns are also known as a sequence. Patterns are
finite or infinite in numbers.
Example 1:
Determine the value of P and Q in the following pattern.
85, 79, 73, 67, 61, 55, 49, 43, P, 31, 25, Q.
Solution:
Given sequence:85, 79, 73, 67, 61, 55, 49, 43, P, 31, 25, Q.
Here, the number is decreasing by 6
The previous number of P is 43. So, P will be 43 – 6, P = 37
The previous number of Q is 25. So, Q will be 25 – 6, Q = 19
Therefore, the value of P is 37 and Q is 19.
Example 2:
Determine the value of A and B in the following pattern.
15, 22, 29, 36, 43, A, 57, 64, 71, 78, 85, B.
Solution:
Given sequence: 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, A, 57, 64, 71, 78, 85, B.
Here, the number is increasing by +7
The previous number of A is 43. So, A will be 43 + 7, A = 50
The previous number of B is 85. So, B will be 85 + 7, B = 92
Therefore, the value of A is 50 and B is 92
Patterns of Figures:

Example 1:

Did you observe the pattern in the above figure? Observing the pattern, we can find the rule for given pattern.
The figures show the total of the numbers up to “n”.

• In the first figure, we can see that there are three dots. The 1st layer has = 1 + 2 = 3 dots
• In the second figure, we can see that there are six dots. The 2nd layer has = 1 + 2 + 3= 6 dots

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• The third figure shows three layers and has = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 dots
• In the last figure, we can see four layers and the total numbers of dots are = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 dots

Example 2:

Observe the figure given above. In the first figure, we can see that there are 4 triangles and 1 square. The
second figure shows 6 triangles and 2 squares. In the third figure, we can see 8 triangles and 3 squares. The
last figure has 10 triangles and 4 squares. Now can you guess the next figure?
Solution: 12 triangles and 5 squares.

ODD ONE OUT:

In this case, we need to choose the odd number, group of words or figure from the given alternatives. The
first step is to identify the common characteristics or relationships shared by the group. The second step is
to check each option and find the one that do not display the relation. A few illustrations are given below.

Example 1: Find the odd one among the following.

(a) 441 (b) 289 ( c ) 361 ( d ) 343
Answer: (d) 343 [The given numbers can be written as 21² , 17², 19², 7³ . All except 343 are the squares
whereas 343 is a cube]
Example 2: Find the odd one out?

Answer: Option C is the “odd one out”. (In the other 3 images, the number of sides of the image is equal
to the number of equal parts drawn inside the circle of the same image. Only in option C , the bigger
image Pentagon has 5 sides but the circle inside the pentagon has 4 equal parts).

PUZZLES:
The term refers to a game, toy, or problem designed to test ingenuity or knowledge. Math puzzles
are problems that require mathematical logic and calculation. These types of puzzles carry
recreational as well as educational value for the pupils.
A. Find the missing number: 1. Create an idea of the whole question. 2. Focus on the required
information needed.

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1.

Hint: Product of numbers in top and bottom are written in left and right boxes (Ans:2)
2. Find the missing number in given Right Angled triangle

Hint: Find the length of unknown side of Right angle triangle using Pythagoras theorem (Ans:8)
3. Find the missing number in given figure

Hint: The number at other end of line segment is square of number at one end

Basic Geometrical Concept

Q1. If two or more points lie on the same line, they are called _____. (Ans: Collinear)
Q2. An angle divides a plan in how many regions a)2 b)3 c)4 d)5 Ans. (b)
Q3. Number of diagonals in a triangle is a)2 b)3 c)4 d)0 Ans. (d)
Q4. Find measurement of < COD
(Answer 800 )
O

Q5. All equilateral triangles are isosceles also. (True/ false) Ans. True

Q6. If a bicycle wheel has 36 spokes, then the angle between a pair of two consecutive spokes
are________. Ans. 10

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SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HUMAN ANATOMY
Anatomy – The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other
living organisms.
Human anatomy – It is the study of the structures of the human body. An understanding of anatomy is
key to the practice of medicine and other areas of health.
The Human Body Systems has 11 systems:

Nervous system
• Nervous system controls how we interact with and respond to our environment, by controlling the
function of the organs in our other body systems.
• The nervous system organs are the brain, spinal cord and sensory organs.
• These are connected by neurons, which act to transmit neural signals around the body.
• The human nervous system has 2 main parts – Central nervous system (brain & spinal cord)
and Peripheral nervous system (nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous
system).
• Human brain consists of 3 main parts cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.
• Study of nervous system is Neurology.

Respiratory system
• The respiratory system consists of a series of organs, the nasal
cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs.
• Function of respiratory system organs is to conduct air into the
lungs aided by the muscles of respiration.
• Study of respiratory system is Pulmonology.

Urinary system:
• Urinary system is a body drainage system comprised of the group of organs that produce and
excrete urine
• It consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
• The structural and functional unit of kidney is nephron.
• Study of urinary system is Urology and study of kidneys is called
Nephrology.

Muscular system:
• The muscular system consists of all the body muscles
• Tongue is the strongest muscle in our body.
• Largest muscle in the body is Gluteus Maximus in Buttocks.
• Smallest is Stapedius in Ear.
• Study of muscles is Myology.

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• Endocrine system:
• The endocrine system is a collection of specialized organs (endocrine glands) scattered
throughout the body that act to produce hormones.
• These organs are: Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Thymus, Pancreas, Adrenal
gland, Ovary and Testis.
• Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to regulate the function
of distant target organs.
• The study of the endocrine system is Endocrinology.
• Integumentary system:
• The integumentary system is the set of organs that forms the external covering of the body.
• It includes the skin, skin appendages, sweat glands and sensory receptors.
• The skin is the largest organ of the body.
• The integumentary system has various functions, such as it forms a continuous layer that
protects the body from various damaging events, such as external injuries, loss of water and
heat, and the carcinogenic effects of UV rays.
• It also excretes waste, contains sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and
temperature, and provides for vitamin D synthesis.
• Study of integumentary system is called Dermatology.
• Digestive system:
• The digestive system organs spread from the mouth to the anal canal
known as alimentary canal.
• Alimentary canal is a tube consisting of
the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, and anal canal.
• Accessory digestive organs assist with the mechanical and chemical
food breakdown.These are the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver
and gallbladder.
• The largest gland is liver which produces bile temporarily and it is
stored in gall bladder.
• The digestive system function is to degrade food into smaller and
smaller compounds, until they can be absorbed into the body and
used as energy.
• Study of this system is Gastroenterology.
• Skeletal system:
• Made up of bones, ligaments, tendons, joints and cartilages.
• Adult human skeleton has 206 bones.
• Largest bone – Femur (in thigh) Smallest bone – Stirrup (in middle
ear).
• Elements of the skeletal system are adjusted to the function of the
body part they support.
• Study of bones is Orthopedics.

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• Circulatory or Cardiovascular system:
• It includes the heart, blood and blood vessels.
• Human heart is a four chambered muscular pump situated in the
thoracic cavity.
• Largest artery – Aorta, largest vein – Vena cava.
• Blood is a connective tissue which is made up of red blood cells,
white blood cells, platelets and plasma (fluid part).
• Study of circulatory system is Cardiology.
• Reproductive system:
• The reproductive system, or genital system, is a system of internal and external sex organs
which work together to contribute towards the reproduction process.
• Unlike other systems of organs, the genital system has significant differences among male and
female.
• Study of male reproductive system is called Andrology and female reproductive system is
called Gynecology.
• Lymphatic (immune) system:
• The lymphatic system is a network of lymphatic vessels that drains excess tissue fluid (lymph)
from the intercellular fluid compartment.
• The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymphatic plexuses, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes
and lymphoid organs.
• The lymphatic system function is to convey and eliminate toxins and waste from the body,
recirculate proteins and defend the body from microorganisms.
Plant and Animal Physiology

Physiology: The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
Father of plant physiology – Stephen Hales
Phytohormones – The chemical compounds that regulate plant growth. Some phytohormones are auxins,
gibberellins, ethylene etc.
Diffusion: The process by which molecules of a gas or a liquid move from a region of higher concentration
to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion helps the plants to take in and release oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
Facts about Human Body
1.Largest and longest bone – Femur (Thigh bone)
2.Smallest muscle – Stapedius
3.Smallest bone – Stapes (middle Ear)
4.Total amount of blood in the body – 5.6 liters
5.Life span of RBC-120 Days
6.Heart beats-72 per min
7.Largest endocrine gland-Thyroid Gland
8.Longest cell-Nerve cell
9.Smallest cell-Sperm cell

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10. Largest Cell-Ovum
CELLULAR ORGANISATION
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells. They
provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out
specialized functions.
Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the
fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms
that cells compose.
In 1665, Robert Hooke first observed plant-cell walls in slices of cork, this was followed shortly by Antonie
van Leeuwenhoek's first descriptions of live cells with visibly moving parts. In the 1830s two scientists who
were colleagues — Schleiden, looking at plant cells, and Schwann, looking first at animal cells — provided
the first clearly stated definition of the cell. Their definition stated that that all living creatures, both simple
and complex, are made out of one or more cells, and the cell is the structural and functional unit of life — a
concept that became known as cell theory.
Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific function. The
word tissue comes from a form of an old French verb meaning “to weave”. Organs are then created by
combining the functional groups of tissues.
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS: Organisms are made up of a single cell which performs all the metabolic
functions. Ex: Amoeba, Paramecium.
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS: Organisms are made up of many cells and different cells perform
different functions. Ex: Higher animals and plants.
Cell organelles: These are the living components of cell present in its cytoplasm. Eg. Ribosomes,
mitochondria, Golgi bodies etc

CELL SIZE & SHAPE:

• Depending on their function, the cells show a variation in their shapes and sizes.
• They may be oval, spindle-shaped, spherical etc.
o Eg: Round or spherical - RBC,
o Cuboidal or columnar - Epithelial cells.
o Long and branched - Nerve cells.
• Sizes of cells are measured in micrometer or microns.
• Most cells range in size from 5 micrometer to 15 micrometer.
• The smallest cells are Mycoplasmas also known as Pleuropneumonia - like organisms (PPLO)
discovered by Louis Pasteur.
• Longest cells of human body are the nerve cells which may reach a length of 90cm.
• Human egg size is slightly over 0.1mm in diameter.
• The egg of Ostrich is the largest cell – it is a single cell.measuring 170mm x 130mm.
CELL STRUCTURE:
The different parts of the cell are cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, mitochondria, plastids, nucleus etc.

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CELL ORGANELLES:

•These are the small living components of cell present in its cytoplasm that work together to carry out
life processes.
• It is the functional unit of cell.
CELL WALL:
• Cell wall is present only in plant cells.
• It is an additional wall outside the cell membrane.
• It is thick wall made up of cellulose.
• The cell wall gives shape to the plant cell, offer protection and provide rigidity to the cell.
• The cell wall is important for plants since they do not have a skeleton for support and protection, nor
they can move to escape environmental stress.
PLASMA MEMBRANE:
• The thin outer layer of an animal cell is called the cell membrane or the plasma membrane.
• It separates the cell and its contents from the surroundings.
• It protects the inner cell contents.
• It protects the cell and gives it a shape.
• It is selectively permeable and allows water, minerals and other necessary substances to pass
through it.
• It controls what passes in and out of the cell
PROTOPLASM:

•
It is described as the living physical basis of life, since all the activities of living being are the activities
of protoplasm itself.
• It has two main parts: - cytoplasm and nucleus.
CYTOPLASM:
• The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that makes up most of the inside of the cell.
• The cytoplasm has the nucleus and various other cellular components within it.
• These components are called cell organelles.
• The streaming movement of cytoplasm around the vacuoles is called cyclosis.
NUCLEUS:
• Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane.
• The nucleus is a spherical body present inside the cell. It is the control centre of the cell.
• The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane and the liquid present inside is called
nucleoplasm.

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•It was discovered by Robert Brown in 1831.
• Nucleus is the most important part of the cell, controls various metabolic activities and is the seat of
heredity.
• A smaller spherical structure present inside the nucleus, called Nucleolus plays an important role in
protein synthesis.
• The nucleus also has a thread-like network called chromatin. The chromatin organizes itself into rod-
like structures when the cell divides.
• These rod-like structures are called chromosomes. They contain the DNA inside them.
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

• Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, so they contain membrane-bound organelles like the
nucleus and mitochondria.
• However, plant cells and animal cells do not look the same or have all the same organelles, since
they each have different needs.
• For example, plant cells contain chloroplasts since they need to perform photosynthesis, but animal
cells do not.
Animal cell Plant cell:

SIMILARITIES

• Both animal and plant cells have mitochondria, but only plant cells have chloroplasts.
o Plants don’t get their sugar from eating food, so they need to make sugar from sunlight.
o This process (photosynthesis) takes place in the chloroplast.
o Once the sugar is made, it is then broken down by the mitochondria to make energy for the
cell.
o Because animals get sugar from the food they eat, they do not need chloroplasts: just
mitochondria.
• Both plant and animal cells have vacuoles.
o A plant cell contains a large, singular vacuole that is used for storage and maintaining the
shape of the cell.
o In contrast, animal cells have many, smaller vacuoles.
• Plant cells have a cell wall, as well as a cell membrane.

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o In plants, the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane.
o This gives the plant cell its unique rectangular shape.
o Animal cells simply have a cell membrane, but no cell wall.
MATTER AROUND US

Types of matter: Pure substances and mixture.

Pure substances: A pure substance is a sample of matter having definite composition and distinct chemical
properties. Physical properties used to recognize a pure substance are density, melting point, boiling point
etc. Elements and compounds are the two types of pure substances.
Elements: If a pure substance cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any means, it is called an
element. E.g: oxygen, nitrogen, sodium, potassium etc.
Compounds: A pure substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined in a definite
proportion. E.g: sodium chloride, water, calcium hydroxide etc.
Mixtures: Substances which consists of two or more elements or compounds in any proportion, not
chemically combined. Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A mixture in which its
constituents are distributed uniformly is called homogeneous mixture, such as salt in water. A mixture in
which its constituents are not distributed uniformly is called heterogeneous mixture, such as sand in water.

Melting point: Temperature at which a solid melt to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure.
Freezing Point: Temperature at which a liquid is changed to a solid at atmospheric pressure.
Evaporation: Process of conversion of liquid into vapour.
Factors affecting the rate of evaporation: Surface area, temperature, humidity, wind speed, nature of
liquid.
Boiling Point: Temperature at which a liquid change to its vapour at atmospheric pressure.
Sublimation: Process in which solid changes directly to a gas and vice versa. Eg. Camphor, Iodine,
Ammonium Chloride, Naphthalene.
Four states of matter are observable in everyday life- Solid, liquid , gas and Plasma. At very high
temperatures of stars, atoms lose electrons. The mixture of electrons and nuclei that results is the plasma
state of matter.

Plasma does not have definite shape or volume. Plasmas are electrically conductive, produce magnetic and
electric field.
Plasma is formed by providing intense heat to gas, causing it to “ionize” – i.e. the electrons have escaped
their atoms. It is commonly found inside stars in the universe. On earth it needs to be specially created.
Some examples are neon signs, fluorescent lamps and plasma TVs.
All matter has energy. The energy of moving matter is called Kinetic Energy.
Kinetic Energy increases as the fluidity of matter increases (from solid to liquid to gas to plasma).
Another form of energy, Potential Energy, is associated with the position or condition of matter. Potential
Energy decreases as the fluidity of matter increases (from solid to liquid to gas to plasma).

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NOBEL PRIZES 2022

PHYSICS
Alian Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton – “for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the
violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science”.
CHEMISTRY
Carolyn R. Bertozzi Morten Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless-- for the development of click chemistry and
bio-orthogonal chemistry.
PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Svante paabo- “for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution”
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION
Global warming is a consequence of greenhouse effect caused by the increased level of carbon dioxide in
the air.
Ozone depletion: It is the gradual thinning of Earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused by the
release of chemical pollutants. This results in the reaching of the UV radiation to the earth’s surface. This
radiation is known to cause skin cancer, damage to the eye and immune system in human beings. Depletion
of the ozone layer is caused by CFC (Chlorofluorocarbons), which are used in refrigerants, fire
extinguishers and aerosol sprayers.
Biological Oxygen Demand – It is a measure of bacterial oxygen requirement in water.
It gives an idea of the amount of pollution in water.
Bhopal Gas Tragedy -Bhopal gas tragedy occurred on December 1984 at the chemical plant of Union
Carbide. The gas leaked was Methyl Isocyanate.
Marble Cancer -Marble cancer is the corrosion of statues and buildings made of marble by acid rain.
Example- Yellowing of Taj Mahal.
INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES
S.NO INVENTION / DISCOVERY SCIENTIST NAME
1 Electric Lamp Thomas Alva Edison
2 Blood groups Landsteiner
3 Oxygen Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
4 Proton, Nuclear model of atom Ernest Rutherford
5 Mercury thermometer Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

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6 Electrons J. J. Thomson
7 Neutrons James Chadwick
8 Penicillin Alexander Fleming
9 Smallpox Vaccine Edward Jenner
10 Anthrax Vaccine Louis Pasteur
11 X ray Wilhelm Rontgen
12 Solar System Nicolaus Copernicus
13 Raman Effect Sir. C.V. Raman
14 Stethoscope Rene Laennec
15 Radio G. Marconi
16 Hydrogen Henry Cavendish
17 DNA Friedrich Meisher
18 Atomic Bomb Robert Oppenheimer
19 Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin
20 Seismograph John Milne
21 Helicopter Brequet
22 Insulin F. Banting
23 Antibiotic Alexander Fleming
24 Radioactive Element Radium Marie curie
25 Hovercraft C. Cockerell
26 Flying controllable Aeroplane Wright brothers
27 Gramophone Thomson Alva Edison
28 Telephone Alexander Graham Bell
29 Thermometer Galileo
30 Railway air brakes George Westinghouse
DEFICIENCY DISEASES

ISRO
ISRO has its headquarters in Bengaluru.S. Somnath is the present chairman of ISRO.
Launch Vehicles are built at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram.
Satellites are designed and developed at U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), Bengaluru.

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Integration and launching of satellites and launch vehicles are carried out from Satish Dhawan Space Centre
(SDSC), Srihari Kota
Sensors for Communication and Remote Sensing satellites and application aspects of the space technology
are taken up at Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad
Remote Sensing satellite data reception processing and dissemination is entrusted to National Remote
Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad.
Geostationary Satellites are used for Communication purposes that include television, radio, satellite
phones. GSAT-7A satellite is used by the Indian Military as a communication satellite. APPLE is the first
Indian communication satellite.
Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008, from SDSC
SHAR, Srihari Kota. Chandrayaan-1 was operated for 312 days.
India is the first country to enter Mars orbit on its first attempt. Mars Orbiter Mission also called as
Mangalyaan was India's first interplanetary mission and it made ISRO the fourth space agency to
achieve Mars orbit.
TECHNOLOGY TERMS
Android (Operating System)
• a mobile operating system developed by Google
• based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software
• designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets
BIOS(Basic Input/Output System)
• perform hardware initialization during the booting process
HTTP cookie
• a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web
browser while the user is browsing
• remember stateful information
• to record the user's browsing activity
Device driver
• computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer
Ethernet
• a family of computer networking technologies
Firewall
• a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based
on predetermined security rules
Global Positioning System (GPS)
• a satellite-based radionavigation system
• it operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
• an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for secure communication over a computer
network
International Mobile Equipment Identity or IMEI
• a number, usually unique to identify mobile phones

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• usually found printed inside the battery compartment of the phone
Phishing
• the fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames,
passwords and credit card details by disguising as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication
Spam
• the use of messaging systems to send an unsolicited message

SUBJECT: SOCIAL SCIENCE

UNITED NATIONS:
The United Nations is an inter-governmental Organization founded in 1945
by American President Franklin D. Roosevelt after the Second World War by
50 counties who committed to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations,
and promoting social progress, better living and human rights. The name "United Nations", coined by United States
President Franklin D.Roosevelt.
United Nations Conference on International Organization (1945) Conference held in San Francisco (USA), was
attended by representatives of 50countries and signed the United Nations Charter. The UN Charter of 1945 is the
foundational treaty of the United Nations, as an inter-governmental organization.
The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council were the French Republic, the Republic of
China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
The following are the heads of state or heads of government that represent the permanent members of the UN Security
Council as of 2022:

Xi Jinping
Emmanuel Macron Vladimir Putin
Paramount leader of the
President of the French President of the Russian
People's Republic of China
Republic since 14 May 2017 Federation since 7 May 2012
since 15 November 2012

Rishi Sunak
Joe Biden
Prime Minister of the United
President of the United States
Kingdom of Great Britain
of America since 20 January
and Northern Ireland since
2021
25 October 2022

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The main organs of the UN are:

1.The General Assembly: It is the main organ. It is like the parliament of our country. Each member has
one vote in the General Assembly. It meets every year in September to discuss and debate issues on peace
and security.
The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN. Recently
the Maldives’ Foreign Minister Abdulla Shahid was
elected the President of the 76th session of the UNGA for 2021-22.
2.Security Council: The Security council is responsible for maintaining peace security. It has 15 members,
five of which are permanent. China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the USA are the
permanent members. The rest are non- permanent members who are elected for a period of two years.

It has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the maintenance of international peace and security. India
a, for the eighth time, entered the UNSC as a non-permanent member in 2021 and is on the council for two years ie
2021-22."Veto power" refers to the power of the permanent member to veto (Reject) any resolution of Security
Council.
3.Economic and Social Council: It is the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue
and recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as implementation of
internationally agreed development. It is the UN’s largest and most complex subsidiary body. ECOSOC was
established by the UN Charter (1945), which was amended in 1965 and 1974 to increase the number of
members from 18 to 54. ECOSOC membership is based on geographic representation: 14 seats are allocated
to Africa, 11 to Asia, 6 to eastern Europe, 10 to Latin America and the Caribbean, and 13 to western Europe
and other areas.
4. Trusteeship Council: The Un has created a network of agencies to help the poor, sick and the illiterate.
These agencies look after issues such as human rights, equality of women, and regulation of trade. It was
established in 1945 by the UN Charter, under Chapter XIII. Trust territory is a non-self-governing territory placed
under an administrative authority by the Trusteeship Council of the United Nation.
5.Interrnational Court of Justice. The International Court of Justice is the principal organ of the Un. It
settles disputes between countries and advises member states on matters of international law. The court has
15 judges. The judges are elected for terms of nine years. The Headquarters are at the Hague in the
Netherlands It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the Unite Nations and began work in April 1946.
The ICJ is the successor of the Permanent Court of International Justice which was established by the League of
Nations in 1920.
6. Secretariat: The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff
members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization's
other principal organs. The Secretary general is the head of the secretariat.
The UNGA has also appointed Antonio Guterres as the ninth UN Secretary General (UNSG) for a second term
beginning 1st January, 2022 and ending on 31st December, 2026.

The 8 important UN agencies and their roles.

1.United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF): Established at 1945,
Headquarters Washington DC.
To promote Children’s welfare all over the world.
2.United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): Established in 1946
Headquarters Paris.
To promote collaboration among nations through education science and culture.
3.World Health Organization (WHO): Established in 1948, Headquarters Geneva.
Attainment of highest possible level of health by all people.
4.International Labor Organization (ILO): Established in 1919, Headquarters Geneva.
To improve conditions and living standard of workers.

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5.Interenational Monetary Fund (IMF): Established in 1945, Headquarters Washington DC.
It promotes international monetary operation.
6.International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Established in 1957, Headquarters at Vienna.
To promote peaceful uses of atomic energy.
7. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO): established in 1945 Headquarters Rome.
To improve the living conditions of the rural people.
8.United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Established 1965, Headquarters in New York.
Helps developing countries increase the wealth producing capabilities of their natural and human resources.

THE PHYSICAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA.

1.The Himalayan Mountains: The great mountains of the North: Starting from the Pamir Plateau in
the west to the Indo-Myanmar border in the east, a chain of mountains stretch uninterruptedly for about 3,600
km in shape of an arc. The mountains which extend between the Pamir plateau and the Indus River in Kashmir are
known to be as the Karakoram. The Karakoram contains a few of the world’s largest mountain glaciers, for example,
Baltoro and the Siachen. The world’s second-highest peak K2 (Godwin Austin) belongs to this mountain range.
The mountains between the Indus and the Brahmaputra Rivers are called the Himalayas. The Himalayas
consist of three parallel ranges called the Himadri, Himachal, and Shivalik. The northernmost range of the
Himalaya is known as the Himadri, Mt. Everest (8,848m) in Nepal is the world’s highest peak which belongs
to this range.
Middle Himalyaya or Himachal lies to the South of Himadri. Many Popular stations such as Manali,
Kullu, Kufri, Dharmashala, Dalhousie, Chamba Chali etc.
The southernmost range of the Himalayan system is known as Shiwalik hills. The area between Shiwaliks
and lesser Himalaya consist of a number of valleys. These valleys are more or less parallel to the ranges and
are known as duns.

2. The Northern Plains: The Great Plains of India lie south to the Shiwalik and represent a transitional
zone between the Himalayas of the north and Peninsular India of the south. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of the
Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra and their tributaries.

This plain spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km. The plain being about 2400 Km long and 240 to 320 Km
broad, is a densely populated physiographic division. With a rich soil cover combined with an adequate water supply
and favorable climate, it is agriculturally a very productive part of India.They lie to the south of the Shivaliks,
separated by the Himalayan Frontal Fault. The southern boundary is a wavy irregular line along the northern edge of
Peninsular India. On the eastern side, the plains are bordered by the Purvanchal hills.

3. The Peninsular Plateau:

To the south of northern plains lies the peninsular plateau. It is triangular in shape. The relief is
highly uneven. This is region with numerous hill ranges and valleys. Aravali hills, one of the oldest ranges of the
world, border it on the north- west side. The rivers Narmada And Tapi flow through these ranges. These are west -
flowing rivers that drain into the Bay of Bengal. The Western Ghats or Sahyadris border the plateau in the west and
the Eastern Ghats provide the eastern boundary.
4.The Great Indian Desert/Thar Desert:
A desert is an arid land where the rate of evaporation is greater than the rate of precipitation. More than
60% of the Thar desert lies in Rajasthan. Thar Desert, also called Great Indian Desert, arid region of rolling sand
hills on the Indian subcontinent. It is located partly in Rajasthan state,northwestern India, and partly in Punjab
and Sindh provinces, eastern Pakistan.

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5.The Coastal Plains:
The Coastal Plains of India lie on either side of the Deccan Plateau, along the western and eastern coasts
of India. They extend for about 6,150 km from the Rann of Kutch in the west to West Bengal in the east. They are
broadly divided into the Western Coastal Plains and the Eastern Coastal Plains. The two coastal plains meet
at Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of the Indian mainland. The eastern coastal plain is located between the
Bay of Bengal and the eastern Ghats and the western coastal plain is locate between the Arabian Sea and the
western Ghats.
6.The Islands:
There are two major island groups in India – Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and
Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian sea.Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Andaman and Nicobar islands consist of
about 572 islands.Lakshadweep Islands: Kavaratti Island is the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep. Pitti
island,which uninhabited, has a bird sanctuary. The entire Lakshadweep is made up of coral deposits.
The 28 Indian states and their capitals.

1.Andhra Pradesh Amravati 15.Manipur Imphal

2.Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar 16.Meghalaya Shillong
3.Assam Dispur 17.Mizoram Aizawl
4.Bihar Patna 18.Nagaland Kohima
5.Chhattisgarh Raipur 19.Odisha Bhubaneswar
6.Goa Panaji 20.Punjab Chandigarh
7.Gujarat Gandhinagar 21.Rajasthan Jaipur
8.Haryana Chandigarh 22.Sikkim Gangtok
9.Himachal Pradesh Shimla 23.West Bengal Kolkata
10.Jharkhand Ranchi 24.Tamil Nadu Chennai
11.Karnataka Bengaluru 25.Telangana Hyderabad
12.Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 26.Tripura Agartala
13.Madhya Pradesh Bhopal 27.Uttar Pradesh Lucknow
14.Maharashtra Mumbai 28.Uttarakhand Dehradun
8 Union territories and their capitals.

1.Andamaan and Nicobar Islands Port Blair

2.Chandigarh Chandigarh
3.Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Daman
4.Delhi New Delhi
Srinagar (Summer Capital)
5.Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu (Winter Capital)
6.Ladakh Ley
7.Lakshadweep Kavaratti
8.Puducherry Pondicherry
ASIAN COUNTRIES AND THEIR CAPITALS.

1.Afghanistan: Kabul 25.Lebanon: Beirut

2.Armenia: Yerevan 26.Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
3.Azerbaijan: Baku 27.Maldives: Malé
4.Bahrain: Manama 28.Mongolia: Ulaan Baator
5.Bangladesh: Dhaka 29.Nepal: Kathmandu
6.Bhutan: Thimphu 30.North Korea Pyongyang
7.Brunei: Bandar Seri Begawan 31.Oman: Muscat

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8.Myanmar: Naipyidaw 32.Pakistan: Islamabad
9.Cambodia: Phnom Penh 33.Philippines: Manila
10.China: Beijing 34.Qatar: Doha
11.Cyprus: Nicosia 35.Russia: Moscow
12.East Timor : Dili 36.Saudi Arabia Riyadh
13.Georgia: Tbilisi 37.Singapore: Singapore
14.India: New Delhi 38.South Korea : Seoul
15.Indonesia: Jakarta 39.Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
16.Iran: Tehran 40.Syria: Damascus
17.Iraq: Baghdad 41.Tajikistan: Dushanbe
18.Israel: Jerusalem 42.Thailand: Bangkok
19.Japan: Tokyo 43.Turkey: Ankara
20.Jordan: Amman 44.Turkmenistan: Ashgabat
21.Kazakhstan: Astana 45.United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi
22.Kuwait: Kuwait City 46.Uzbekistan: Tashkent
23.Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek 47.Vietnam: Hanoi
24.Laos: Vientiane 48.Yemen: Sana’a
INDIAN FREEDOM MOVEMENT (1915 -1947)
1915 – In 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa. He had established Natal Congress
in South Africa to fight against racial discrimination.
Champaran Satyagraha -It was the first satyagraha inspired by Mahatma Gandhi
in 1917.
Rowlatt Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre – The Rowlatt Act which
was passed in 1919, allowed the British to arrest Indian people without due trial.
Gandhiji gave a call for Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act. As part of the protest,
people gathered in a park at Amritsar on 13th April 1919 and General Dyer entered
there and ordered his troops to fire at the crowd. Hundreds of people were killed and
the incident came to be known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
Khilafat Agitation and Non-Cooperation Movement – After the First world war, a harsh treaty was
imposed on Turkish Khalifa by the Britishers. Against this, the Khilafat agitation was initiated in India
under the leadership of Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji also joined in it and he launched the Non-
Cooperation movement to fight for the causes of Khilafat and for gaining swaraj.
Chauri Chaura incident – In 1922, at Chauri Chaura, some people set fire to a police station and 22 police
men were killed. As Gandhiji was against violence, he withdrew the Non-cooperation movement.
Simon Commission – The Commission arrived in India in 1927 to decide India’s political future. As there
were no Indian representatives in it, the Indians boycotted it.
Purna Swaraj Declaration – ‘Purna Swaraj’ Declaration under the
leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929.
Civil Disobedience Movement –The Civil Disobedience movement was
launched in 1930.

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Dandi March – The civil disobedience movement began with the Dandi March under the leadership of
Gandhiji on 12th March 1930, to break the salt law.
Quit India Movement – In 1942, Gandhiji started the Quit India movement and
asked the British government ‘Quit India’. He urged the people to ‘Do or Die’ in
their efforts to make India independent.
Independence - On 15th August 1947, India became an independent nation.
Jawaharlal Nehru was elected as the first Prime Minister of India.
CONTINENTS AND OCEANS
CONTINENTS
1. Asia – Largest continent, about two-third of the people live in this continent. It has 48 countries.
2. Africa – Second largest continent, known as Dark continent, world’s longest river Nile flow through
Africa, world’s largest hot desert -Sahara Desert also situated here.
3. North America – Third largest continent. Linked with South America by the Isthmus of Panama.
4. South America -4th largest continent, Andes Mountain range runs the length of the continent. World’s
largest river – Amazon flow through this continent.
5. Antarctica – Known as white continent or frozen continent.
6. Europe – 3rd most populated continent, 2nd smallest continent,
surrounded by water from three sides.
7. Australia – Smallest continent, Single country continent,
known as island continent.
OCEANS
1. Pacific Ocean – Largest Ocean, named by Portuguese,
Deepest point- Mariana Trench is there in this ocean. It is
circular in shape.
2. Atlantic Ocean – Second largest, known as the busiest ocean, S shaped ocean.
3. Indian Ocean – Third largest. It is named after a country. Almost triangular in shape.
4. Southern Ocean – Also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean.
5. Arctic Ocean – The smallest and the shallowest ocean. It is completely covered in ice.
PARLIAMENT AND UNION CABINET
The Parliament is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament House (Sansad
Bhavan) is in New Delhi. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker and its opening ceremony
was performed on 18th January 1927 by the then Governor General of India, Irwin.
The Parliament comprises of the President and the two Houses - Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and
Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President has the power to summon and prorogue either House of
Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The Constitution of India came into force on January 26, 1950. The
first general elections under the new Constitution were held during the year 1951-52 and the first elected
Parliament came into existence in April, 1952.
The President – The President of India is the head of the country. The members of Lok Sabha, Rajya
Sabha, and the State Legislative Assemblies elect the President. The President is elected for a term of five
years. Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the first president of the Republic of India. Smt. Pratibha Patil was the
first woman president of India.

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The Lok Sabha - The Lok Sabha is the Lower house of Indian Parliament. Its members are directly elected
by the people. The Speaker is the presiding officer and the highest official of the Lok Sabha. The Lok
Sabha members are elected for a term of five years. The Lok Sabha can have a maximum of 552 members.
The present strength of Lok Sabha is 543 members.
The Rajya Sabha – The Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament. Its members are elected by the
members of the State Legislative Assemblies and Union Territories. There can be a maximum of 250
members in the Rajya Sabha. The Present strength of Rajya Sabha is 245 members consisting of 233 elected
members and 12 members nominated by the President of India. The Rajya Sabha members are elected for a
term of six years. The Vice President of India is the Chairman of Rajya Sabha. The minimum age for a
person to become a member of the Rajya Sabha is 30 years.
Parliament Session - Normally, three Sessions of Parliament are held in a year: (i) Budget Session (ii)
Monsoon Session and (iii) Winter Session.
Union Cabinet – The party that gets the maximum seats in the Lok Sabha forms the government at the
Centre. The President appoints the leader of this party as the Prime Minister. He / She forms the Union
Cabinet that consists of the Council of Ministers. The Union Cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister.
Jawaharlal Nehru took charge as the first Prime Minister of India on 15 August 1947, and chose 15 other
members for his cabinet. Vallabhbhai Patel served as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India.
MAJOR LAND FORMS
Landforms are physical features formed on the earth's surface.
Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of
landforms.
Mountains – Mountains are the natural elevation of the earth’s
surface rising above its surroundings. Mountains have very harsh
cold climate and they are the storehouses of water. They are sparsely
populated. Mountains may be arranged in a line known as Range.
Many mountain systems consist of a series of parallel ranges. The
Himalayas, the Alps and the Andes are the mountain ranges of Asia, Europe and South America
respectively. There are three types of mountains – Fold Mountains, Block Mountains and Volcanic
Mountains. Mount Everest is the most famous mountain peak on earth.
Plateau – It is a broad, level, elevated area of land. It is also called tableland. Plateaus occur on every
continent and take up a third of the Earths land. Plateaus are rich in mineral deposits. The African plateau
is famous for mines of gold and diamond. The Tibetan plateau is the highest plateau in the world. It is
often referred to as the ‘The Roof of the world’. The Deccan Plateau in India is one of the oldest plateaus.
Plains – A low lying vast flat land is called a plain. Most of the plains are formed by rivers and their
tributaries. As the plains have fertile land, they are the thickly populated regions of the world. The Indo-
Gangetic plains, the Mississippi plain and the Yang-tze plain are some of the famous plains of the world.
Hill - A hill is a naturally raised area of land, not as high as a mountain. It looks like a little bump in the
Earth.

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Other types of landforms include
Glaciers – Glaciers are permanently frozen rivers of ice in mountains.
Islands - An island is a piece of land which is surrounded by water from all sides
Valleys - Valleys are low-lying areas of land between hills and mountains
Deltas - Deltas are low-lying, triangle-shaped areas, located at the mouth of rivers.
Gorge - A gorge is an I-shaped, narrow and deep valley formed by a river when it erodes the rocks
vertically.
Isthmus – A narrow strip of land with water on each side, connecting greater landmasses.
Basin – An area of land largely enclosed by higher land.
Bay – Part of a body of salt water that reaches into land.
Deserts- Deserts are the arid and semi-arid lands with little or no
vegetation.
The highest landform on earth is the Mount Everest Mountain on the
crust of Great Himalayas of Southern Asia lies s on the border between
Nepal and Tibet. It measures 8850 meters above sea level. The Mariana
Trench in the South Pacific Ocean is the deepest (at 11,034 meters at its
deepest) landform on the earth. The famous landforms around the world
includes Wave Rock, Australia, Cave of the Crystals, Mexico, Stone Forest China, Valley of the Moon
Argentina, Chocolate Hills, the Philippines, The Paria Mountains, United States, Watermelon Valley, Egypt
etc.
MONUMENTS OF INDIA

The monuments of India are speaking stones of the glory of its rulers and the brilliance of artisans in ancient
India. There are 116 Indian monuments that can be visited, across 19 states. The India Gate is considered
as National Monument of India. The India Gate was earlier known as the All-
India War Memorial.
Famous Monuments in India
* Taj Mahal, Agra. * Golden Temple, Amritsar
* Lotus Temple, New Delhi * Charminar,
Hyderabad * Gateway of India, Mumbai * Red
Fort, New Delhi * Hawa Mahal, Jaipur. * Qutub Minar, New Delhi. *
Victoria Memorial, Kolkata * Humayun’s Tomb, New Delhi. * Sun
Temple, Konark. * Mysore Palace, Mysore

As of 2022, there are 40 World Heritage Sites located in India. Taj Mahal located on the banks of the river
Yamuna, is the most famous monument in India and it is the second-best UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The main architect of the Taj Mahal was Ustad-Ahmad Lahori.
The Taj Mahal was built by the famous Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. It is completely built using white
marble and it is recognized as one of the seven wonders of the world.
The Hawa Mahal was built by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh in 1799.

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The Humayun's tomb was built by his widow, Hajji Begum . The Charminar in
Hyderabad was constructed by Mohammed Quli Qutab Shah. The Red Fort was
built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.
The Qutub Minar is the highest stone tower in India. The construction of the
Qutub Minar was started by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak and it was finished by
Iltutmish.
The foundation stone of India Gate was laid down by the Duke of Connaught and was designed by the
famous British architect, Edward Lutyens.
‘The Archaeological Survey of India ‘an Indian government organization, attached to the Ministry of
Culture is responsible for the conservation and preservation of cultural monuments.

SUBJECT: ENVIORNMENT AND GK

Earth: The Earth is a rocky, terrestrial planet and is the only place in the known universe confirmed to host
life. It is the third planet from the Sun and the fifth largest planet in the solarsystem in terms of size and mass.
Moreover, it's the only one known for sure to have liquid water on its surface. Earth’s name in English,
derives from Old English and Germanic words for ground and earth.
►Millions of years ago the earth went through several extreme climate changes known as the ice ages. The
climate became so cold that some scientists believe Earth nearly or completely froze several times; this is
known as the "Snowball Earth" theory.
►The driest place in the Earth is the Atacama Desert in northern Chile next to the biggest body of water, the
Pacific Ocean.
Planetary data for Earth
Mean distance from Sun 149,598,262 km (1.0 AU)
Eccentricity of orbit 0.0167
Inclination of orbit to ecliptic 0.000°
Earth year (sidereal period of
365.256 days
revolution)
Mean orbital velocity 29.78 km/sec
Equatorial radius 6,378.14 km
Polar radius 6,356.78 km
Surface area 510,064,472 km2
Mass 5.972 × 1024 kg
Mean density 5.51 g/cm3
Mean surface gravity 980 cm/sec2
Escape velocity 11.2 km/sec
Rotation period (Earth sidereal day) 23.9345 hr (23 hr 56 min 4 sec) of mean solar time
Earth mean solar day 24.0657 hr (24 hr 3 min 57 sec) of mean sidereal time
Inclination of Equator to orbit 23.44°

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Atmosphere: An atmosphere is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a planet, and is
held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78%
nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases.
►The atmosphere is home to an average of almost 40 trillion gallons (150 trillion liters) of water
at any one time, which is enough to drown the entire planet in an inch (2.5cm) of rainwater.
However, while it sounds like a lot, atmospheric water vapour only accounts for 0.001% of all
the water on Earth.
► While mankind has presided over a 60% increase in CO2 levels since the dawn of the Industrial
Revolution. During the Cambrian Period, we saw one of the biggest evolutionary radiations of
all time, CO2 levels were 11 times higher than today. Consequently, the world was 7°C warmer,
there was no ice at the poles and sea levels were much higher.
► Earth's atmosphere has five major and several secondary layers. From lowest to highest, the
major layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.
►Everyone knows that its gets colder the higher you ascend, but the warmest temperatures are
actually found in the thermosphere. The coldest region, by contrast, is found at the border
between the mesosphere and thermosphere, some 62 miles (100 km) above sea level, where
temperatures reach a frigid -100°C.
Natural Resources: Natural resources are resources that are drawn from nature and used with few
modifications. This includes the sources of valued characteristics such as commercial and industrial use,
aesthetic value, scientific interest and cultural value.
► Oil: Alongside coal and natural gas supply, oil makes up 88% of the world's energy demands.
However, a recent study claims that oil usage dropped by 8% in 2021 due to the pandemic.
Other than olive oil, sunflower oil and vegetable oil, there are more unusual varieties of plant
oil, such as the pequi oil, used for cooking, which comes from the seeds of the Canarium Ovatum
plant in Brazil.
►Coal: It takes roughly 1 million years to form coal. 37% of the world’s electricity and over
70% of the world’s steel is produced using coal. Coal even plays a significant role in the
construction of renewable energy infrastructure and supporting these fuels on the grid. It is
crucial to the societal development of hundreds of millions of people, particularly in emerging
economies.
►Metal: A metal is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous
appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. The word metal comes from the
Greek word 'metallon,' which means quarry or to mine or excavate. Iron is the most abundant
metal on earth—and it also makes up much of the Earth’s core. The most common metal found
in the Earth’s crust, however, is aluminum.

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Forests & Wild Life Sanctuaries: India is one of the ten most forest-rich countries of the world. Forestry in
India is a significant rural industry and a major environmental resource. There are 565 existing wildlife
sanctuaries in India covering an area of 122560.85 km2, which is 3.73% of the geographical area of the country
i)The Sunderban National Park, West Bengal: The Sunderban
National Park is many things at once, a biosphere reserve,
national park and tiger reserve, such is the richness of this
mangrove ecosystem. It was declared a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 1987. It stretches from River Hooghly in
West Bengal, India, all the way to River Baleswar in
Bangladesh. Its name means “beautiful forests” in the local
language, and it is not hard to figure why.
ii) Mawphlang Sacred Forest, Meghalaya: Known as ‘Nature’s Museum’, this forest is one of the oldest and
most famous sacred groves of Meghalaya, harbouring a diversity of flowering and medicinal plants, trees,
mushrooms, birds and insects. Spanning a land area of 193 acres, the forest is protected by members of the
Lyngdoh clan.
iii) Pichavaram Mangrove Forest, Tamil Nadu: Pichavaram consists of a number of islands interspersing a
vast expanse of water covered with mangrove forest. The Pichavaram mangrove Forest is one of the largest
mangrove forests in India covering about 45 sq km of area (as of 2019). It is separated from the Bay of Bengal
by a sand bar. It also supports the existence of rare varieties of economically important shells and fishes.
Space: NASA launched its mega Moon rocket for the first time, sending its uncrewed Orion spacecraft around
the Moon; kicked off a new era in astronomy with the Webb Space Telescope’s record-breaking new imagery
from the cosmos; moved an asteroid in humanity’s first ever planetary defense demonstration; working with
its partners, sent astronauts on regular missions to the International Space Station, tested new technologies,
including an inflatable heat shield for Mars; continued development of quieter supersonic aircraft, and much
more.
► More than 50 years ago, NASA sent the first humans to the Moon
under the Apollo program. Now, NASA is preparing to send the first
woman and first person of color to the lunar surface as part of the
Artemis program.
►A satellite built for NASA and the French space agency Centre
National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) to observe nearly all the water on our planet’s surface lifted off on its
way to low-Earth orbit at 3:46 a.m. PST on Friday, 16th Dec. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography
(SWOT) spacecraft also has contributions from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the UK Space
Agency.
Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials
are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash.
► There are five main types of pollution troubling our planet: air, water,
soil, light, and noise. Whilst all of these are undeniably harmful to us, air
pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution pose the biggest threat. In
2021, air pollution contributed close to 8.7 million deaths globally.

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►New Delhi is the most polluted city in the world, despite a ban on firecrackers, the air quality in Delhi on
Diwali was recorded in the 'very poor' category.
►The cleanest air in the world is in Zurich, Switzerland. The pollution status is determined on the basis of
average levels of PM2. 5 measured over a period of 12 months. And this Swiss city obtained an annual value
of 0.51 µg /m3, which makes it the lowest in the world.
► The cleanest city in India is Satna in the state of Madhya Pradesh with a recent PM2.5 reading 15.5µg/m³
and a US AQI figure of 58.

Natural Disasters: Natural disasters can cause great damage on the environment, property, wildlife and
human health. These events may include earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunamis, landslides,
wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and extreme temperatures.
► International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction (IDDRR) was
celebrated on 13th Oct 2022. This day was focused on Target G of the Sendai Framework: “Substantially
increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information
and assessments to people by 2030.”
► On January 12, 2010, an earthquake hit Haiti about 15 miles (24
kilometers) southwest of the
capital city, Port-au-Prince. The earthquake registered a magnitude
of 7.0 on the Richter scale and was followed by aftershocks that
registered magnitudes of 5.9 and 5.5.
► The Great Galveston Strom occurred on September 8, 1900, when
a hurricane with an estimated strength of Category 4 hit Galveston,
Texas. This hurricane remains the deadliest natural disaster in U.S.
history, as well as the worst hurricane in U.S. history. More than
8,000 people were killed, and 10,000 were left homeless. The
hurricane decimated Galveston, which at the time was one of the
most advanced cities in Texas.
► Major flood events along the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) in
central and eastern China have occurred from ancient times to the present, causing considerable destruction
of property and many casualties, but the major flood of 1931 stands out. It covered tens of thousands of
square miles, flooding rice fields and various cities, including Nanjing and Wulan. The flood affected more
than 50 million people.

Covid 19: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most
people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness. However, some will
become seriously ill and require immediate medical attention. Older people and those with underlying medical
conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more likely to
develop serious illness. Anyone can get sick with COVID-19 and become seriously ill or die at any age. The
virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze,
speak, sing or breathe. These particles range from larger respiratory droplets to smaller aerosols.
► The novel virus was first identified in an outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019.
► The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international
concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020.
►As of 18 December 2022, the pandemic had caused more than 653 million cases and 6.66 million confirmed
deaths, making it one of the deadliest in history.

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Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence perceiving,
synthesizing, and inferring information - demonstrated by machines, as
opposed to intelligence displayed by animals and humans.
► Rashmi is an Indian lip-syncing humanoid robot developed by Ranjit
Shrivastava, a programmer from Ranchi, India. This robot was launched on
1st August 2018, 2 years after the start of its development. It makes facial
expressions and it can also move its neck in 6 axes. It can display 83 facial
expressions. Rashmi can speak four languages - English, Hindi, Marathi
and Bhojpuri. It works on four layers including speech recognition, APIs and
AI through which it interprets conversational moods. It has a camera built in
the eyes with facial recognition, 3D Mapping and OCR. The Robot also has
a functional hand with finger movement but does not have legs.

►Passengers visiting Bengaluru airport may soon be greeted by a special

robot assistant. Built to suit the needs of the Kempegowda International
Airport, the little robot assistant, named KEMPA, will answers queries of
confused passengers in English as well as Kannada.

► Natural Language Generation is a trendy technology that converts structured data into the native
language. The machines are programmed with algorithms to convert the data into a desirable format for
the user. Natural language is a subset of artificial intelligence that helps content developers to automate
content and deliver in the desired format. The content developers can use the automated content to
promote on various social media platforms, and other media platforms to reach the targeted audience.
Human intervention will significantly reduce as data will be converted into desired formats. The data can
be visualized in the form of charts, graphs etc.

Aazadi Ka Amrit Mahostav:

► Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav is an initiative of the Government of India to celebrate
and commemorate 75 years of independence and the glorious history of its people,
culture and achievements.
►The official journey of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav commenced on 12th March
2021 which started a 75-week countdown to our 75th anniversary of independence
and will end post a year on 15th August 2023.
►This Mahotsav is dedicated to the people of India who have not only been
instrumental in bringing India thus far in its evolutionary journey but also hold within
them the power and potential to enable Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of
activating India 2.0, fueled by the spirit of Aatmanirbhar Bharat.

T20 WORLD CUP - 2022

1) The 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup was the eighth ICC Men's T20 World Cup tournament.
2) It was played in Australia from 16 October to 13 November 2022.
3) In the final, England beat Pakistan by five wickets to win their second ICC Men's T20 World Cup
title. Sam Curran was named the Player of the match and also the Player of the tournament.
4) Most runs – 296 runs – Virat Kohli, Top wicket-taker – 15 wickets – W.Hasaranga

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FIFA WORLD CUP – 2022

Winner – Argentina Runner – Up - France

1) The 2022 FIFA World Cup is an international football tournament contested by the men's national
teams of FIFA's member associations, and the 22nd FIFA World Cup. It took place in Qatar from 20
November to 18 December 2022, making it the first World Cup to be held in the Arab world and Muslim
world, and the second held entirely in Asia after the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan.
2) Cristiano Ronaldo became the first man to score goals at five World Cups.
3) Stephanie Frappart becomes First woman referee in FIFA World Cup.
4) France’s Kylien Mbappe (8 goals) won the Golden Boot.
5) Lionel Messi of Argentina wins the Golden Ball 2022 FIFA World Cup for his outstanding performance.
6) Argentina’s Emiliano Martinez won the Golden Glove for the best goalkeeper at 2022 FIFA World Cup.

SUBJECT: CURRENT AFFAIRS

International Current Affairs

1) Kazakhstan changes capital’s name from Nur-Sultan to Astana.

2) Tom Cruise to be the first actor who will shoot in space.
3) Madrid superstar Karim Benzema won the Ballon d’Or 2022.
4) Peru gets its First Female President after Pedro Castillo is impeached.
5) Qatar signed world’s longest gas supply deal with China.
6) Rishi Sunak, leader of Conservative Party elected as UK’s Prime Minister.
7) INDIAN-ORIGIN Leo Varadkar is new Prime Minister of Ireland.
8) Nargesi (Iranian film), Directed by Payam Eskandari has won the ICFT-UNESCO Gandhi Medal at the
53rd edition of IFFI.
Current Affairs of India
1) World’s largest safari park to developed in Gurugram.
2) Telangana Government hikes ST reservation 6% to 10%.
3) Kerala’s Pullampara named first fully digital literate Panchayat.
4) Sibi George appointed India’s ambassador to Japan.
5) ISRO’s Chandrayaan-2 spectometer maps abundance of Sodium on moon for the first time.
6) Justice DY Chandrachud appointed as 50th Chief Justice of India.
7) IPL remains the most searched query on Google in India in 2022.
8) Egypt’s President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi invited as Chief guest for Republic Day 2023.
9) Bollywood actress Deepika Padukone , unveiled the FIFA World Cup 2022 trophy along with former
Spanish player Iker Casillas.
10) First Digital Rupee pilot project of India has been launched on November 1, 2022, by RBI for the
wholesale segment.
Current Affairs of Saudi Arabia
1) Saudi Arabia win bid to host 2029 Asian Winter Games at desert megacity.
2) Cristiano Ronaldo signs 200 million Euro contract with Saudi Club Al Nassr.
3) Saudi Arabia performed the first real miracle of the Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup by defeating
competition Argentina.
4) Saudi Arabia is set to build one of the world’s largest airport in Riyadh. The King Salman International
Airport, Riyadh, will have six parallel runways.

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5) Riyadh to host 2 km tall skyscraper to beat Burj Khalifa.The proposed tower would be more than twice
the height of the tallest building in the world - the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, which is 828 meters high.
6) Saudi Arabia: Riyadh Season 2022 kicked off on October 21.Season has 8,500 activity days and
experiences in 15 venues.
7) Dunkin’ accelerates growth in Saudi Arabia with 30 new stores.
The US coffee and donut chain is continuing its rapid expansion in Saudi Arabia, opening 30 stores in a
single day amid plans to exceed 600 stores across the kingdom by the end of the year.
8) Saudi Arabia Railways (SAR) and the University of Birmingham have signed an agreement to
collaborate on research and development and railway education.
9) Saudi Arabia has begun construction of The Line mega project at Neom, Situated in the West Asian country’s
north-west Tabuk province, is a 170-kilometre-long, 500-metre-tall city which aims to house nine million people and
also boasts a mirrored wall.
10) Health Minister and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Public Health Authority (Weqaya) Fahad
Al-Jalajel inaugurated the National Biobank in Saudi Arabia. Al-Jalajel said that this project is one of the
important milestones in raising the efficiency and effectiveness of the infrastructure of public health systems
in the Kingdom.

National Awards - 2022

The 68th National Film Awards ceremony finally took place in New Delhi, the capital city of India. The
coveted awards were presented by the President of India Draupadi Murmu at the Vigyan Bhawan.
The winners were announced on July 22.

Best actor - Ajay Devgan and Suriya

Best actress - Aparna Murali
Best Supporting Actor - Biju Menon
Best Supporting Actress - Lakshmi Priyaa
Best Hindi film - Toolsidas Junior
Best Director - Sachy (Posthumous)
Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment - Tanhaji: The Unsung Hero
Best Kannada Film - Dollu
Best Child Actor award - Anish Mangesh Gosavi for 'Tak Tak', Akanksha Pingle & Divyesh Indulkar
for 'Sumi'
Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation - Taledanda
Best Children's Film - Sumi
Best Lyrics: Manoj Muntashir(Saina)
Best Playback Singer (male): Darsanam Mogalaiah
Best Playback Singer (female): Nanchiyamma
Indira Gandhi Award For Best Debut Film of a Director: 'Mandela'
Best film on social issues: Funeral

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