et ie Cee Rad Berets) Pee .\ ioes ee Tay Tl ee a eee PT <. « Peon ac ceed Pee Ree og Why do you think you like them? EER a eco es etcrony Peter net acd 7Before You Read Sugary treats come in all kinds. A. Matching. How much sugar do you think is in these foods? Match the items below to the correct amount of sugar. Then check your answers at the bottom of page 10. 4, yogurt . 3 chocolate cookies = # 1 cupcake with frosting 2. 3. wheat squares cereal # 4a 5. 2slices of wheat bread # B. Scan. Why do you think people love sugar so much? . a. 3 grams b.10 grams 13 grams d. 25 grams e. 27 grams iscuss with partner, Then scan the first paragraph on page 9 to check your ideas. 8 UnittA1] Why do we love sugar so much? ‘Many scientists believe our love of sugar may actually be an addiction. When we eat or drink sugary foods, the sugar enters 5 our blood and affects parts of our brain that make us feel good. Then the good feeling goes away, leaving us wanting more. All tasty foods do this, but sugar has a particularly strong effect. In this way, 10 itis in fact an addictive drug, one that doctors recommend we all cut down on, “It seems like every time | study an illness and trace a path to the first cause, | find my way back to sugar,” says scientist Richard Johnson. Onesthird 15 of adults worldwide have high blood pressure,’ and up to 347 million have diabetes.* Why? “Sugar, we believe, is one of the culprits, if not the major culprit,” says Johnson. Our bodies are designed to survive on very little sugar. Early humans often had very little food, so our bodies learned to be very efficient 20 in storing sugar as fat. In this way, we had energy stored for when. there was no food. But today, most people have more than enough. So the very thing that once saved us may now be killing us. So what is the solution? It's obvious that we need to eat less sugar. The trouble is, in today's world, it’s extremely difficult to avoid. From 25 breakfast cereals to after-dinner desserts, our foods are increasingly filled with it. Some manufacturers even use sugar to replace taste in foods that are advertised as low in fat. But there are those who are fighting back against sugar. Many schools are replacing sugary desserts with healthier options like fr 3 Other schools are growing their own fead in gardens, or building facilities like walking tracks so students and others in the community can exercise. The battle has not yet been lost. 1A pesion with high blood pressure has Dood any beleve is ltlpop. war flowing through his or her Body at higher than normal Many believe the lollipop presue, which can ead loa numberof diseases firstinvented in the Middle 2 Diabetes. medical condition in whieh someone has Ages. The largest lollipop too much sugar in his or her blood, created in modem times weighed 3,176 kilograms. > Unit th 9Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. GEREN 1. Whatis this passage mainly about? ‘a. our addiction to sugar 1b. illnesses caused by sugar ‘c. good sugar vs. bad sugar d. ways to avoid sugar 2, Inline 17, the word culprit is closest in meaning to . a. disease b. unknown thing . sweet food 4. cause of the problem | | Vocabulary) (REPRE 3. What does the phrase the very thing in line 22 refer to? a, the amount of sugar in our food b. having enough food to survive -e. our ability to store sugar as fat d. early humans’ lack of food (GEE) 4. What would be a good a. Too Much Sugar b. How to Avoid Sugar ¢. A Solution: Low in Fat 4d. No Easy Answers GEMM 5. According to the passage, why is it so hard to avoid sugar? a. We like candy too much. b. It gives us needed energy. ¢. It’s in so many foods and drinks. 4d. We get used to eating it at school le for the fourth paragraph? EBEGM 6. Which of the following statements about sugar is NOT true? a. Sugar makes us feel good, b, Our bodies store sugar as fat. c. We need very little sugar to survive. 4. Only adults need to stop eating sugar. (ERREEAY 7. The following sentence would best be placed at the end of which paragraph? This may make the food appear as healthier but large amounts of sugar are often added. a. paragraph 1 b. paragraph 2 . paragraph 3 . paragraph 4 Fee Pez'y Sere Fore Fze'1 2 PEAY NOK a10}9g 0} SHAMSUY 10 unit tk Did You Know? Doctors recommend we eat no more than 9.5 teaspoons of sugar a day, but studies show the average person eats around 22.7 teaspoons.Skimming for the Main Idea of Paragraphs ‘When you read a text, it’s important to be able to recognize the main idea of each paragraph. Look at the headings ‘there are any) and skim each paragraph to determine the key idea the author is making. When you skim, you don’t read every word. Instead, read the first sentence and then run your eyes quickly over the rest, focusing on key words. ‘Make sure you are finding the main idea of the whole paragraph. Other sentences may express an idea, but it may not be the main idea. A. Determining Main Ideas. Look back at the passage on page 9. Choose the main idea of each paragraph. 1, Paragraph 1 a. Sugar is addictive. b, All tasty foods contain sugar. 2, Paragraph 2 a. Sugar can cause illnesses. b. The number of people with diabetes and high blood pressure isrising, 3, Paragraph 3 a, Sugar gives us energy when we don't eat for a long time, ', Our bodies need very little sugar to survive, but we now eat too much of it. 4. Paragraph 4 a, Advertisers are being dishonest. b, Itis very difficult to avoid sugar these days. 5. Paragraph 5 a. Some schools now grow their own food. b. Some are fighting back against sugar. MS UULur® Discuss with a partner. Do you think manufacturers have a responsibility to reduce the amount of sugar in the products they sell? Why or why not? > While fresh fruits do contain small amounts ‘of sugar, they make a healthy snack. Unit ta 11A. Completion. Complete the information below with the correct form of words in the box. Two words are extra addiction battle drug © recommend store The story of sugar began in New Guinea about 10,000 years ago. People there picked sugarcane and ate it raw. Because it made people feel good, they saw it as a(n) 1.__ that could cure illnesses. Doetors in India 2 that people eat it to stop headaches. But soon people began to eau: 4>r fun, Demand for sugar rose, as more people became 3. to the sweet taste. By 1900, it was recorded that the average British person ate 45 kilograms (100 pounds) of sugar each year B, Words in Context. Complete each sentence with the correct answer, 1. When a company advertises something, they want you to it a, return b buy 2, Someone who is efficient at a task does the task without ‘a. spending alotof money _b. wasting time or energy 3. Two groups that have a battle are likely to be each other, a. friendly with angry at 4, The facilities of a school include the a. classrooms b. teachers Ayoung boy eats a piece of raw a. find a mistake with it b. see or understand sugarcane, 5. If something is obvious, it is easy to 6, When you store something, you a. keep it bb throw it away of it. 7. When you cut down on suger, you eat a. less b. more ‘12 unittaBefore You Read ‘A. Matching. Look at the pictures and read the text above. Then match the words in bold to their definitions. 1, depend on 2. species @ 3. grow . 4, preserve © a. to keep safe for future use b. to become bigger . type (usually of plant or animal) 4. to put your trust in something B, Predict, Look at the picture and captions on pages 14-15. Then read the first paragraph. What do you think the passage is about? Discuss your ideas with a partner, Then read the passage to check your ideas, unite 13,15 Food for the Future In 1845, a deadly disease struck the farms of Ireland, killing all the Lumper potato plants. In another place or time, the death of a single crop species might not have been so important. But in Ireland, in 1845, people depended almost on the potato for food. The death of one species caused a terrible famine, Now, some scientists are worried that such a famine could happen again—but on a much wider Over the centuries, farmers have discovered thousands of different species of food crops. Each species has special qualities. Some can be grown in very hot or cold climates. Others are not affected by certain diseases. However, you won't find many of these species in your local supermarket. To feed the seven billion people on Earth, most farmers today are growing only species of plants and farming only species of animals that are easy to produce in large numbers, Meanwhile, thousands of other species are becoming extinct. For example, in the Philippines, there were once thousands of of rice; now fewer than 100 are grown there. In China, 90 percent of the wheat varieties grown just a century ago have disappeared. Experts believe that over the past century, we have allowed more than half of the world’s food varieties to disappear. P~ f ee st net eetierel ‘At Heritage Farm’s seed bank, rare and unique plants are carefully ‘grown so the seeds can be preserved and shared. ‘famine isa situation ia Whleh lange numbers of people have litle or no food. Waspecies becomes extinct, i polonger nts.Saving the Seeds One solution to this problem is to collect and preserve the 15 of as many different plant varieties as we can before they disappear. The idea was first by Russian scientist Nikolay Vavilov. In the 1920s and "30s, he collected around 400,000 seeds from five . More recently, others are continuing the work he began. In the U.S. state of lowa, Diane Ott Whealy wanted to preserve a plant varieties, ike the seeds her great-grandfather brought to the U.S. from Germany more than a hundred years ago. She and her husband started a place called Heritage Farm, where people can store and trade seeds. More importantly, the people at Heritage Farm don't just store the 35 seeds; they plant them. By doing this, they are reintroducing foods into the that haven't been grown for years. These food species are not just special in terms of appearance or They also offer farmers food solutions for the future, from the past. “Heirloom” vegetables, lke these tomatoes, are most often ‘grown from seeds passed down and preserved within a unique ‘community.Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. (RGR i. What is this passage mainly about? a. how food species disappear . the need to preserve different food species c. what the food we eat will look like someday 4. ways to increase the number of food species Eee 2, What caused many people to die in Ireland in 18457 a. The potatoes that people planted didn’t grow. b. People ate potatoes that were harmful to humans. c. A disease killed their potato crop, so they had no food. d. A deadly disease spread from the potato crop to humans. (REEREE) 3. What does the word others refer to in line 11? a, farmers '». different climates ¢. distinet qualities 4. species of food crops Did Yo of corn ju Know? From the 307 varieties sold 100 years ago, there are (PRBBEREZ, 4. Which sentence is closest in meaning to you won'tfind many now only 12. Some, ii of these species in your local supermarket (lines 12-13)? a. Many of these species are too expensive. of wi luding this rare kind com, exist only b. Many of these species are not available to us. inseed Den c. Many of these species look like other species. d. Many of these species are only found in big cities. ~~ EBA 5. Which of the following statements is NOT true? ec a, Most farmers grow species that are easy to produce in small numbers, b. Thousands of species of plants and animals have 7 become extinct. c. Fewer than 100 varieties of rice are grown in the Philippines. a 4. Half of the world’s food varieties have disappeared in 4 the past 100 years. (MNBEGIMM 6. People have been preserving seeds to save crop species ww and varieties from extinction € a. for thousands of years b. for less than 100 years . since 1845. 4, for only ten years [GREE] 7. Which statement would Diane Ott Whealy probably agree with? a. The work started by Nikolay Vavilov was not important. b. American seeds are better than German seeds. «¢. It’simportant to store seeds, but you must also plant them. 4. Foods grown from older seeds are cheaper, but taste bad. V6 Univ 18 ‘. we 3Identifying the Purpose of Paragraphs Different paragraphs may perform different functions. Identifying their purpose can help you better understand the organization of a text. Some paragraphs may have more than one function. Common purposes include: * to introduce a topic * to offer another side of an issue * to present a conclusion to describe a situation or problem + to present an argument to report data as figures or statistics | to provide background information * to offer or describe a solution * to provide examples or explanations | ‘+ to summarize the key ideas A. Purpose. Look back at the passage on pages 14-15. Choose the purpose of each paragraph. 1, Paragraph 1 a. to provide some historical background b, to summarize the key ideas 2. Paragraph 2 a. to offer another side of the issue b. to describe a situation or problem 3. Paragraph 3 a. to summarize some key ideas b. toreport data as supporting evidence 4. Paragraph 4 a. to offer another side of an issue b. to offer or describe a solution 5. Paragraph 5. a. to present an argument b. to provide an additional example A Farmers today don't only 6. Paragraph 6 a. to report data as figures or statistics , topresent a concluding idea preserve plants, They also protect farm animals, ike this rare variety of chicken. FA Discuss with a partner. Do you think saving the world’s varieties of foods is as important as saving animal species from extinetion? Why or why not? nite 17Vocabulary Practice A. Completion. Circle the correct words to complete the information below. Today, there are about 1,400 seed banks around the world. These keep seed 1, (varieties / flavors) from all 2, (marketplaces / continents) safe in the event of allarge 3. (-seale / -historic) global crisis, such as a famine. One of the largest seed banks lies inside a mountain on Norway's island of Spitsbergen, just 1,300 kilometers from the North Pole. This is a backup for all the world’s other seed banks. In 1996, director Cary Fowler commented that the seed bank's opening “marks a(n) 4. (solely / historic) turning point in safeguarding the world’s 5. (crop / flavor) diversity.” Billions of seeds are now kept there. They are stored in a permanently chilled, earthquake-free zone 120 meters above sea level. This should allow the seeds to remain high and dry, even if the polar ice caps melt. B. Definitions. Match each word in red with its definition. 1,___ crop a. only 2,___. seale b. how something tastes 3.___ seed . to put forward an idea 4,___ solely d. important to the past 5.___ flavor ¢. arange of different types 6.___ variety f. aplace of buying and selling 7.____ suggest g. the size or extent of something 8, __ historic h, part of a plant from which a new plant grows 9, __ continent i. land consisting of countries (eg. Asia) 10, marketplace _j, a plant grown in large amounts, like wheat 18 unite Carved into the Arctic ice, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault holds “spare” copies of seeds held in other seed banks worldwide. Word Link We can add -ance to some verbs to form nouns. Examples include appearance, performance, attendance, acceptance, assistance, guidance, and ignorance.