History Answers

Q Did Shah Waliullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in
the sub- continent before 1850? Explain your answer. [14] (M-16)
Ans: [Shah Wali Ullah] Shah Wali Ullah was a great scholar and reformer. He was
educated at Madras-i-Rahimiya that was founded by his father. He pointed out
that the lack of knowledge about Islam was the main reason of decline of Mughal
rule in India. [Translation of Quran] Only few Muslims were able to understand
(know/speak) Arabic language so he translated the Holy Quran in Persian which
was common language of Muslims in India to increase understanding (knowledge)
of Islam. [Shia-Sunni differences] Muslims of India were divided in Shia and Sunni
sects (religious groups). He wrote an account (life history/biography) on first four
caliphs of Islam to reduce (decrease) differences between Shia and Sunni Muslims
and increase unity in them. [Reform Society] He wrote 51 books to spread Islamic
teachings to whole India. Hujjatullah-ul-Baligha was his famous work. He also
tried to improve Muslim society. He advised Muslims to respect workers and
adopt principles of equality and social justice. He struggled to purify Muslim
society from Hindu customs. [Invitation to Ahmad Shah] Shah Wali Ullah was
worried from growing power of Marathas in India. He invited Afghan ruler Ahmad
Shah Abdali for help, who defeated Marathas in the third battle of Panipat in
1761. SWU was partly successful because Mughal rulers failed to improve
themselves.
[Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi] He was upset due to decline of Mughal rule and
growing strength (control) of non-Muslim forces. He was influenced by the
teachings of Shah Wali Ullah. He considered India as Dar-ul-Harab. He decided to
start Jihad movement to set up an Islamic state so that Muslims could lead their
life according to Islam. He wanted to free the Muslims of Punjab from cruel Sikh
ruler Raja Ranjit Singh. Muslims of Punjab were not allowed to offer cow sacrifice
and Azan. Mosques were used to keep horses (stables). Syed Ahmad learned
military skills from the army of Amir Khan. He visited whole India and gathered
(collected) a group of People ready for Jihad and moved them to North-Western
India (NWFP). In a letter he asked Ranjit Singh to improve treatment
(dealing/behavior) with Muslims but he showed disrespect (hate) for Islam. In
1826 Syed Ahmad defeated strong Sikh army at Okara and Hazrothe. Syed Ahmad
was defeated at Attock due to disloyalty (deception/cheating) of Pathan Chief Yar
Muhammad. Syed Ahmad moved from Peshawar to Ballakot to free Kashmir from
Sikh rule. Syed Ahmad forces (army) were suddenly (surprisingly) attacked by a
strong Sikh army. Syed Ahmad was killed with his 600 followers. His remaining
followers continued Jihad against Sikhs and British. Jihad movement provided
confidence to the Muslim of India to struggle for freedom from British.
[Haji Shariat Ullah Faraizi movement] He was a reformer from East Bengal. He
thought that the poor condition (positions/situation) of the Muslims of Bengal
was due to ignorance (lack of knowledge) of the basic Islamic duties. He asked
them to offer Prayer, fasting, Zakat and Hajj known as Faraiz that’s why his
movement was named as Faraizi movement. He also advised Muslims of Bengal
to pray for past sins and adopt (carry out) right way of life. He considered
(believed) Bengal to be Dar-Ul-Harab so Muslims should not offer Friday and Eid
prayers. [Jihad against Zamindars] He was worried due to poor treatment of
Muslims by Hindu landlords known as Zamindars. Muslim farm worker (peasants)
were paid less and unfair taxes like beard tax was collected from them. He united
(organized) Muslims and forced Zamindars to improve treatment (dealing) with
Muslims. British forced Hajji Shariat Ullah to move to Dhaka district where he died
in 1840. [Dudhu Mian] His movement was continued by his son Mohsin-ud-Din
(Dudhu Mian). He divided areas of Bengal in circles and appointed (placed) his
followers as Khalifas for welfare of Muslims. After his death Faraizi movement
declined.
The work of SWU was the most important because his mission was not limited to
selected parts of India. Also he left behind him a living legacy in the form of his
books and followers. Above all, he is the leading figure of the noble tradition of
translation of the Holy Quran.

Q. How successful was Shah Wali Ullah in the revival of Islam in the subcontinent?
comment [14]
ANS: 1) [Introduction] Shah Wali Ullah was a religious reformer of 18th century;
he was educated from Madrassa-e-Rahimya. Shah Wali Ullah prepared
(educated/trained) a group of students to spread Islamic teaching in whole India.
He was the first person in the Empire to realize that the downfall of Muslims was
due to their lack or knowledge and understanding of the Quran and the basic
Islamic principles, and pointed out that the Mughals had fallen due to lack of
leadership and waste of wealth, which was the current state of Muslims. He
highlighted this issue in Muslims and worked on tackling these issues of Muslim
2) [Translation of Quran] At that time, only a few people were able to speak
Arabic language, and the majority of the Indian Subcontinent spoke Persian. This
meant most of the subcontinent did not have deep understanding of the Quran.
So Shah Wali Ullah translated the Quran in Persian language so that Mughal rulers
could understand (know) its teachings and lead their life according to Islam. He
wanted to purify Islam from Hindu customs and believed that complete
knowledge of the Quran was the only way to solve it. His son shah Abdul Qadir
translated the Quran in Urdu.
3) [Shia-Sunni differences] Muslims of India were divided in Shia and Sunni sects.
These sectarian differences were causing disunity amongst the Muslims and were
allowing the Hindus to rule them easily. He advised Shia and Sunni Muslims to
give up differences and focus on basic principles of Islam to increase unity in
Muslims. He wrote an account (life history) on first four caliphs of Islam, called
the Izalat-ul-Akhfa in a way that satisfied both sects to reduce (decrease)
differences between Shia and Sunni Muslims.
4) [Spread of Islamic teachings] He had started the teaching of Hadis in India. He
wrote 51 books to spread the teachings of Islam. Shah Wali Ullah tried to spread
Islamic teachings of Jihad, social justice and equality in Muslim society. He advised
Muslim ruling class to give up waste of wealth and follow simple way of life. He
also advised ruling class to give due respect to workers (craftsmen). He
recommended the application on Ijtihad against Blind Taqlid in his famous ‘al-
Ijtihad wa al-Taqlid’
5) [Invitation to Ahmed Shah Abdali Shah Wali Ullah was worried from growing
power of Marathas in India. He believed in order to put down such power which
threatened the integrity of Islam itself in the subcontinent, the concept of Jihad
had to be applied. So he had invited Afghan ruler Ahmed Shah Abdali who
defeated Marathas in the Battle of Panipat in 1761 AD. But Muslim leaders did
not improve (unite) themselves to take advantage (benefit/reward) of the defeat
of Marathas. Muslim decline in India continued.
6) The Muslim Renaissance Movement launched by Shah Wali Ullah was the
forerunner for all the freedom movements of Indo-Pakistan. Maulana
Muhammad Qasim, founder of Madrassah Deoband and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
were among his followers. Later on his son Shah Abdul Aziz founded the Jihad
Movement which was carried forward by Syed Ahmed Shaheed, who was also a
student of Madrassah Rahimmiya.

Q2 Why did Shah Wali Ullah wish to revive Islam in the sub-continent? [7]
1) [Purifying Islam] During Shah Wali Ullah’s time, Islam had lost its purity in the
subcontinent. Hindu customs, practices (way of life) and beliefs were followed by
Muslims. It had become very important to tell the Muslims that what was Islamic
and what were Hindu traditions or customs. This would otherwise affect the
integrity of Islam in the subcontinent and would destroy the concept of Islam
itself.
2) [Cause of Downfall] He believed that the real cause of Muslims’ decline was
their lack of knowledge about the teachings of Quran and Sunnah. He wanted the
Muslims to carry out Islamic teachings in all areas of their lives – social, political,
economic and religious. This would allow them to bring back their pride and
improve their living conditions.
3) [Reforming the Society] (a) A number of social evils had become part of the
Islamic society. Shah Wali Ullah wanted to change the society in the light of
Islamic teachings. He wanted the rulers to introduce Islamic laws e.g. Islam rejects
social injustice and protects the rights of workers. (b) He advised the rich Muslims
to lead (adopt) simple life and stay away from luxury and waste of wealth. (c) He
also advised the traders to follow Islamic laws in their dealings. (d) He wanted to
remove the Shia-Sunni differences that were the main cause of lack of unity
among Muslim society.
Q3. Q How successful was Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi in the revival of Islam in
Subcontinent?
[Purpose of Jihad movement] Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi was the founder of
Jihad movement in Subcontinent. He believed subcontinent as Dar-ul-Hareb. He
was educated from Madrassa-e-Rahimya Delhi. Due to weakness of Mughal rulers
the strength (control/power) of non-Muslims like Marathas and Sikhs was
growing. He wanted to set up an Islamic state so that Muslims could lead their life
according to Islam. Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi also wanted to purify Islam from
Hindu customs.
[Syed Ahmad and Ranjit Singh] First Syed Ahmad joined the army Nawab Amir
Khan and learned military skill than he visited all over India and gathered
(collected) a group of people for Jihad. He started Jihad from N.W.F.P to free
Punjab from Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh. He also hoped help from ruler of Afghanistan
against Ranjit Singh. Muslims of Punjab were not allowed to give Azan and Cow
sacrifice (Slaughtering); mosques were used to keep horses (as stables) by cruel
Sikh ruler of Punjab Raja Ranjit Singh. In a letter Syed Ahmad asked Ranjit Singh to
accept Islam or get ready for war. Ranjit Singh showed disrespect against Islam.
Syed Ahmad army defeated strong Sikh army at Okara in 1826 and then at Hazro.
He had setup his headquarters (command center) at Nowshera. Later he captured
Peshawar. 80,000 people joined his army.
[Syed Ahmad and people of Peshawar] People of Peshawar became against Syed
Ahmad because he had asked them to give some tax and let (allow) widows to re-
marry. Tribal chiefs of Peshawar Yar Muhammad and Sultan Muhammad forced
him to leave Peshawar due to religious differences.
[Death of Syed Ahmad Shaheed] Syed Ahmad Shaheed moved to Ballakot to free
Kashmir and Hazara from Sikh rule. Suddenly a strong Sikh army had attacked him
at Ballakot, Syed Ahmad Shaheed and his 600 soldiers were killed. (13) Jihad
movement provided confidence to the Muslim of India to struggle for freedom
from British.

Q3 Why did Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi start his Jihad movement? [7]
[Islamic state] Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi believed that subcontinent had
changed into Dar-Ul-Harab a place to become a ruler; he wanted to set up an
Islamic state to follow Islamic beliefs (values) and where Muslim were living under
non-Muslim rule, so Jihad was necessary (compulsory) for every Muslim to
oppose growing strength (power/control) of non-Muslims. Syed Ahmad Shaheed
Barelvi had no wish teachings. He also wanted to free Muslim society from social
evils and Hindu customs (way of life).
[Growing strength of non-Muslim] Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi was upset due to
growing strength (power) of non-Muslim forces like British, Marathas and Sikhs.
Punjab was under cruel Sikh rule of Raja Ranjit Singh where Muslims were not
allowed carry out Islamic duties. Azan and cow sacrifice (slaughtering) was
banned and Mosques were used to keep horses (as stables) by Sikhs. Muslim
culture, values and religion was in danger. Therefore, he started Jihad movement
to free Muslims of Punjab from cruel Sikh rulers.
[Revival of Islam] SASB believed that in order to get what the Muslims desired and
to end their suffering, Jihad had become necessary. He wanted Muslims to speak
up for themselves and to take action against the evil that was going on against
them. So far, the Muslims had tried to counter the non-Muslim force by verbal
action or writing. This had brought no change to their condition. Thus, in order to
improve the lifestyle of Muslims, he put forward a mujahedeen force who would
take action of the sake of Muslims

Q4 How successful was Hajji Shariat Ullah in revival of Islam in Bengal? [7]
Ans: 1) [Faraizi movement] (a) Hajji Shariat Ullah was the founder of Farazi
movement in Bengal. (b) Hajji Shariat Ullah believed that Muslim of Bengal had
moved away from Islam. He wanted that Muslims should offer Islamic duties
known as Faraiz. He advised Muslims to offer Prayer, fasting, Zakat and Hajj. Due
to which his movement was known as Faraizi movement and his followers were
called ‘Faraizis’. (c) He believed (thought) Bengal as Dar-ul-Hareb because
Muslims of Bengal were ruled by non-Muslim. In such area Friday and Eid prayers
should not be offered.
2) [Reform society] (a) He wanted that Muslims should not follow Hindu customs
like singing, dancing at the time of wedding and Hindu caste system. He advised
his followers to pray for their past sins and lead right path in future. (b) The
Faraizi movement supported the idea of Jihad.
3) [Muslim peasants] (a) He united Muslim farm workers (peasants) against Hindu
and British landlords (zamindars). (b) Muslim farm workers were paid less by
Hindu land lords and they were collecting many unfair taxes from Muslim workers
like beard tax. Hindu landlords were collecting funds from Muslim by force to set
up Hindu temples. Haji Shariat Ullah forced Hindu landlords to improve treatment
(dealing) with Muslim farm workers.
4) [Dudhu Mian] (a) Hindus Landlords were upset by the unity of the Muslim farm
workers. Hajji Shariat Ullah was arrested (jailed) so his son Dudhu Mian became
leader of the Faraizi movement. (b) He divided East Bengal in circles and
appointed (placed) Khalifas in Bengal to help poor and for prayers. (c) After death
of Dudhu Mian movement declined (ended) in Bengal. It can be said that some
seeds of Pakistan Movement were sown by Faraizi movement.

Q5 Why did Haji Shariat Ullah start his Faraizi movement? [7]
Ans: [To reform Bengali Muslims] Haji Shariat Ullah wanted Muslims to follow
Islamic duties. He believed that due to growing non-Muslim rule in different parts
of India, Muslim’s had moved away from the teachings of Islam, and thus they
were declining socially. Therefore, he wanted them to return to the Islamic
teachings. For this, he advised the Bengali Muslims to fulfill Islamic duties or
Faraiz to purify Islam from Hindu customs (way of life).
[Cruel Hindu Landlords] Muslims of Bengal were living under cruel rule of Hindu
and British landlords known as Zimindars. Muslim farm workers (peasants) were
paid less. Unjust (unfair) tax was collected from Muslims even on keeping beard.
Hindu landlords were collecting funds (money) by force from Muslims to set up
Hindu temples. Haji Shariat Ullah wanted to unite Muslims to force Hindu
landlords to improve their dealing with Muslims that’s why he started Faraizi
movement.
[To Revive Islam] Haji Shariatullah believed that Hindu customs and practices had
creeped into Islamic life and was corrupting the religion itself. He thought that by
practicing the faraiz of Islam, Muslims could discard the Hindu customs and
practices that had crept into their lives, and return to a lifestyle that was based
completely on the teachings of Islam.

Q6 The policies of Aurangzeb were the main reason for the decline of Mughal
rule; Do you agree give reasons. (14)
Ans: 1) [Aurangzeb policies] (a) Aurangzeb wasted 25 years while fighting with
Marathas in south India due to which Mughal army and economy became weak.
(b) He collected religious tax Jizya from non-Muslim. (c) Aurangzeb destroyed
Hindu temples and banned Hindu from singing, dancing, gambling, drinking wine
and Suttee. He forced Hindus and Sikhs to obey Islamic laws, due these reasons
Mughals had lost the loyalty of Hindus and Sikhs. (d) Aurangzeb had expanded the
Mughal Empire so much that it was difficult to defend such huge Empire. Cost of
keeping large army was very high.
2) [Pleasure seeking] The Mughal Emperors after Aurangzeb were pleasure-loving
and did not take serious interests in the affairs of the empire. Mughal Emperor
wasted wealth on fine buildings, jewelry and dresses. Mughal Emperor Akbar was
used to order 300 dishes in a single meal. The economy of Mughal Empire was
destroyed due to waste of wealth.
3) [Unable rulers] (a) Mughal rulers after the death of Aurangzeb were weak and
lazy unable to run the affairs (business) of Mughal Empire. (b) They had left the
affairs of Empire in the hands of ministers who were corrupt and selfish. (c) Due
to weak Mughal rulers many provinces like Bengal, Deccan and Oudh became
independent so Mughal Empire became weaker.
4) [Mansabdari system] Mughal officers known as Mansabdars were not
appointed on ability. They had become corrupt so collection of taxes was
reduced. Mansabdars were also responsible to organize Mughal army but due to
their mismanagement (lack of care) Mughal army became weak.
5) [Foreign invaders] Mughal army was defeated by Persian King Nadir shah in
1739. The Persians under Nadir Shah captured (took over) much of the Empire’s
wealth and returned home with gold, jewels and the Peacock throne from Delhi.
Mughals were never able to recover from this loss. (b) Again Mughal Empire was
attacked by Afghan King Ahmed shah Abdali who captured important province
Punjab which was food basket of Mughal Empire and source of fresh soldiers for
Mughal army so Mughal army became weaker.
6) [No rule to choose next King] After the death of Mughal King his sons began to
fight with each other to become next king, experienced soldiers were killed and
disorder was created due to these wars. These wars seriously damaged the army
and economy of the Mughal Empire. Mughal Empire was destroyed due to these
wars.
7) [Rise of Marathas] Marathas had become so strong that they had taken large
part of Mughal Empire under the leadership of Shivaji and they were able to set
up Maratha Empire within Mughal Empire. In 1737 they defeated Mughal army. In
1760 they occupied Delhi. The rise of Marathas was the major reason of Mughal
decline.
8) [Arrival of British] Mughal failed to modernize them self so British who got
better weapons, more trained army slowly captured (took-over) the whole
Mughal Empire. In 1764 in the Battle of Buxar, British captured Bengal, Orissa and
Behar and in 1803 British army entered in Delhi.

Q7 Why were the Marathas defeated after the decline of the Mughal Empire? [7]
(N-2017)
[Vast empire] Under the leadership of Shivaji Marathas were able to capture large
areas of Mughal Empire and setup Maratha Empire till 1737. However, this large
empire plus the fact that their economy was strained due to war with Aurangzeb,
It was very difficult to control and govern such a large empire. Marathas found it
difficult to protect such a large empire from attacks by neighboring states.
[Lack of unity] Marathas were divided in many powerful families ruling small
states. There was lot of differences among local Maratha rulers. The control of
central Maratha leadership at capital city Pune was weak. The lack of unity was a
major reason of decline of Maratha Empire.
[Attack of Ahmad Shah Abdali] Maratha Empire was attacked by Afghan king
Ahmad Shah Abdali. Maratha were defeated by Afghan king in the third war of
Panipat. Major Maratha leaders and thousands of experienced Maratha soldiers
were killed. Marathas were never able to recover from this loss.

Q8 Why was Robert Clive appointed the first Governor of Bengal? [7] (M-17)
Ans: [Success in battle of Plassey 1757] Lord Clive was the commander of British
army in the battle of Plassey against the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daula. Lord
Clive was successful in bribing the commander of Siraj-ud-Daula army Mir Jaffar.
British were able to gain huge wealth and trade rights from the next ruler of
Bengal Nawab Mir Jaffar. Success in the battle of Plassey increased Clive’s
importance to the East India Company (EIC) so he was chosen as Governor of
Bengal.
[Success in the battle of Buxar 1764] Lord Clive also defeated the combine army
of the Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim, the Mughal Emperor and the Nawab of Oudh
in the battle of Buxar in 1764. British was able to capture Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
provinces. The success in the battle of Buxar changed E.I.C from a trading
company into ruler. Due to this service he was appointed as first Governor of
Bengal.

[Established Control] Lord Clive established great control for the EIC in India. By
winning several wars and implementing strategies, he was able to capture lands
such as Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Calcutta. By capturing these lands, the EIC had
monopoly of trade and produce and thus a great deal of money was being earned
and sent to Britain. In order to reward Clive, they made him the governor of
Bengal.

Q9 Explain why Britain was so successful in extending its control of the sub-
continent between 1750 and 1850. [7] (N-2016)
Ans: [Superior military] British had a strong army with better weapons to which
Indian army was no match. British were able to increase their influence due to
victories (success) in the battle of Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764) in northern
India and the Mysore wars in southern India. These victories gave them huge and
rich areas to rule and to use local resources to strengthen their position.
[Good government] in occupied areas of India E.I.C had setup a system of courts,
police and 1000 trained administrators (officers). British had appointed Governors
and Governor General to take care of occupied areas. This helped the E.I.C to run
the state affairs along British lines. The E.I.C also introduced trade laws that
favored its imports and as well as local trade.
[Indian weakness] Mughal Empire was already in decline. India was divided in
many states with different culture and religion, fighting with each other. Indian
rulers had failed to adopt modern technology. British took advantage (benefit) of
their differences and slowly defeated them by using superior weapons and
political skills.

Q10 why did the British government take control of the affairs of E.I.C in the
nineteenth century? [7]
Ans: [Importance of India] India was a source of food grain, raw material for
British industries and a huge marked for British made goods. 10% of British
income was coming from taxes on Indian trade of E.I.C. British were looking after
its interests in Middle East and Far East countries from India due to its important
location. The volume of trade was so huge that India was too valuable to be left in
hands of a private company.
[Danger of Russia] British wanted to place a regular army on Afghanistan border
to protect India from any attack by Russia. Russia had been looking for a way to
reach Indian Ocean. By way of Afghanistan, it could attack India to reach the ports
of Indian Ocean. Therefore, in order to keep Russia from any such action the
British government had to take control from E.I.C.
[Corruption of E.I.C officers] There were reports of mismanagement and
corruption by the E.I.C officers in Bengal and other officers. The company officers
forced the new Nawab of Bengal to give heavy bribe to them in the form of gifts.
Company officers were also involved in corruption in collection of taxes. Millions
of people in Bengal were killed due to food shortage. This was damaging for the
good name of British government. So British government finally decided to
abolish E.I.C.

Q11 Why did the British build railways in India during the nineteenth century? [7]
(M-17)
Ans: [Transport of raw material and goods] India was a source of raw material for
British. After industrial revolution the demand of raw material for British industry
was increasing. Railway was setup in India by British to transport raw material in
large quantity to seaports. Railway was cheapest mean of transportation. Railway
was also used to transport British goods to Indian markets to earn profit. Railway
was also used to transport food to areas hit by famine (food shortage).
[Increase British control] There was danger of attack by Russia on India. Railway
was setup to transport British army to Afghanistan border quickly. After the war
of independence railway was setup to increase the control of British over India.
British also used railway to spread British culture and ideas to different parts of
India. Railway was setup to win support of Indians because it made easy for
Indians to travel in different parts of India.
[Impose British Culture] The British, who were looking for colonization, wanted to
spread their culture, which they thought was superior to the Indian culture. By
imposing their culture, they would make the Indians adapt to it and thus would be
able to impose their control easily.
Q12 Explain why the East India Company involved in the Indian subcontinent
during the seventeenth century? [7] Or How Indians appealed E.I.C? [7] (N-2017)
Ans: 1) [Failure to setup trade with Indonesia] E.I.C was a British trading company.
E.I.C was given permission to trade by British Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 to trade
with areas located in the East of Africa. E.I.C was hoping to setup spice trade in
the East Indies (Indonesia) but Dutch had already won the control of spice trade
and would not allow any other to trade with East Indies.
2) [Permission of trade with India] After failure to setup trade with East Indies
E.I.C turned to India. First ship of E.I.C landed on Indian seaport Surat in 1608 but
permission of trade with India was given in 1612 by Governor of Gujrat. E.I.C
started trade of cotton, spices and silk from India to Europe and earned huge
profits.
3) [Location of India] Location of India was very important. E.I.C wanted to setup
seaport along the coast of India to spread trade of E.I.C to neighboring countries
of India and control over sea routes of Indian Ocean. In this way E.I.C wanted to
push other European nations like French and Portuguese out of India. British also
wanted to spread their culture and religion in other parts of the world.

Q13 The war of independence of 1857 was caused by the greased cartridge
incidence; Give reasons why you might agree or disagree with the statement. [14]
Ans: 1) [Greased Cartridges] The sparking reason for the 1857 War was the
greased cartridges issue. The British introduced new cartridges for guns which
had to be bitten before they were used. The cartridges were rumored to be made
of cow and pig fat. Cows were considered holy in Hinduism and Pigs were
considered unclean in Islam, so there was great revolt amongst the Muslim and
Hindu soldiers of the army, which became the igniting factor for the war.
2) [Military Causes] Pays of local Indian soldiers in E.I.C army were less and there
was no chance of promotion for them. Hindu soldiers in E.I.C army were forced to
travel by sea which was not allowed in Hindu religion. Teaching of Bible was
included in the training of soldiers, Indian soldiers were afraid that British would
change them into Christians. Muslim soldiers of E.I.C army were angry because
British forced them to fight in Sindh and Afghanistan against their Muslim
brothers. Hindus revolted against the decision to send soldiers to Afghanistan to
fight, because they didn’t want to leave Mother India. Due to these reasons local
soldiers of E.I.C army revolted.
3) [Religious causes] British tried to spread Christian religion in India. Hindu
custom Suttee and child marriage was banned. Hindu widows were allowed to re-
marry, which angered Hindus. British tried to change Indians to Christians. These
reforms were not welcomed by Hindu and they revolted against British.
4) [Educational reasons] Persian and Sanskrit languages were replaced by English
language as medium of education. Bible was taught in school and co-education
was introduced. Parda (veil) was banned in schools. These reforms deeply upset
both the Muslims and Hindus.
5) [Economic causes] British collected heavy taxes from Indians. (b) British forced
farmers to grow only cash crops so millions of people in Bengal were killed due to
shortage of food. Indian industry was destroyed due to cheap British goods. Large
numbers of Indians were unemployed.
6) [Cultural reasons] British considered their culture as superior (better). British
adopted insulting behavior with Indians. Indian thought that British wanted to
spread western culture through railway and telegraph wire.
7) [Political reasons] Mughal king Bahadur Shah Zafar was moved from Red fort to
a less important building Qutab Shah, Muslims of Indian considered it as an insult.
(b) British introduced doctrine of lapse. Local states were captured (taken-over)
by British after death of ruler if they got no son. British captured Jhansi, Nagpur,
Sitara and Oudh states under doctrine of Lapse. Nobles and royal families of these
states were ready to take revenge from British so they revolted.

Q14 Lack of unity was the main reason of the failure of the revolt of 1857; Do you
agree? Give reasons [14] or Q Why the revolt of 1857 failed? [7] (M-14)
Ans: (1) [Lack of Unity] There was lack of unity and spirit in Indians to gain
independence from British. There was no general plan of revolt and no attempt to
work together. The leaders of revolt were fighting for personal reasons like to get
back their states from British. The last Mughal King Bahadur shah ii was too old
and weak and was not fit to be the leader of freedom fighters. British were able
to capture Delhi in few months; it was a great setback for freedom fighters.
2) [Punjab and Sindh] The Punjab and Sindh was conquered by British with the
help of Soldiers from Bengal and central India. When the same soldiers from
Bengal and central India had revolted against British few years later the people
and Punjab and Sindh were not interested to help them.
3) [Local rulers] Many local rulers provided help to British like ruler of Nepal,
Hyderabad and Kashmir. Raja of Kashmir provided 2000 soldiers to British. Due to
these loyal rulers of British were able to keep control of large part of India. The
Sikhs of Punjab assisted the British to regain Delhi. The princes were selfish and
wanted to establish self-rule, so they also assisted the British
4) [Lack of Leadership]. The war was spread over a few places, starting from
Meerut it spread to Delhi, Lucknow, Allahabad, etc., and all these regions had
their own leaders. Bahadur Shah 2 commanded Delhi, Hazrat Mahal led Lucknowi
forces, and other leaders commanded other regions, but there was absolutely no
coordination. No leader was capable enough of running the armies and many
were captured by the British, meaning that many armies had no leader at all and
were driven by their will alone.
5) [British strength] British Navy provided supply of fresh weapons and soldiers to
British in India. British had more wealth and could fight long wars. British got
better weapons and modern methods of fighting; British army was more trained
and disciplined so they were able to defeat freedom fighters.

6 [No Common Cause] There was no common cause, and this was the reason for
the lack of unity. Muslims wanted to bring back Muslim rule, and Hindus wanted
that the power should be in hand of Hindu rulers. Due to this, the concept of
nationalism was absent among the Indian people, and most of the local fighters
were interested in their personal security and wellbeing.

Q15 The war of Independence achieved nothing. Do you agree? Explain [14]
Ans: (1) [Reaction towards Muslims] Muslims were considered as responsible for
revolt. Muslims were refused from jobs and their madrassas (schools) were
closed. Last Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah ii was taken to Burma and all his sons
were killed. Property of Muslims was taken and distributed (given) to non-
Muslims. Freedom fighters were hanged.
2) [Queens Proclamation] E.I.C and doctrine of lapse were abolished (ended).
British would not interfere in religion of local people. British crown took direct
control of India. Governor General was renamed as viceroy. Secretary of Indian
affairs was appointed to take care of affairs of India. The number British soldiers
in Indian army were increased. Bengali soldiers were replaced by Punjabi. (g)
Roads, school, hospitals were setup for welfare of Indians.
3) [Changes in British Indian army] British became careful in matters of army.
Bengali soldiers were replaced by Punjabi and Gorkha soldiers. The number of
British soldiers was increased in army. Cannons were kept under control of British
soldiers. Posts of junior commission officers were created for Indian soldiers.
4) [Political struggle] Indians had learned the lesson they could not defeat British
army. Political struggle was started by Indians to get independence. Indians began
to develop political awareness and setup political parties like Congress and
Muslim League. New Indian leadership and reformers appeared in India society.
5) [Indian Undermined] The WOI 1857 achieved nothing for Indians who were
defeated and crushed by the British. Delhi was captured eventually. Later
Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad, Gwalior, Jhansi were brought under full control of
the British. The plan and effort of Indian rebel forces to throw the British out of
India failed badly. By July 1858 all uprising was suppressed and the British had
brought the whole of India under their control.
Q15 Why did Sir Syed found the Aligarh movement? [7] (June-11)
Ans: [Muslim relations with British] The British had put all responsibility of the
war of independence on the Muslims and adopted revengeful (cruel/harsh) policy
towards Muslim so Sir Syed Ahmad Khan started a lifelong movement to remove
bad feelings between British and Muslims. Sir Syed also tried to convince Muslims
to remain loyal to British because British were in full control. It was useless to
fight with British at that time.
[Convince Muslims to learn Western education] Hindus were quick to learn
western education in this way they had gained lot of influence. It was necessary
to improve the social and economic position of Muslims by encouraging
(convincing) them to receive Western education and take up posts in the civil
services and army.
[Political awareness] Hindus were trying to take advantage of poor relations
between Muslims and the British. Sir Syed tried to increase political awareness of
the Muslim community in order to make them aware of the threat to their
position from the Hindu policy of co-operation with the British.
Q16 Why did Sir Syed Ahmed khan try to improve relation between Muslim and
British? [7] (N-2014)
Ans: [to soften British policy towards Muslims] at the end of the revolt of 1857
British put the responsibility of revolt on Muslim shoulders and adopted
revengeful policy towards them. Muslims were denied from jobs and their
property was taken by British. Sir Syed realized the serious situation of Indian
Muslim and tried to remove British bad feeling towards them. Sir Syed started a
lifelong movement to make British understand the Muslim better.
[To improve social status of Muslims] Muslims were backward in education due to
their hatred towards western ideas and British. Sir Syed believed that the Muslims
had to accept British as rulers and remain loyal to them. Sir Syed tried to convince
Muslim to learn English and modern education to get proper share in government
services. Sir Syed tried to improve social status of Muslims in India through
western education and good relations with British rulers.
[To create awareness amongst the Muslims] Sir Syed realized that due to
misunderstandings between the two groups, the Hindus were growing in power
and were becoming closer to the British, and he knew that soon they would be
part of the administration whereas the Muslims would be left behind. He wanted
to promote better relations between the two groups so that Muslims could
counter possible Hindu dominance.

Q17 What were the Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's most significant contributions to the
improvement of education among Muslims? [7]
Ans: (1) [Modern education] (a) Muslims were backward in education. Sir Syed
advised Muslims to learn English and modern education to get government jobs
and increases their social status. (b) Muslim were worried due to teaching of Bible
in government school so Sir Syed had setup schools at Muradabad and Ghazipur
to provide education to Muslim children.
2) [Scientific society] Scientific society was setup by Sir Syed in 1863 at Ghazipore
to translate books of natural and social science from English, Persian and Arabic
to Urdu to provide scientific knowledge to large number of Muslims.
3) [M.A.O College] (a) He visited Britain in 1869 to observe their system of
education. He was impressed by Cambridge University so Sir Syed set up M.A.O
school at Aligarh in 1875 to provide education to Muslim. Later School was
upgraded (promoted) to college then in University. (b) Many important Muslim
leaders were educated from Aligarh who took part in Pakistan movement like
Liaquat Ali Khan.
4) [Muhammadan Educational conference] He set up Muhammadan educational
conference in 1886 to solve educational problem of Muslims of India and to
spread new teaching methods of Aligarh. Its aim was to increase educational
standard of Muslims.

Q18 In what way did Sir Syed Ahmed khan seek to improve relation between the
Muslim of Subcontinent and British? [7]
Ans: (1) [The Causes of revolt] British considered Muslims as responsible of the
revolt of 1857. British adopted revengeful policy towards Muslim. Sir Syed tried to
improve Muslim relation with British by writing a pamphlet “The Causes of revolt"
in it he pointed out wrong policies of E.I.C. He pointed out that poor management
of E.I.C army and forceful change of Muslim to Christianity was the main causes of
revolt.
2) [Loyal Muhammadan of India] in this work he wrote services of various
Muslims for E.I.C to show that all Muslim of India were not against British rule. At
the same time he called on the British to end bad feeling towards Muslims.
3) [Commentary on Bible] Sir Syed believed that British and Muslim knew very
little about each other so he wrote an explanation of Bible (Tabyin-ul-Kalam). Sir
Syed stated that Islam allowed Muslim to eat and marry with Christian. He also
pointed out similarities between both religions.
4) [Nadarath word] Muslim called British 'Nadarath'. British consider it as an
abusive word. Sir Syed explained that Nadarath word came from Arabic word
Nasir means helper, in order to remove misunderstandings.

Q19 How important was the political services of Sir Syed for Indian Muslims? [7]
Ans: (1) [Two-Nation theory] Urdu was developed in Muslim rule over India and
was symbol of Muslim culture but Sir Syed was disappointed by Hindus when they
tried to replace Urdu by Hindi as second official language of India so Sir Syed
presented Two-Nation theory in which he declared Muslim and Hindu as two
separate nations of India.
2) [Congress] Sir Syed advised Muslim not to join Congress because it was a Hindu
party and only working for the rights of Hindu community. Sir Syed setup
Muhammadan Patriotic Alliance to protect Muslim rights, Muslim were not
allowed to perform Azan and cow slaughtering in many areas.
3) [Separate elections] Sir Syed was also worried by new system of election
introduced by British in India in which members of councils were chosen by
election. Muslim were in minority so Sir Syed demanded separate electorate for
Muslims, Sir Syed also demanded reserved seats for Muslim in government jobs
because educational standard of Muslim was lower than Hindus.

Q Why Sir Syed presented two nations theory? [7]

Ans: 1) [Urdu-Hindi controversy] Urdu was second official language during British
rule over India. In 1867 Hindus from Banaras city tried to replace Urdu by Hindi
language. Sir Syed considered Urdu as symbol of Muslim culture in India, earlier
Sir Syed believed in Hindu-Muslim unity but he was so disappointed by Hindus
that he declared Muslim and Hindu living in India as separate nations.
2) [Congress attitude] Congress was demanding to hold Civil Services exams in
India. Sir Syed knew that Muslims were backward in education so there was little
chance for Muslims to get seats in Civil Services. He demanded that government
jobs should be reserved for Muslims according to their population because
Muslims of India were a separate nation.
3) [ Differences between Hindus and Muslims] The language of the two nations
wasn’t the only thing different about them. They followed different religions,
which both had ideas that conflicted with each other. Their culture and practices
were widely different due to their religion. These differences had been the reason
for blood hatred between the two communities and SSAK realized that they were
not meant to live together.

Q20 Why Urdu was chosen as national language of Pakistan at the time of
independence? [7] (M-15)
Ans: (1) [Historical reasons] Urdu was developed in 300 years of Muslim rule over
India and was symbol of Muslim culture. During freedom movement Muslim
leaders made speeches in Urdu. Muslim league defended Urdu during British rule.
Sir Syed Khan presented his Two Nation Theory on the basis of the Hindi-Urdu
Controversy, and thus upheld the integrity of the language.
2) [Increase unity in Pakistan] Urdu was widely spoken in the most of areas of
Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam was keen to adopt Urdu as national language of Pakistan.
Quaid thought that Urdu would increase unity in Pakistan because most of the
people could understand it.
3) [Developed Language] Urdu was used as medium of education in areas
included in Pakistan before independence. Quran was already translated in Urdu.
Urdu grammar, dictionary and literature were developed. Terms of office work
were already in Urdu so it was suitable language to be adopted as official
language. Urdu books and newspaper were published before independence.

Q21 Urdu was promoted more than any other language; Do you agree? Give
reasons. [14]
Ans: [Sindhi language] (a) Sindhi was written in Marwari and ArzNigari ways which
were changed into Arabic script (writing). (b) Sindhi is used as of official language
in Sindh province. (c) Sindhi is used as medium of education in Sindh. (d) Sindhi
literary board was setup in 1948 to print books and magazines in Sindhi language.
(e) Sindhiology department in Jamshoro University offers master degree in Sindhi
language. (f) Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Maula and Sarmast academy were founded to
promote Sindhi language. These organizations have published books in Sindhi and
also carry out research work on Sindhi language. (g) Pir Ali Muhammad Rashdi,
Faqir Nabi Bux and G. Allana are important authors working to promote Sindhi
language. (h) Sindhi international conference is held every year to promote
Sindhi.
2) [Punjabi language] (a) Punjabi is the largest regional (local) language used in
Punjab. (b) Punjabi is taught as optional subject in colleges. The provincial
government of Punjab supports every organization that promotes Punjabi
language. (c) Master degree in Punjabi is offered by Punjab University Lahore. (e)
M.Ali Faiq has translated the Holy Quran in Punjabi. (f) Punjabi films, music,
theatre and channels are very popular. (g) Baba Farid, Sultan Bahu were famous
Punjabi poets, their Sufi poetry is translated in many languages. (h) Punjabi folk
romantic stories like Heer Ranjha, Sussi-Punnu are translated in many languages.
(i) Munir Niazi and Ahmad Rahi are famous Punjabi writers of 20th century.
3) [Pushto language] (a) Pushto language is regional language of K.P.K. (b) Pushto
academy was setup in 1954 to promote Pushto literature. (c) Pushto academy has
prepared Pushto dictionary and published many books in Pushto. Master degree
classes in Pashto literature is offered (available) at University level in K.P.K. (d)
Pushto remained attached (linked) with freedom movement. Rehman Baba is
famous poet and Khushal khan khattak is known famous Pashto writer.
4) [Balochi language] (a) before partition Balochi language was declining. (b) The
Balochi literary association was setup to promote Balochi language. (c) Nan
kessam and Olassis are popular Balochi magazines which have been published
after 1947. (d) Many poets like Attashad and writers like Jamal din are working to
promote Balochi language. (e) PTV Quetta and Radio station Karachi broad-cast
(telecast/put on air) programmes in Balochi language. (f) A weekly magazine
known as "Nan Kessan" was published. A monthly known as "Olassis" was also
published.
5) [Urdu Language] (a) Urdu is declared as national language of Pakistan. It is
promised in 1973 constitution that Pakistan government will take steps to set up
Urdu as official language of Pakistan. Speeches are made in Urdu in assemblies.
Urdu is used as official language in lower courts and offices. (b) Urdu compulsory
subject. All major universities of Pakistan offer master degree and PhD degree in
Urdu. Organizations like Anjuman-e-Taraqq-i-Urdu and national language
authority have done good work for promotion of Urdu language. (c) A large
number of magazines and news papers are publisned in Urdu. Urdu software,
dictionary and encyclopedia has been prepared. Work of important Urdu poets
such as Ghalib, Iqbal and Faiz has been translated into other languages. A vast
amount of religious literature has been produced in Urdu. A dictionary of office
terms in Urdu has been published. TV and Radio programmers are put on air in
Urdu.

Q22 Why have regional languages been promoted by Pakistan government since
1947? [7] (M-13)
Ans: [increase unity] Regional languages are important because they are spoken
by large number of people. The government is promoting (helping) regional
languages to keep them alive. It will increase unity in the country. Promotion
(help/support) of these languages will protect local cultures and create (make) a
sense of pride (self-respect) among their speakers.
2) [Historical reasons] Pasto literature carries a strong element (part/factor) of
resistance (opposition) against foreign rule, such element of resistance is found in
the poetry of Khushal khan and Rehman Baba. Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and even
Balochi have a vast literature and had an important role in independence
movement and making of Pakistan. It was necessary (important) to promote
(support) these Languages.
3) [To avoid provincialism] Urdu was declared as national language of Pakistan.
Promotion of regional (local) languages was needed because people of different
provinces may not feel that Urdu was being forced on them and their language
was being ignored. Language issue was the major cause of the separation of East
Pakistan so government has decided to promote regional languages. Balochi
language was declining before 1947. Therefore, Balochi was promoted
(supported) to bring it at the level of other languages.
Q23 Why was the Shimla deputation of 1906 an important turning point for the
Muslims of the sub-continent? [7]
Ans: [Muslim relation with British] Muslim relation with British were improved
and it also removed bad feelings between them. Shimla deputation proved that
Sir Syed efforts (hard work) to improve Muslim relation with British were
successful. British were ready to work with Muslim.
2) [Promotion of Muslim rights] Shimla deputation increased confidence and
political awareness (understanding) in Muslims to struggle for their rights. Muslim
demand of separate electorates was accepted. Due to right of separate
electorates fixed number of Muslim members became part of councils. Weightage
for Muslims in all elected bodies was accepted.
3) [Establishment of Muslim League] Shimla deputation showed that Muslims had
no faith (trust) in Congress party so they set up Muslim league. Many Muslims left
Congress party and joined Muslim League. Due to Muslim League Muslims of
India had become more united and organized. Muslim belief that they could play
separate role in Indian politics increased. Muslim belief in two nation theory
became stronger. Later it had set up the way for separated home land for the
Muslims of India.

Q24 Why Muslim league was founded in 1906? [7] (N-14) (Write any three points)
Ans: [Fear of Hindu parties] Muslims were worried due to activities of Hindu
militant (extremist) groups like Tilak and Arya Samaj. Tilak was trying to ban cow
slaughtering and Arya Samaj was trying to change Muslims to Hindu by force.
Muslims realized that their religion and culture were in danger so they set up a
Muslim League to protect Muslims rights.
2) [Role of Congress] The Congress was trying to declare (make) Hindi as official
language. The partition of Bengal was in interest of Muslims but Congress was
opposing it. Muslims realized the Congress was only working for Hindu rights. It
was necessary to set up a Muslim party to protect Muslim interests (rights).
3) [Success of Simla deputation] When British government announced to increase
role of Indians in government through election, Muslims were worried because
they were in minority. Muslim leaders decided to take some serious action. At
Simla positive reply of Viceroy Minto towards Muslim demand of separate
electorate realized Muslims the importance of joint efforts so they established
Muslim league to protect Muslim rights.
4) [Two Nation theory] Muslim belief in two nation theory was increasing with the
passage of time. Educated Muslim class wanted to play an independent role in
Indian politics, they wanted to improve their relation with British and get better
terms for Muslims. They had realized that in order to get what they wanted, their
only pathway was cooperation with the British and thus for this cause, Muslim
league was setup in 1906.
5) [To show that Muslims were a majority of India] The Congress President had
said the only major communities of India were the British and Hindus. This was
extremely disrespectful to the Muslims, and they realized that unless true Muslim
strength in India was showcased, they wouldn’t be able to get role in
administration. Thus, the Muslim league was setup
6) [Protection of Urdu] The Hindi-Urdu Controversy began with the demand of
Hindus to replace Urdu by Hindi as the official language in Deva Nagri Script. Sir
Anthony McDonald, the governor of UP ousted Urdu from public offices. Congress
clearly sided with Hindi and supported the movement against Urdu and there was
no other political party to support Urdu. Thus, the need of formation of a Muslim
political party of their own was felt severely.

Q25 Why partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911? [7] (J-14)

Ans: (1) [Hindu opposition] (a) Hindus celebrated black day on 16th October, the
day on which Bengal was divided. (b) Congress organized public meetings,
gatherings and hunger strikes against the partition of Bengal. (c) Hindu news
papers published articles against partition of Bengal.
2) [Swadeshi movement] Congress started Swadeshi movement in which Hindus
refused to buy British goods. Hindus had started to use Indian made cloth and
products to put pressure on British. British made goods were set on fire. Sale of
British goods in Indian markets reduced clearly. So the British had to reverse
(change) the decision of partition of Bengal.
3) [Terrorist activities] Government building was set at fire. Hindus tried to
murder Lord Minto twice. Attacks were made on British officers; many were killed
in these attacks. Trains and telegraph lines were a constant (fixed/set) target of
attacks. Hindu-Muslim clashes (fightings/quarrels) were common. Houses and
property of Muslim was set at fire. At last British had to bow down before the
Hindu opposition and thus reversed the partition of Bengal.
4) [Lack of Muslim League influence] Congress was an old party and got lot of
influence. Muslim league was not organized to face the efforts of Congress to
reverse the partition of Bengal.
5) [New viceroy] Lord Curzon who had decided partition of Bengal was no more
viceroy of India so it was easy for new Viceroy to reserve (change) partition of
Bengal. British wanted to change capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi so they
changed the decision of the partition of Bengal to reduce Hindu opposition on
change of capital city.

Q26 Why did the Congress Party oppose the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909? [7]
(June-13)
Ans: Congress opposed Morley-Minto reforms in 1909 due to number of reasons.
[Lack of role of Indians] (a) Congress was demanding for self rule but no real role
was given to Indians in government affairs (matters). The role of councils was only
advisory. (b) Members of councils were only given chance to express their opinion
without any power to change government policy. (c) Members of the Councils
were not allowed to discuss foreign affairs and government relations with Princely
States. (d) The number of nominated (official) members was in majority in
councils. (e) Morley clearly stated that these reforms should not be seen as a step
toward self rule in India.
2) [Separate electorate] Muslims right of separate electorate was disliked by
Congress. Congress was in favour of joint elections. Congress believed that it
would increase divide in India and other communities would also demand for
reserved seats. Congress considered separate electorate as old British policy of
“divide and rule” to destroy the national feelings. (b) Congress was also angry due
to high position of Muslim league in councils. Muslim league members were given
importance equal to Congress, despite the Muslims were in minority.
3) [Voting rights] (a) Voting rights were given to small part of population because
only the owner of large property was allowed to vote. (b) Landlords and members
of the chamber of commerce were given too much importance, only Indians loyal
to British from upper classes, could reach the Legislative Councils. (c) Women
were not allowed to vote. Indirect methods of election were against the basic
principles of democracy.

Q27 Explain why the Lucknow pact of 1916 came about? [7] (June-2013)
Ans: Lucknow pact was an agreement on upcoming reforms between Congress
and Muslim league in 1916 due to number of reasons.
1) [Change in Muslim league policy] (a) Language issue spoiled Muslim relation
with British government when Hindi was also set as second official language.
Moreover reverse of the partition of Bengal realized (showed) Muslim that they
can't depend on British promises. (b) Muslim league added the demand of self-
rule in its policy in 1912 which improved Muslim league relations with Congress
so both parties were ready to sign Lucknow pact.
2) [Cruel British policies] The failure of the British to give more rights to Indian in
the period up to 1914, and cruel policies of British during World War 1 brought
Congress and Muslim league closer to each other. Muslim league believed
(thought) that if they wished to protect their political rights, they had to work
with all political parties of India. So Muslim League signed Lucknow pact with
Congress.
3) [Jinnah efforts] Mr. Jinnah was a strong supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. He
believed that joint demands would put more pressure on the British. With the
efforts of Mr. Jinnah Congress and Muslim league held their annual sessions
(meetings) in Bombay in 1915. Congress and Muslim League decided to improve
common understanding on key issues (matters). Both parties signed Lucknow pact
in a joint session in 1916.
4) [Congress view] Congress wanted to solve differences with Muslim league to
reduce hurdles (problems) in the way of upcoming reforms, so it was ready to
give some concessions (rights) to Muslims. In Lucknow pact Congress accepted
separate electorate and one third seats for Muslim in councils. Some Hindu
became convinced that Hindu-Muslim problem was so deep-rooted that some
sort of partition would be necessary.

Q28 Why British government had passed Rowlatt Act in 1919? [7]
Ans: [To keep strong grip over India] British had given many concessions to
Indians in Montague Chelmsford reforms. British hoped that they would win the
support of Indian people due to these reforms. Major political parties of India
were not satisfied by these reforms. British had wish of taking strong action
against any element in India which opposed British rule. Rowlatt Act was
introduced by British to keep strong grip over India.
[Proposals of Rowlatt Committee] British were worried due to growing opposition
of British rule in India. Indians had setup many secret groups. Many European
people were killed in attacks made by these secret Indians groups. Rowlett
Committee under Justice Rowlatt was setup by British government to check
(examine) the situation. Rowlatt Committee advised to increase the powers of
police to control the situation. Rowlatt Act was introduced by British in the light of
proposals of Rowlatt Committee.

Q29 Why Montague Chelmsford reforms of 1919 were opposed by Indians? [7]
(N-2015)
Ans: [Failed to meet Indian wishes] The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were
introduced by British in 1919. British hoped that Indians would welcome these
reforms but they were wrong. A large number of Indians had taken part in First
World War from British side. Indian were hoping more share in government
affairs due to their services and sacrifices for British in First World War. Muslim
league and Congress were upset by these reforms because real power was still in
the hands of Viceroy.
[Separate electorate] Separate electorate was given to Muslims in Montague
Chelmsford reforms. Low caste Hindus and Sikhs were also demanding for
separate electorate. British had granted separate electorate to them. Congress
was opposing Montague Chelmsford reforms because the right of separate
electorate had increased divisions within Indian society.
[Diarchy System] Congress and Muslim League were demanding that full control
over provincial government should be given to Indian. But British had introduced
diarchy system in provinces. All important subjects of provinces like police and
justice were kept in control of Governors. While subject given to Indian ministers
were less important like education and health. Indian ministers were appointed
by Viceroy

Q30 Which reform was most successful in resolving the political problems
between 1909 to 1919 either by British, Muslim league or Congress? Comment.
[14] (Oct-11)
Ans: [Morley-Minto reforms: 1909] The Morley-Minto reforms were introduced
by the British Government in an attempt to satisfy Indian demands. It increased
the members of the Legislative Council to 60, and for provincial legislatures, seats
were increased to 50 for Bombay, Madras, and Bengal, and 30 for others.
Separate Electorates were granted to Muslims, and the GG had to include 1 Indian
in his Executive Coucil
However, most of the reform was unsuccessful. Indians were still angry that self-
rule hadn’t been granted, and the seats increased in the Legislative Council were
useless, because their mere function was to be advisory, and thus didn’t have any
control over the actual decisions. The voting rights were still unacceptable, which
showed that Britain didn’t want Indians to have any hand in deciding the future of
their own country.

[Lucknow Pact: 1916] (a) It was signed between congress and Muslim league in
1916 on future reforms. (b) Separate electorate for Muslim was agreed. (c) One-
third seats were reserved for Muslims in centre. (d) Self government in Provinces
was agreed. (e) Principle of weightage was agreed. (f) The number elected
members in councils should be increased. (g) It was first time when Hindus and
Muslims had made joint demands from British. (i)The pact increased unity and
cooperation between Hindu and Muslim communities.
[Montague-Chelmsford reforms: 1919] Central legislature included two houses,
council of state was upper house and central assembly was lower house with
majority of elected members, and total number of members was increased to 144
members for the lower house and 60 members for the upper house. 108
members council of Princes was setup with little power. Separate electorate was
given to most of the minorities such as the Sikhs. Voting rights were given to 2%
of population.
However, much of the reform was still unsatisfactory. The system of Diarchy was
introduced in the provinces, which meant joint ruling. However, Indians were give
unimportant subjects such as Food, Education etc. whereas important subjects
such as Defense and Finance were reserved for the British. Voting rights were still
discriminatory and showed that India was yet to become the free state the
Indians imagined
[Rowlatt Act] The Rowlatt Act imposed by Lord Rowlatt took away many basic
rights of Indians in an attempt to control the Indian population. Gatherings were
banned, and arrest without bail or warrant was allowed. This was extremely
unfair for the Indians, who resented this act and protested at Jallianwala Bagh.
There, General Dyer arrived with his army and fired onto the crowd killing nearly
300 people. Thus the act caused much resentment and was thus extremely
unsuccessful.
Q31 Was the introduction of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 the sole cause of violence in
India during 1919 and 1920? Explain your answer. [14] (M-16)
Ans: [The Rowlatt Act] caused protest in India because it was against the basic
principles of British justice like trial by jury (board of judges) and safeguards
against unlawful arrest. Police was allowed to arrest anybody without warrant
(permission of Judge) and bail was not given to arrested people. These measures
were very cruel. Provincial government could order people to live in a particular
(given) place. Public meetings were also not allowed. Strikes and protest took
place against Rowlatt Act. Situation became worse (very bad) when British
banned to print any news or article against British rule.
[The Amritsar massacre] took place in 1919 when 400 Indians were shot dead and
1200 injured, including women and children, for holding meeting without
permission of government. General Dyer was retired from service for ordering the
shooting at peaceful Indian people. General Dyer’s statements in favour of killing
Indians were supported by British media. Indians were insulted (upset) by General
Dyer’s point of view and result was more violence (disorder/unrest).
[The Montagu-Chelmsford reforms in 1919] were introduced by British in 1919 in
India, most of the powers were kept in the hands of central government. Large
numbers of Indians were taking part in First World War from British side. Indians
were hoping for greater share in government affairs. These measures were
opposed, in some cases violently, and a deep mistrust of the British government
grew.
[Hindu religious groups] In early 1920s many religious groups were spoiling
(destroying) relations between Hindu and Muslim communities of India. Hindu
extremist parties like Arya Samaj and Hindu Mahasabha ware involved in attacks
on Muslims. These groups were also trying to change Muslims and Christians into
Hindu.

Q32 Why did the Khilafat Movement emerge (started)? [7] (N-2016)
Ans: (1) [To protect Caliph] Turkey was defeated by Britain and France in First
World War. Muslims all over the world were worried about the future of Turkey
because Turkish Caliph was believed as religious and political leader of all Muslims
in the world. Indian Muslims were also upset about the future of Turkish Caliph.
So, the Khilafat Movement was started in 1919 by Ali brothers to protect the
Caliph.
2) [To protect holy places] Holy places Makkah, Medina and Jerusalem were also
located in Turkey. The Muslims of India feared that after fall (defeat) of Turkey
the holy places would be in the control of non-Muslims. Muslims were worried
about safety (respect) of holy places. Therefore, Khilafat movement was started
to protect holy places.
3) [To protect Turkey] British had promised during the First World War that they
would not remove Caliph of Turkey to make sure that Indian Muslim soldiers in
British army would remain loyal to them. But after the war there were news from
Europe that British and French were planning to divide Turkey and remove Caliph.
Indian Muslim started Khilafat movement to convince (force) Britain not to divide
Turkey in parts.
4) [Unrest in India] During the First World War British put in jail many Muslim
leaders to stop opposition in India against war with Turkey, later Rowlett act and
Amritsar massacre also angered Indians as a result Khilafat movement was
started. Congress also joined khilafat movement to attain self-rule.

Q33 Was the migration to Afghanistan (Hijrat) the most important reason why the
Khilafat Movement failed? Explain your answer. [14] or Q Why Khilafat movement
failed? [14] (M-17)
Ans: Khilafat movement failed due to number of reasons
1) [Khilafat delegation] A delegation led by Muhammad Ali Jauhar visited Europe
and demanded that Turkey should not be divided and caliph of Turkey should not
be removed, British Prime Minister George Lloyd rejected (refused) these
demands can be considered as major cause of the failure the Khilafat movement.
2) [Migration to Afghanistan] Muslim religious leaders declared India as Dar-ul-
hareb. Prominent Muslims scholars had commanded Muslims of India to migrate
to Afghanistan and struggle for freedom of India from Afghanistan. 18000
Muslims migrated (moved) from India to Afghanistan where they were not
welcomed by Afghan government. On return these Muslim found themselves
homeless and jobless. Khilafat movement became unpopular due to this action.
3) [Arrest of Maulana Muhammad Ali] In 1921 in third Khilafat conference Muslim
were advised not to join British army and police, British were so upset that Ali
brothers were jailed. They were the main leaders after their arrest Khilafat
movement slowed down. The Movement was now deprived of its leaders, and
around 30,000 supporters of the movement were put in jail. The caliphate and
the people of Turkey had no interest in Indian politics, and great Muslim leaders
like Jinnah and Allama Iqbal were against the movement.
4) [Chauri-Chaura incident] In 1922 at Chauri-Chaura a crowd set at fire a police
station in which 21 police men were killed. Mr. Gandhi called off Non-cooperation
movement due to growing violence (unrest). It was great setback for Khilafat
movement.
5) [Action of Kamal Pasha] In 1924 new Turkish government under Kamal Pasha
abolished Khilafat and forced Khilafat Muhammad iv to leave Turkey. Khilafat
movement was based on saving the Khilafat. The people to Turkey had
themselves finished Khilafat. The Khilafat movement in India also came to an end.
6) [Mopla uprising] in 1922 the Mopla Muslims of Malabar started fighting with
Hindu Land lords. The property and temples of Hindu community was destroyed.
Hindu and Muslim clashes also started Northern India. Hindu-Muslim unity
decreased also harmed Khilafat movement. Then at Tirur, nearly 10,100 Moplahs
destroyed the police station, and British Troops intervened to stop the uprising.
More than 4000 Moplahs were killed, whilst the British suffered less than 100
casualties. This incident divided Hindus and Muslims and thus caused hindrance in
Khilafat Movement

Q Why was the Simon commission Report rejected? [7] (N-2016)

Ans: [No Indian member] The Simon Commission Report did not satisfy the major
political parties of India. In fact, all the seven members of the commission were
British. Congress and Muslim League therefore rejected the team by declaring it
an “all white body”. The Indians wanted their role in the process of making the
future constitution for India. So, all political parties of India took it as an insult and
rejected the Commission.
[Unacceptable proposals] The proposals of the Report failed to satisfy (please)
major political parties Congress and Muslim League. The Congress wanted a
federal type of government with most of the powers in the control of central
government, while the Muslim League wanted a central government with weak
control and most of the powers in the hand of provincial government. The Muslim
League was also upset by the Report because one-third seats were not given to
Muslims in central assembly.
[To show opposition] A major reason why the Simon commission was rejected
because the people of India wanted to show that they didn’t want to be ruled by
the British, and they wanted self-rule. The Indians organized large scale protests
to show opposition to British rule in India and they wanted to express that they
should also get a say in how their country is run.

Q34 Which of the following was the most important in the development of the
Pakistan Movement? (i) the Nehru Report, 1928 (ii) Jinnah’s 14 Points, 1929 (iii)
the Government of India Act, 1935 Explain your answer with reference to all three
of the above. [14] (N-2017)
[Nehru Report] Anti-Muslim policies were adopted in Nehru report even it was set
up by all parties of India. Nehru report demanded that Hindi should be official
language of India. Report also asked to abolish (end) separate electorate and one-
third seats for Muslims in central assembly.
Rights of Muslims were ignored in this report. Nehru report was rejected by all
major Muslim leaders. Unity (cooperation) created between Muslims and
Congress due to Lucknow pact of 1916 ended due to Nehru report. Jinnah
described this event as “the parting of the ways”. He would not try to bring
together Congress with the Muslim League again.

[Jinnah’s 14 Points 1929] were the answer to the failure of Simon Commission
proposals and the Nehru report. The 14 points had set up the demands of any
future discussion of Muslims with Congress or the British government. These
demands were also to form the basis of the Muslim demand of separate
homeland. In fourteen points Jinnah wanted to have (a) a federal type of
government with provincial self-rule (b) 1/3 of seats should be reserved (kept) for
Muslim in central assembly (c) right of separate electorate for Muslim (d) seats in
Punjab and Bengal according to Muslim population (e) all basic freedoms must be
given to the minorities (f) no bill should be passed if 3/4 members of any
community reject it (g) any change in borders of provinces must not reduce
Muslim majority in Punjab and Bengal. Fourteen points clearly convinced the
British that Muslims and Hindus were two separate nations.
Jinnah presented his 14 points to safeguard and protect the interests of Muslims.
The demand of separate electorates, establishment of Sindh and giving proper
status to NWFP and Baluchistan were to strengthen Muslim majority areas and
were important steps towards giving proper identity to a Muslim nation. The 14
points showed Muslims their eventual objective and destination

[The Government of India Act] It was the last major Act set up by British before
independence. Federal system of government was set up in the act of 1935 in
which less powers were given to provinces. Federal government would remain in
the hands of Congress because Hindu were in majority. Autonomy was given to
all provinces and system of diarchy was removed at this level, and moved up to
federal level. New provinces of Sindh, Orissa and NWFP were formed and voting
rights were increased to 15%.
The Act of 1935 was an unusual piece of constitutional legislation that remained a
source of future constitutional reforms in the subcontinent Muslims were made
dependent on Congress for their rights. Muslims were convinced that enough
protections were not given to minorities in the act so ideas about the Pakistan
Movement began to develop. The Act was also important because it was the basis
of the future constitution decided for the separate nation, Pakistan.

Q35 Why was Allama Iqbal asked to chair the Muslim League at Allahabad in
1930? [7] (N-17)
Ans: [Personality of Iqbal] He was suitable, educated and was the best leader as
Jinnah was not yet ready to accept the Two Nation Theory. He was a famous
Muslim poet of India. His poetry had awakened a sense of nationhood among
Muslims and he advised them to be active in making progress. He was so
respected by Muslims of India that he was asked to chair the Muslim League at
Allahabad.
[Freedom from British rule] He was a well-respected, convincing leader. He had
full confidence of the Muslims of India. He was the first important Muslim leader
to advocate (promote) the partition of India and the making of a separate Muslim
state independent from British rule. He was against British rule over India because
conquest (takeover) of weak nations by strong nations was against Muslim
beliefs. Due to his opposition of British rule he was asked to chair Muslim League.
[Organized Muslim League] He convinced many Muslims that the Muslim League
should be organized into an effective political party to challenge the domination
(influence) of the Congress party. He views had inspired (motivated) Muslims of
India. He was successful in making Muslim League popular in Punjab where there
was large influence of Unionist party. Due to his struggle for Muslim League he
was asked to chair Muslim League.

Q36 Why did Jinnah produce his 14 points in 1929? Or Why Nehru Report was
rejected? [7] (M-15)
Ans: [Nehru report] Nehru report was presented in 1928 as proposals for new
reforms. Many points of Nehru report were against Muslim interest. Nehru report
rejected separate electorate for Muslims and one-third seats for Muslim in central
government. Nehru report also wanted to Hindi as official language. Jinnah
demanded changes in Nehru report like one-third seats for Muslims in central
government, seats in Punjab and Bengal according to Muslim population and lose
federal type of government. Jinnah demands were rejected by Congress so Jinnah
presented his famous 14 points to protect Muslim rights.
[To promote Muslim rights] Jinnah presented fourteen points to protect Muslim
rights. Jinnah stated Nehru report as parting of ways. It convinced Muslim that
Hindu and Muslim were two separate nations. Jinnah stated that fourteen points
would be base of every negotiation of Muslims either with Congress or British.
Fourteen points also formed the basis of future Muslim demand of separate
homeland.
[Simon Commission] The Simon Commission had rejected the rights of both the
Muslims and Hindus alike. When Jinnah put out his Delhi Proposals, they were
also not accepted by the Commission. Jinnah realized that soon, the British were
about to announce another set of reforms, so he put out his 14 points so that he
could make clear what the Muslims wanted in those reforms.
Q37 Why were three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932? [7]
(J-2014)
[Failure of Simon Commission] Simon Commission came to India in 1927 for
discussing next constitutional reforms with Indian political leaders. The
commission was boycotted by Congress and Muslim League because there was no
Indian member included in Simon Commission. It was clear that commission could
not address the Indian concerns. The Indians thought it as a plan to delay self-
rule. When Simon published his report in 1930, it suggested that a Round Table
Conference should be organized in London to discuss the constitutional reforms
with Indian political leaders.
[Failure of Nehru Committee] Nehru Committee was set up by the All-Parties
Conference in 1928 to prepare proposals for new reform according to will of all
major political parties. But the committee completely ignored the Muslim views.
The two big parties failed to solve their differences on upcoming reforms so the
British arranged a series of three Round Table Conferences in London.
[Failure of RTC] The first Round Table Conference failed due to Congress boycott,
Congress was the largest party of India so it was impossible to set up reforms
without their will. Therefore, a second R.T.C was planned. Second RTC failed due
to Gandhi’s stand (point of view) on the rights of minorities therefore third RTC
was organized which also failed.

Q38 Second round table conference was the most successful of round tables do
you agree? Give reasons. [14] (M-16)
Ans: [Reasons] (1) To discuss future reforms for India with important parties of
India and Princely states. (2) Simon Commission, Nehru Report and 14 points
failed to solve difference in political parties of India.
[First R.T.C 1930] (1) Congress refused to join first R.T.C because self-rule was not
promised by British. Congress was the single largest party of India, and without
the largest party present at the conference, no major decisions could be made.
Thus, due to the absence of Congress, the first RTC was not very successful (2)
There was dead lock on Federal system of government. (3) Princely states agreed
to join federal India. (4) British agreed to set up responsible government in
Provinces. (5) This was a great step forward in the struggle for self-rule. Eight
subcommittees were set up to deal with the details, and these subcommittees
dealt with the federal structure, provincial constitution, franchise and provinces.
[Irwin-Gandhi Pact] Congress party agreed to join second R.T.C after Gandhi-Irwin
pact. Gandhi stopped non-cooperation movement and took back demand of
independence, Congress workers were set free from jails.
[Second R.T.C 1931] (1) Sindh was given status of province. (2) N.W.F.P was set up
as full province. (3) Congress joined 2nd R.T.C. This Conference failed due rigid
behavior of Gandhi, he refused to give separate electorate to minorities. (4)
Gandhi wanted solutions according to Nehru report. (5) Gandhi refused to accept
minority problem and 14 points of Jinnah. (6) Princely states changed their
decision to join Federal India. (7) British government changed in Britain and new
British government was not ready to give more right to Indians.
[Communal Award] (1) In Communal awards British Prime Minister had
announced separate electorates for minorities. (2) Muslim majority in Punjab and
Bengal was reduced due to weightage principle adopted by Communal awards.
[Third R.T.C 1932] (1) There was little chance of success because Viceroy Irwin
was replaced by Viceroy Wallington who was not ready to give much
concession.(2) Jinnah was not invited and Congress party had boycotted third
Round Table Conference. (3) Third round table conference failed to achieve
anything only paper work was completed.
Round table conferences failed to achieve self rule. Muslims were upset because
Muslim majority was reduced in Punjab and Bengal due to weightage principle.
Q39 Why was the second round table conference of 1931 unsuccessful? [7] (M-
17)
Ans: [Gandhi behavior] Gandhi joined second R.T.C as only representative of
Congress. Gandhi claimed that Congress represents whole India. Gandhi wanted
solutions according to Nehru report. Gandhi refused to accept minority problem
and 14 points of Jinnah. The Muslim league had a strong delegation with both
Allama Iqbal and Jinnah. There was a little chance of an agreement with Congress
taking such a hard line on separate electorates. The situation became more
difficult when non-caste Hindu leaders also demanded separate electorate for
themselves. Second round table failed due to rigid (rude) behavior of Mr Gandhi.
[Labor party lost government in Britain] Labor Party government in Britain was
willing to give more rights to Indians. Labor party lost government in Britain and
new government was less keen to give more rights to India so minority issue was
delayed. More over Princely states also refused to join Indian federation.

Q40 Why was the government act of 1935 so important to the future of
subcontinent? [7] (J-11)
Ans: [Federal Government] (a) It was very important because Federal system of
government was adopted. Parliament with two houses was set up so it was a step
toward self-rule. (c) Viceroy was head of government he could reject any new bill.
(d) Diarchy system was set up in central government. (e) One-third seats were
given to Muslim in central assembly. (f) Princely states could decide to join federal
government for first time.
2) [Provincial governments] (a) Failed diarchy system was abolished from
provinces. (b) Responsible government was set up in provinces. All minister of
provinces was Indian could control all departments of province. (c) Governors had
emergency powers and were responsible to protect minorities. (d) The number of
provinces was increased to eleven. (e) Two new provinces Sindh and Orissa were
set up; N.W.F.P was setup as full province.
3) [Voting rights] (a) Voting rights were increased to 25% of population. (b)
Women were given the right to vote for first time in India. (c) Separate electorate
was given to Muslims and Sikhs.

Q41 Why was there so much opposition to the government of India act of 1935?
[7] (N-12)
Ans: [Congress opposition] (a) Congress rejected the Act of 1935 because self rule
was not granted. (b) Congress opposed separate electorate for Muslim and Sikhs.
(c) Only British parliament could change the Act of 1935. (d) Central part of the
Act of 1935 was introduced because Princely states refused to join central
government. (e) Nehru declared it as “Charter of Slavery” and “It is like a machine
with strong brakes but no engine”
2) [Powers of Viceroy and Governors] (a) Real power was in the hands of Viceroy
and Governors because he could reject any bill. (b) Viceroy could control reserved
subjects like defense and finance. (c) Governors could rule the province by special
powers. (d) Governors could dismiss Indian ministers and even assembly of
Province.
3) [Limited voting rights] (a) Voting rights were limited. Only 25% of Indian
population was allowed to vote. (b) Three-fourth Indians were not given the right
to vote because they were not owner of required property. A large part of Indians
were not allowed to decide about their future by vote.
4) [Muslim opposition] (a) Muslim was unhappy because their majority was
reduced in Punjab and Bengal due to weightage principle. (b) According to Jinnah
the act of 1935 was thoroughly rotten, fundamentally bad and totally
unacceptable.

Q42 How successful were the provincial elections held in India in 1937? Explain
your answer. [14]
Ans: [Success for Congress] Congress won by majority in five provinces and was
the largest single party in four provinces. Congress was able to set up government
in 08 provinces. Congress was invites to form government in United Provinces,
the Central provinces, Bihar, Orissa, Madras, Bombay, Assam and NWFP. Congress
saw themselves as the sole (only) party representing (for) Indians.
[Success of Muslim League] (a) It was the first major elections for Muslim League.
Muslim League was divided in two parts after Simon Commission, 1937 election
helped to unite (join) Muslim League. (b) Muslim League learned how to contest
(fight) elections. Muslim League realized (learned) that it had to improve its
organization and planning. (c) Muslim League find out (noticed) that its support
was more in Muslim minority provinces than Muslim majority provinces because
in Muslim majority provinces there was no threat (danger) from Hindus. (d)
Muslim League also realized that it had a image problem. Its leader were land
lords and princes, they were not popular in poor Muslims.
[Congress failure] After the elections, Congress treated (acted toward) the Muslim
League with disrespect (hate). Congress refused to work together. Actions taken
by Congress against Muslims spoiled its relations with Muslim League. It was a
major cause of failure of future discussion. Attitude (behavior) of Congress and
Nehru increased Muslim faith (belief) that Muslims of India were a separate
nation.
[Muslim League failure] Muslim League showed poor result in 1937 elections; out
of 489 Muslim seats, the Muslim League won 109. In the Punjab; out of 86
Muslim seats, Muslim League won 01 and others seats were won by Punjab
Unionist Party. Muslims were disappointed by the British because British
governors of provinces failed to protect rights of Muslims during Congress rule.
Congress used its new powers to upset Muslims during Congress Rule.

Q43 Why the Congress rule of 1937-39 so hated by the Muslims of India? [14] (J-
13)
[Bande Matram] The Bande Matram was a Hindu Nationalist song which
contained the ideas of a Hindu only nation and Hindu supremacy. It was made
compulsory to sing in schools and colleges and Muslim were forced to sing a song
which wanted Muslims to be expelled from India.
[Wardha educational Scheme] Congress had set up Wardha educational scheme
in which (a) Teaching was in Hindi Language. ((c) Spinning of cotton wheel was
part of school activity. (d) Hindu personalities were shown as heroes in school
books. (e) Muslims saw it as an effort to change Muslims children in to Hindus. (f)
Congress wanted to spread Hinduism in Muslim children.
[Vidya Mandhir Scheme] It was another educational scheme, in which Muslims
students were forced to bow down before the picture of Gandhi, and Hindu
Temples were used as schools up to Grade 3. Bowing down before anyone except
Allah was forbidden in Islam, so this greatly hurt and angered Muslims.
[Interference in Islam] During Congress Rule, Muslims were subjected to
persecution. Music was played in front of Mosque during prayer, and noisy
processions were also carried out at this time. Pig skin was thrown in Mosques
during prayer. Muslim was not allowed to celebrate religious festivals. Azan and
cow slaughtering was banned in many areas, and Muslim children and women
were abducted and raped. This was a time of tyranny for the Muslims
[Hoisting of Three Colored Flag] A new flag was adopted which contained the
colors of the union jack and Hinduism. The flag was made compulsory to be
erected at all public buildings. The purpose of this flag was to show that the only
major groups of India were the Hindus and the British. This was extremely
disrespectful to the Muslims, who had done so much to gain recognition in the
country
[Economic boycott] Muslims were refused from government jobs, Hindus
boycotted (avoided) Muslim traders. (b) A number of Muslim were ill-treated
(abused) and killed by Hindus. Muslim houses and property was set at fire. During
the Hindu-Muslim riots, several Muslims were killed and any if any complaint was
made to government decision was always against Muslim.
[Muslim Mass Contact Campaign] This movement was launched by Congress. The
aim of this was to divert the affiliation of Muslim members from the Muslim
League by giving them some incentives. Using this movement, the Congress
wanted to reduce the political strength of Muslims and to destroy the party as a
whole.

Q44 Why did Muslim league issue the Lahore resolution in 1940? (7) or Why ML
make a demand for Pakistan in 1940? [7]
Ans: [Nehru Report] Earlier Jinnah believed that right of Muslim could be
protected (guarded) by giving more rights to provincial governments. So he tried
to improve Muslim relation with Congress in Lucknow pact, but in Nehru report of
1928 anti-Muslim policies was proposed by Congress. Jinnah was so upset that he
presented his fourteen points and declared it as parting of ways with Congress.
[Congress rule] Congress rule from 1937 to 1939 was an eye opener event for
Muslims in which Congress had tried to abolish Muslim culture and religion by
adopting (declaring) Hindi as official language, anti-Muslim song Band-e-Matram
as national anthem. Wardha educational scheme was set up to promote (spread)
Hindu culture and religion in Muslim children. Azan (call for prayer) and cow
slaughtering was banned in many areas. Muslims of India were so upset due to
Congress rule that they demanded separate Muslim country in Lahore resolution.
[Hindu extremist parties] Activities (Actions) of Hindu extremist parties like
Shadhi, Arya Samaj and Hindu Mahasabha created fears in minds of Muslim. Arya
Samaj was trying to change Muslims in to Hindus. Organized (planned) attacks
were made by these Hindu parties on Muslim’s life and property. Muslims
considered (Thought) themselves unsafe in India. Muslim of India realized that
after exit of British from India Muslim culture and religion would be in danger
under Hindu majority so Muslim of India finally demanded separate homeland in
Lahore resolution on March 1940.

Q45 Why did the Cripps Mission of 1942 fail? [7] (J-12)
Ans: [Congress view] Cripps offered complete independence at the end of the
war. During the war, Indian political leaders could join the Executive Council and
run all government departments except armed forces. Congress rejected the
Cripps offer because it wanted independence at once. Britain was losing the in
Second World War so Gandhi called the proposals as “a post-dated cheque of a
bank that was failing.”
2) [Separation of provinces] According to Cripps proposals, provinces could leave
the Indian Union, which was not acceptable to Congress. They thought it would
divide India in many parts, and so rejected the Cripps Offer.
3) [Quaid-e-Azam view] Cripps stated that the provinces were free to leave Indian
Union. Mr. Jinnah was pleased (happy) because the Muslim provinces could form
Pakistan. But Jinnah feared that the Hindu members would be in majority in new
assembly and they would not allow Muslim provinces to leave India. He wanted
solid assurance (promise) for independent Pakistan, so he rejected Cripps Mission
of 1942.
4) [Quit India movement] it was clear from Cripps mission that British position in
Second World War was weak. Gandhi considered it as a chance to force the
British to give India independence (self-rule). So Congress rejected Cripps mission
and started the Quit India Movement to push British out of India.

Q46 why quit India movement formed in 1942? [7]

[Cripps mission] It was clear from Cripps mission that British position in the World
War II was weak. British were facing defeats by Germany and Japan. British were
eager for Indian help to win the war. Cripps mission failed to Convince Congress
and Muslim League. Congress rejected the Cripps mission proposals and
demanded independence from British at once. Congress started Quit India
movement to force British to gain freedom.
[Possibility of Japanese attack] Japanese army had captured Singapore, Hong
Kong and entered in Burma which was in neighbor of India. There was a risk of
attack by Japanese army on India. In Gandhi opinion Japan was only enemy of
Britain and after British defeat Japan would handover government of India to
Congress. Due to this wishful thinking Gandhi started Quit India movement to
push British out of India.
[Complete Transfer of Power] The Indians now demanded a complete transfer of
power, or as they were calling it, Swaraj. They said that all previous reforms
including the Government of India Act 1935, Montague-Chelmsford reforms, and
Morley-Minto reforms had failed to give the Indian any sort of acceptable self-
rule. They decided that they had lived under British tyranny for too long, and now
was the time to step up.

Q47 Why Gandhi-Jinnah talks failed? [7] (N-2017)

Ans: Gandhi-Jinnah talks were held to discuss the issue of Pakistan.
1) [Pakistan after independence] Gandhi proposed to solve Pakistan issue after
freedom from British but Quaid-e-Azam rejected it. Quaid-e-Azam thought it as a
trap. Congress would not keep its promise after departure of British from India.
2) [Rejection of Two-Nation theory] Gandhi rejected two nation-theory because
Muslims of India were converted from Hindu to Muslim. Quaid stated that Hindu
and Muslim of India had separate culture, language and religion they are separate
nations.
3) [Partition of Bengal and Punjab] Gandhi wanted division of Punjab and Bengal
because they were partly Muslim provinces but Jinnah refused. Quaid-e-Azam
stated that whole Punjab and Bengal should join Pakistan.
4) [Common defence] Gandhi wanted common defense and foreign policy of
Pakistan and India but Quaid-e-Azam wanted fully independent Pakistan.
5) [Gandhi as spokesman] Gandhi considered (declared) himself to be speaking
for all India. Jinnah reminded him that he was just spokesman of Congress.

Q48 Why Simla conference of 1945 failed? [7]

Ans: [Nomination of Muslim seats] (a) in 1945 at the end of Second World War
the viceroy, Lord Wavell, wanted to give self-government to India. Viceroy Wavell
invited all Indian political parties at Simla to set up an executive council to govern
the country. (b) He proposed (suggested) equal number of Hindu and Muslim
Ministers in the executive council. Congress claimed that it had right to appoint
one Muslim seat because Congress represent whole India. (c) Quaid-e-Azam took
firm stand and clearly stated that Muslim league had right to nominate (appoint)
all Muslim members because Muslim league had won every single by-election in
last three years on Muslim seats. Conference failed on the issue of appointment
(selection) of Muslim members.
[Lack of trust] (a) The Muslim league was also worried that Sikhs and low caste
Hindu members of council would usually (mostly) vote Congress. In that way
Muslims would never be able to share power. The Government of India would be
in the hands of Hindus. (b) Quaid refused to join a government in which Muslims
would always be in a minority. Muslims would not be able to make a single
decision without the support (help) of the Congress members. (c) Quaid-i-Azam
rejected the Wavell Plan because after years of dealing with the Congress, he had
no trust in Congress to act fairly with Muslims. Quid-i-Azam demanded to setup
Pakistan.
[Lord Wavell called it off] Lord Wavell was present during the conference and
upon seeing the disagreements between Congress and the Muslim League, he
couldn’t see any solution to the problem and decided to call off the conference I
on 14 July.

Q49 Why did Muslim League perform better in the 1945 election? (7)
Ans: [Congress rule 1937-39] Congress had set up anti-Muslim policies during its
rule from 1937 to 1939. Azan and cow slaughtering was banned in many areas.
Anti-Muslim song Band-e-Matram was set up as national song. In Wardha
educational scheme Hindi was adopted as medium of education and Hindu
religious personalities were shown as Heroes in syllabus. Muslims of India realized
that Congress was promoting (backing) only Hindu interests. Muslims of India got
united and voted Muslim League to protect their rights.
[Lahore resolution] In 1937 elections there was no difference in election plans of
Muslim League and Congress. But in 1940 Muslim League passed Lahore
resolution in which separate country for Muslims of India was demanded. Muslim
League took part in 1945 elections in the name of Pakistan. Muslims of India were
attracted by Muslim League’s plan of Pakistan so they voted Muslim League.
[Problems fixed] The Muslim league performed better because they had fixed
many of the problems they faced in the 1937 elections. They became more
‘domestic’ so that they could appeal to the common man and could remove their
negative images as aristocrats. They focused their campaigns in lowly-developed
area because they realized that’s where most of their support lied. By tackling
these issues, they were able to perform much better

Q50 Why Cabinet mission plan failed? [7]

Ans: Ans: [Cabinet plan] In May 1946, the Cabinet Mission announced their final
plan and stated that it was up to the major parties of India to accept or reject the
plan. The Cabinet Mission rejected the idea of independent Pakistan and
suggested that the provinces of India should be divided in three groups, Group A
with Hindu majority provinces, Group B with Muslim majority and Group C with
Bengal and Assam. These groups would have maximum authority and could form
their own constitutions. A Central government would only control defense and
foreign affairs.
[Congress attitude] The plan failed due to Congress attitude (way of thinking). The
Congress party believed that Cabinet Missions plan was only proposal and was
open to discussion and change. Both the British and the Muslim League agreed
that Congress was only interested in trying to get power as soon as possible so
they could deal with the Muslim League and princely states themselves.
[Nehru statement] Although the Muslim League was unhappy with Cabinet
Mission due to rejection of an independent Pakistan. Jinnah said that he was
willing to nominate Muslim League members in the interim Cabinet. In July 1946,
Nehru stated Congress would change the plan after British departure from India.
This statement destroyed Cabinet Plan. Even Azad, a senior Muslim Congress
leader, felt that Nehru's statement had changed the course of history.

Q51 Were the 14 points of Mr. Jinnah the most important achievement of Mr.
Jinnah between 1929 and 1947? Do you agree? [14] (Five points are enough) (Oct-
12)
Ans: [Fourteen points 1929] Jinnah presented his fourteen points in answer of the
Nehru report of 1928. Muslim League had rejected the Nehru report due to many
reasons. Nehru report had rejected separate electorates and one third seats for
Muslims in the central government. Jinnah proposed three changes in the report
but Congress did not accept them. In his fourteen points Jinnah wanted to protect
rights of Muslims. He demanded one third Muslims seats in the centre. These 14
points became the basis of any future discussion of Muslim League with the
Congress or the British. Fourteen points was the first step to Muslim separate
homeland.
[Congress rule] During the Congress rule from 1937-39, Jinnah organized the
Muslim League. He visited different provinces of India to raise the vote bank
(support) of Muslim League, As a result of his efforts (hard work); Muslim League
membership increased mainly in the Muslim majority provinces. He was also able
to improve the image of Muslim League. Jinnah asked all Muslims to celebrate
day of deliverance at the end of Congress Rule in December 1939.
[Lahore resolution] The Lahore resolution was passed by Muslim League in March
1940 under leadership of Jinnah. In this resolution Muslim League demanded a
separate Muslim state in the north-western and north-eastern Muslim majority
provinces of India. It was the start of active struggle for Pakistan. Now, Jinnah and
Muslim League had become the only hope for the Muslims to get separate
homeland for them.
[Cripps mission 1942] Cripps Mission stated that new assembly would be setup
after the war and India would get freedom. The plan allowed any province to
leave the India. But Jinnah feared that the Hindu members would be in majority in
new assembly and they would not allow Muslim provinces to leave India. He
wanted solid assurance (promise) for independent Pakistan, so he rejected Cripps
Mission of 1942.
[Gandhi-Jinnah talks 1944] Gandhi-Jinnah talks failed but for first time Gandhi
discussed the issue of Pakistan. Congress for the first time discussed the idea of
Pakistan with Muslim League on the base of equality. Mr. Jinnah remained firm
and refused to take back the demand of Pakistan. Gandhi’s partly accepted the
idea of Pakistan was the main outcome (result) of these talks. Jinnah rejected
Gandhi’s idea to gain independence first and settle the issue, of Pakistan later.
[1945 elections] The success of the Muslim League in the 1945 election proved to
speed up the struggle for achieving Pakistan. Muslim League had won most of the
Muslim seats in the Central and Provincial Assemblies. The major reason of
Muslim League success in 1945 election was the efforts of Jinnah. Success in
elections raised the spirit of Muslims to continue their struggle for Pakistan.
[3rd June plan] Finally, due to the efforts (hard work) of Mr. Jinnah, Lord Mount
Batten announced the future of India in 3rd June plan, 1947. In this plan, British
Government declared division of British Indian in to two Free states India and
Pakistan. The Muslim League accepted the plan. Pakistan was finally accepted by
the British. It seems that 14 points were the most important achievement of
Jinnah between 1929 and 1947. Jinnah 14th points had forced the British and
Congress to hold a series of talks with Jinnah in the 1940’s that ended in the form
of creation of Pakistan.
Q52 Was the work of Allama Iqbal more important to the Pakistan movement
than that of Rehmat Ali? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans: [Allama Iqbal] Iqbal was national poet and the most important Muslim leader
of India. His Allahabad address of 1930 was the main reason behind starting of
Pakistan movement. In this address he proved Muslims as a separate nation of
India in the light of the Two Nation theory. He was against British control over
India. He wanted to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan should be
joined to set up a Muslim state. Iqbal was the first important Muslim leader to
advocate the partition of India to set up a separate Muslim state that's why he is
known as founder of ideology of Pakistan. His idea was seriously considered by
many Muslims during the 1930’s. He represented Muslims in the second and third
round table conferences. He convinced Jinnah to return to India and lead the
Muslim community. He played important role in making Muslim League a popular
party in Punjab. He was rightly called the Designer of Pakistan because from
March 1940 onwards the ML under Jinnah struggled to achieve (fulfill) the dream
of Iqbal.
[Ch. Rehmat Ali] Ch. Rehmat Ali was a student leader in Cambridge University in
the 1930’s. He attended the RTC’s as observer. During these years he developed
the idea of a separate Muslim homeland be made of Northwestern Muslim
majority provinces of India. He gave the name Pakistan to this new Muslim in his
famous pamphlet “Now or Never”. The word Pakistan means “The Land of Pure”
and each letter in the word represent Muslim majority areas: P for Punjab, A for
Afghania (NWFP), K for Kashmir, I for Iran, S for Sindh, T for Turkaristan, A for
Afghanistan and N for Balochistan. He tried to convince Muslim leaders to launch
(start) an active struggle to get Pakistan but most of them were not ready to
accept his views. Even Jinnah rejected his idea at that time. Later Jinnah and
Muslim League adopted the name Pakistan after Lahore Resolution. Ch. Rehmat
Ali popularity was reduced when he criticized Quaid-e-Azam on accepting
partition of Bengal in 3rd June plan and leaving important Muslim communities of
Delhi, Agra and Lucknow in India. Ch.Rehmat was considered less important than
Iqbal since Jinnah take-up many ideas of Iqbal where as Jinnah refused to meet
Ch.Rehmant Ali.
Q why was the division of the armed forces and military assets a problem for
Pakistan in 1947? (7)
Ans: [Division of British Indian army] (1) at the time of Independence British
decided to divide British Indian army in ratio of 36:64 between Pakistan and India.
(2) Army men were allowed to join Pakistan army or Indian army. (3) 150,000
Muslim soldiers and 2500 Muslim officers joined Pakistan army. No Muslim officer
was at higher rank because British Indian army had favoured Hindu officers. (4)
4000 Military officers were needed to organize Pakistan army so Quaid-e-Azam
requested Britain to provide 500 British officers to organize Pakistan army.
[Division of Military assets] (1) India did not want to see Pakistan became a strong
army, especially as they were fighting with Pakistan in Kashmir. (2) All 16
ordinance factories were located in India. India paid 60 million Rupees to Pakistan
instead of transferring machinery of any ordinance factory to Pakistan. Pakistan
used 60 million Rupees to setup ordinance factory at Wah. (3) All military stores
were also located in India. India only transferred old and damaged weapons to
Pakistan. India also delayed the transfer of weapons to Pakistan. (4) Defence of
Pakistan was very weak due to Indian actions.

Q Why Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7] (M-2013)

Ans: (1) [Radcliffe Award] the wrong decision of Radcliffe commission in partition
of Punjab was the major reason of refugee problem. Radcliffe Award had given
Muslim majority districts Ferozepur, Gurdaspur and Jullandar to India. Muslim
population of these areas was forced to move to Pakistan.
(2) [Role of Sikh states] In East Punjab Sikhs were killing Muslims in large number
to take their property. Police and army of many Non-Muslims princely states were
also taking part in killing of Muslims. Large number of Muslims migrated from
India to Pakistan to save their lives.
(3) [Religious tension] Partition was announced on the base of religion. Hindus
were killing Muslims in Delhi, Lucknow and Agra in large number. Hindu extremist
parties Hindu Maha Sabha and Arya Samaj were also involved in attacks on
Muslim population. India wanted to harm new born state of Pakistan by pushing
millions of Muslims to Pakistan.
(4) [Role of refugees] Many refugees were so upset by their hardships that they
started attacking local minorities. In Sep 1947 Indian authorities had to declare
Martial law in Delhi because non-Muslim refugees had started killing local
Muslims.
(5) [Migration by will] Muslims also moved from India to Pakistan because they
wanted to live in a Muslim country. But most of Muslim came to Pakistan from
India to save their lives. One million men, women, and children were killed and 10
million people migrated.

Q What was the origin of Canal water dispute and how it was resolved? [7]
Ans: [wrong decision of Radcliffe commission] (1) Canal water problem was
created due to wrong division Punjab by Radcliff Commission in 1947. Muslim
majority districts Ferozepur, Gurdaspur and Jullander were given to India. Two
canal headworks were located in these districts. India had promised not to disturb
canal water supply of canals coming to Pakistan from these headworks. (2) Later
India stopped the supply of canal water supply to Pakistan. India claimed it had
right to do so because these canals were coming from Indian area to Pakistan.
[Temporary solution] (1) Pakistan argued (claimed) that it had a right to the water
as its economy depended upon it. There was danger of water shortage in many
Pakistani areas especially due to closing of Bari doab canal. (2) Pakistan
government demanded to settle the matter by the international court of justice,
but India refused. After discussion India started canal water supply. Pakistan
agreed to try to find alternative water supplies. Water dispute was solved in 1959
with the help of World Bank.

Q How successful was the government of Pakistan in solving the problems of

Partition during 1947 and 1948? or How successful was Quaid-e-Azam as
Governor-General of Pakistan comment. [14] (N-13)
Ans: [Political Problems] (1) Setting up Government of Pakistan was a major
challenge; Quaid-e-Azam became first Governor-General. (2) Liaquat Ali khan was
appointed as first prime Minister and six ministers were chosen, National
Assembly was setup, Act of 1935 was adopted to run government. (3) Karachi was
chosen as first capital of Pakistan. (4) There was lack of government buildings,
furniture and stationary so government offices were setup in private building on
rent. India had inherited most of the experienced government officials and
Pakistan got extremely few capable politicians. To solve this, Quaid-e-Azam signed
an agreement with TATA Air and brought in experienced professionals from India.
[Economic problems] (1) Pakistan was extremely underdeveloped and inherited
none of the industries built in India. 90% of the population lived in the
countryside, and Pakistans main income source, Jute, was also affected because
Pakistan inherited none of the jute mills. To tackle some parts of the issue, Jinnah
introduced a few reforms. State bank of Pakistan was setup in Karachi by Quaid-e-
Azam to help develop economy. (2) Industrial policy was made to setup new
industries in Pakistan.
[Refugee Problem] This was the largest migration in human history. Some of the
worst scenes of communal violence were observed. Hindus and Sikhs targeted the
migrating Muslims and killed many Muslims and abducted Muslim women and
children. A large influx of refugees reached Pakistan and put a burden on the
economy. Jinnah shifted his headquarters from Karachi to Lahore to deal with the
refugees. He started the Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund in which rich people helped
the poor. Satellite Towns were established to provide shelter to the homeless.
[Canal water dispute] (1) India had stopped supply of canal water to Pakistan.
There was danger was of shortage of water for crops in Pakistan. (2) Quaid-e-
Azam was successful in convincing India to supply canal water supply to Pakistan.
(3) Canal Water Dispute was not resolved until 1959 when Indus water treaty was
signed between India and Pakistan.
[Military assets] The Military assets were decided to be split 36% to Pakistan and
64% to India. However, much unfairness was carried out in the division. None of
the 16 ordinance factories were given to Pakistan and the Pakistan Army received
150,000 Men and 2500 officers, although 4000 were required. The equipment
and guns Pakistan received were in obsolete condition. 500 officers were
borrowed from the British for the army, and Pakistan received 60 Million Rupees
to establish an ordinance factory at Wah Cantt.
[Financial Assets] At the time of partition, there was 4 billion rupees in the reserve
bank, out of which Pakistan’s share was 750 Million. The first installment of 200
Million was given, but further installments were rejected because India thought
Pakistan would use the money to purchase weapons and fight India over the
Kashmir Issue. They said Pakistan should stop the fighting in Kashmir and wanted
to make Pakistan bamkrupt. Gandhi’s threat of a hunger strike forced India to give
Pakistan the 500 Million, and 50 Million are yet to be paid.
[Accession of Princely states] The New government of Pakistan failed solve
problem of accession of princely states. Accession of three princely states
Junagarh, Hyderabad and Kashmir spoiled Indo-Pak relation. Junagarh wanted to
join Pakistan, Hyderabad wanted to stay independent. India had captured
Junagarh and Hyderabad by force and also large area of Kashmir despite its
Muslim majority wanted to join Pakistan. Kashmir problem is still unresolved.
[Social Problems] Pakistan was a country which consisted of 5 different
communities, the Sindhis, Punjabis, Pakhtuns, Balochis, and Bengalis. They all had
different customs, lifestyles, traditions and languages, with the only common
feature being Islam. When Urdu was selected as the national language, it was not
understood by the majority of people, which created problems for the
government to uphold national integrity. Provincialism and Racism was promoted
by Indian agents, and despite efforts, this issue was not solved.

Q Why it was difficult to agree on a new constitution in 1950? [7] (Nov-11)

Ans: [Lack of leadership] early death of Quaid-i-Azam and Prime Minister Liaquat
Ali Khan contributed to the delay of constitution making process. Authority was
gained by Retired civil and military officers like Ghulam Muhammad and Islander
Mirza. The desire of Governor general Malik Ghulam Muhammad to remain in the
position of Governor-General also delayed constitution making process.
[Basic Principles Committee] The proposals of the basic principles committee was
opposed by the politicians of the East Pakistan. Equal numbers of seats were
proposed for East Pakistan and West Pakistan. The population of East Pakistan
was 10 million more than West Pakistan.
[Language issue] It was proposed that Urdu would be the official language of
whole Pakistan upset the people of East Pakistan because Urdu was not
understood in the East Pakistan. The politicians of small provinces were also upset
because vast powers were given to the central government.
[Religious groups] (1) Religious groups complained that the proposals for new
constitution were not enough Islamic. They demanded that Pakistan should be
governed purely by Islamic principles. (2) But the politicians of East Pakistan were
against any role of religion in constitution.

Q Who of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies from
1948 to 1958: (I) Liaquat Ali Khan/ Khwaja Nazim-ud-Din (ii) Malik Ghulam
Muhammad; (iii) Iskander Mirza? (M-13)
Ans: (1) [Liaquat Ali khan] Objective resolution: (1) was presented by first Prime
Minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan in 1949. Its purpose was to set up aims for
first constitution of Pakistan. The objective resolution got many ideas from Islam
to satisfy religious class like supreme power belongs to Allah, Islamic way of life
and Islamic teachings would be promoted in Pakistan. Principles of equality and
social justice were according to Islam. (2) To satisfy secular class pure Islamic
system of government was not adopted Objective resolution proposed federal
system of Government, parliament with two houses, protection of minorities and
basic human rights. (3) Drawbacks of resolutions were that Urdu was not
acceptable as only national language by East Pakistan and no dead line for
election was given.
PRODA: It was a new Act (Law) passed to stop misuse of power and corruption
(dishonesty) by Government officers and politicians. By this Act Governor-General
or Governors, could order inquiry (investigation) by Judges. But in truth this Act
was misused by rulers against opposition.
Rawalpindi Conspiracy/plan: Some army officers were unhappy due to Kashmir
policy of Government. Major General Akbar and few officers of Pakistan army
planned to take over government but failed. Major General Akbar with 14 officers
were arrested and jailed. This event is known as Rawalpindi Conspiracy.
(2) [Malik Ghulam Muhammad] as Governor General a 6 Year Plan was setup by
him to improve agriculture, power, industry, mining and transport sectors. It
played an important part in bringing about economic development in Pakistan. In
1952 a major jute mill was opened at Narayanganj in East Pakistan and large gas
deposit was explored at Sui in Balochistan was his major success.
Food shortage: was faced by Pakistan in 1953 due to drought. Riots broke out in
different parts of Pakistan. Prime Minister Khwaja Nazim-ud-Din failed to control
the situation so he was dismissed by Governor-General Malik Ghulam
Muhammad.
Basic Principles Committee: second report was put up in 1952. Equal seats were
proposed for East Pakistan and West Pakistan in assembly, two house parliaments
was proposed. A committee of Islamic scholars would be setup for law making
according to Islam. These proposals were opposed so given back for revision.
Malik Ghulam Muhammad resigned in 1955 due to ill health.
(3) [Islander Mira] became Governor-General after the resign of Ghulam
Muhammad.
One-unit system: was setup by him in which four provinces and ten princely states
of West Pakistan were joined to form one unit. One Unit system was setup to
create equality between East and West Pakistan. In this way equal seats were
given to East Pakistan and West Pakistan in assembly. One Unit was opposed by
the politicians of East Pakistan because their majority was reduced. The politicians
of small provinces Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan were also unhappy with one unit
because authority in west Pakistan was in the hands of the politicians of Punjab.
1956 constitution: was setup in Iskander Mirza rule in which Federal System of
Government was introduced with equal number of seats for East and West
Pakistan in assembly. Urdu and Bengali were national languages, it was necessary
for President to be Muslim. Basic human rights were included in the constitution.
Office of Governor-General was replaced by President. However 1956
constitution was short lived as Iskander Mirza dismissed it in 1958 and declared
Martial Law.
Development Projects: Iskander Mirza took number of steps to develop
infrastructure of the country. Railway was modernized and telephone system was
expanded. Karachi air port was setup. Health and education services were
increased.
Political instability: Iskander Mirza changed four Prime Minister in two years; he
delayed elections in order to stay in government. He declared Martial law in
October 1958 and appointed Chief of Pak army General Ayub Khan as Prime
Minister; Later Ayub Khan forced Iskander Mirza to resign.

Q Why Martial law was imposed in 1958? [7] (N-13)

Ans: [Lack of political stability] (1) Four Prime Ministers were changed by
President Iskander Mirza in just two years. (2) There was unrest in East Pakistan
due to food shortage and severe flooding so Prime Minister Chaudhri Mohammad
Ali was replaced by Prime Minister Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy from East
Pakistan; he refused to act as a puppet Prime Minister so he was dismissed. (3)
Next Prime Minister Ibrahim Ishmail Chundrigar government was a collection of
politicians which could not even agree on major issue, such as the One Unit
Scheme. (4) Feroze khan Noon was Iskander Mirza next choice for Prime Minister.
His government was even more divided. He was forced to appoint a 26 ministers
but failed to create unity. Iskander Mirza now found himself in a very difficult
position. General Ayub felt that army should take control until stability had been
restored (gained).
[Appointment of Ayub Khan] Iskander Mirza rule was becoming increasingly
unpopular. Iskander Mirza had lost the support of many of the leading politicians
and was worried by a plan by Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy to unite political
leadership of Bengal and Punjab against him. Therefore, Iskander Mirza turned to
the military. He asked the Commander-in-Chief of the army, General Ayub khan to
take charge as Chief Martial law administrator. President Iskander Mirza was
unable to run the government, therefore General Ayub Khan and the army
decided to take over. Pakistan began its period of military rule.
[Law and Order] The Law and order situation of the country had gotten out of
hands. Severe drought had led to a food crisis in the country, and there were riots
everywhere regarding the agricultural deficit. In East Pakistam, people were
protesting against the government due to the Language and representation issue
and were demanding help due to the urban flooding there. Ulemas were
protesting for the declaration of Ahmedis as Non-Muslims, and all this had gotten
out of hand for the federal government. Thus, Martial Law had to be imposed.

Q Ayub Khan Agriculture reforms were more successful than any other of his
domestic polices from 1958-69; Do you agree? Give reasons. [14] (May-14) (Five
reforms are enough)
Ans: [Agricultural reforms] (1) General Ayub had introduced HYV, Fertilizer and
agriculture machinery like tractor in the country. (2) Three major dams were
setup to provide water for crops. Tube wells were also introduced. (3) A new law
was passed saying that no farm could be smaller than 12.5 acre and larger than
500 acre irrigated or 1000 acre unirrigated (barani). Excess land was taken from
land lords and distributed among land less farmers. (4) Ayub khan claimed that he
had brought green revolution in the country. (5) Agricultural reforms were so
successful that there was record increase in crop output.
[Industrial reforms] (1) In 1962 an oil refinery was setup in Karachi. (2) Mineral
development Corporation was setup for mining of minerals. (3) RCD agreement
was signed between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey to develop trade and industries. (4)
In 1962 an oil refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral Development
Corporation was set up for the exploration of mineral deposits. (5) An export
Bonus Scheme was setup to increase exports. (6) The growth rate of Pakistani
economy was three times more than India. (7) Wealth was collected in the hands
of 22 families; there was little benefit of industrial reforms for common
Pakistanis. Large numbers of Pakistanis were living in poverty.
[Social Reforms] He took immediate action to stop hoarding, and ended the black
market and smuggling practices, which had inflated the prices of basic goos for
common citizens. He fixed the prices of essential items such as milk, vegetables
and ghee, and under General Azam Khan, tackled the refugee housing issue by
building a massive housing scheme at Korangi. Laws were passed which said
factory owners had to provide reasonably priced housing for workers, and using
the Muslim Family Laws ordinance, he introduced family planning, and improved
the position of women.
[Educational Reforms] His go at educational reforms had mixed results. ‘The
Report of the Commission on National Education’ was very important in the
development of education. As a result, education up to Class 5 was made free and
compulsory. Secondary education boards were set up to oversee secondary
schooling up to Class 12. University reforms were more difficult to implement.
There was great anger at the decision to extend degree course lengths to 3 years,
and had to be removed after 2 years.
[Basic Democracy system] (1) Ayub wanted to combine democracy with discipline
so he setup Basic Democracy system. (2) It was four a stage system in which
common people elected 80,000 members of this system. (3) These Basic
Democracy members were responsible to select president and member of
provincial and National assemblies. (4) Due to success of Basic Democracy System,
martial law was lifted in the country.
[1962 constitution] (1) Ayub introduced Presidential form of government in 1962
constitution of Pakistan. (2) President chooses ministers from national assembly.
(3) Governors and Judges were also appointed by President. (4) National
Assembly was allowed to pass any law without the will of President (5) National
Assembly sessions were held in both Islamabad and Dhaka.
[New Capital] (1) Islamabad was set up as new capital of Pakistan in 1967. (2)
Karachi was not a suitable city to be capital of Pakistan because it was located at
one corner of the country and it was difficult for the people of Punjab and K.P.K to
travel to Islamabad. More over there was lack of government buildings. (3)
Islamabad is divided in eight zones each with shopping are and parks. (4) 92,900
square meters secretariat block contain important government buildings.

Q Why was Islamabad chosen as the new capital of Pakistan? [7] (May-2015)
Ans: [Location] (1) Ayub Khan wanted capital to be closer to the army’s command
headquarters in the Rawalpindi which he saw as necessary in times of martial law.
Karachi was located on the coast, it was close to India and considered open to
attacks from the Arabian Sea. (2) It was difficult for the people of Punjab and
N.W.F.P to travel to Federal Capital Karachi for their official works. There was
public pressure to move capital city from the industrially and commercially
developed south to the underdeveloped Punjab region in the north.
[Climate and infrastructure] (1) Karachi had a very warm and humid climate.
Islamabad was a mountainous region with a better climate than Karachi. Due to
pleasant weather working conditions of Islamabad were suitable for a capital city.
(2) Infrastructure of Karachi was setup for a port city and trading center. The
layout and structure of Karachi was not suitable to fulfill the demands of a
modern capital. Existing buildings were not enough in number or up to the
standards required by a capital. (3) The population of Karachi was high; it was not
suitable for a capital city any political protest could stop the whole government
business. The vast arrival of refugees increased the existing problem.
[Government Officials] Karachi was a developed port city and was the business
hub of Pakistan with the largest density of industries, so it attracted a huge influx
of people from the rest of Pakistan and thus became extremely densely
populated. Due to such population, Karachi was no longer a suitable place for
government offices and foreign officials.

Q The geographical position of East Pakistan was the most important reason for
the creation of Bangladesh in 1971; Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons. [14]
(May-2014)
Ans: [Geographical position] (1) Due to distance of 1000 miles and different
cultures both wings of Pakistan failed to unite in a nation. (2) Enemy country India
was located between East and West wings of Pakistan so there was no land route
available. (3) Due to long distance it was difficult to run government of both parts
of the Pakistan.
[Language issue] Quaid adopted Urdu as national language of Pakistan. (2) The
people of East Pakistan were unable to understand Urdu, they wanted that
Bengali should also be national language of Pakistan. (3) Language issue created
hatred between East and West Pakistan.
[Economic causes] (1) Jute was major crop of East Pakistan. (2) But income of Jute
was used to develop West Pakistan. (3) Very few people of East Pakistan were
given jobs in Civil services and Pakistan army. (4) In 1951 per person income of
West Pakistan was 15% more than East Pakistan but in 1970 it was 60% more
than East Pakistan.
[Six points of Sheikh Mujib] (1) People of East Pakistan thought that due share
was not given to them. (2) So the leader of Awami league sheikh Mujib made
demands in his six points to protect rights of Bengalis. (3) He demanded separate
currency, army, tax collection and trade of West and East Pakistan. (4) Sheikh
Mujib-ur-Rehman Awami league won the 1970 election on the base of six points.
(5) President Yaya khan was not ready to give government to Sheikh Mujib until
he changes his six points. (6) As a result civil war started in East Pakistan.
[Mukti Bahini] (1) India makes use of the situation. (2) India provided training and
weapons to Bengali rebels and organized their armed group known as Mukti
Bahni. (3) Mukti Bahni carried out attacks on Pakistan army. (3) Soon many Towns
were in control of Mukti Bahini.
[Operation search light] (1) To control situation Pakistan army started a cruel
army action against the people of East Pakistan. (2) More than three million
Bengalis were killed in the action. (3) On 4th Dec 1971 India attacked and Pakistan
lost the war. (4) East Pakistan was separated and became Bangladesh.
[Political Reasons] All the executive powers were in the hands of West Pakistan.
All the key posts in administration were taken by them. West Pakistanis with no
knowledge of Bengali were employed in East Pakistan as civil servants. Only 10%
of the army was Bengali, all sepoys and in the central government, Bengalis had a
share of only 15%. This plus the deprivation in Ayub Khans regime due to no social
work being done in East Pakistan angered them

Q Why Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to power in 1971? [7]

Ans: [Success in 1970 Elections] (1) Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) of Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto had won 81 seats out of 138 so it was largest party in West Pakistan. (2)
After the defeat Pakistan in 1971 war East Pakistan was separated from Pakistan.
(3) President Yayha khan resigned on Pakistan defeat and handed over
government to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto the chairman of PPP.
[Controlling Army] (1) Z.A.Bhutto considered Army as a hurdle in introducing his
policies in Pakistan so he took actions to control army. (2) Bhutto removed 29
senior officers of armed forces and appointed General Tikka Khan as commander-
In-Chief of Pakistan army, he was a professional General so did not interfere in
Government affairs.
[Simla agreement] (1) Bhutto signed Simla agreement in 1972 with India to
improve Pakistan-India relations. (2) India returned 90,000 Pakistani soldiers who
had became prisoner in 1971 war. (3) Due to Simla agreement role of army was
reduced due to good Pakistan-India relations.

Q Constitutional reform of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the most important of his
reforms; Do you agree? Give reasons. [14] (Five reforms are enough) (Oct-2011)
Ans: [1973 constitution] (1) Z.A.Bhutto introduced 1973 constitution was passed
by will of all political parties. (2) Power was in the hands of Prime Minister. (3)
National assembly was lower house and Senate was upper house of Parliament.
(4) Maximum self-Government was given to Provinces Basic human rights were
included in it. (5) President and Prime Minister should be Muslims. (6) Islamic
Advisory council was setup to change all laws according to Islam.
[Industrial reforms] (1) Wealth was in the hands of 22 families. Bhutto wanted to
improve condition of workers. (2) Bhutto introduced Nationalization. Government
took control of 70 major industries and banks. Ministry of Production was setup
to run these industries but Government officers failed to run these industries. (3)
Workers jobs were protected. Worker unions were allowed. (4) Bhutto was partly
successful in checking high prices.
[Land Reforms] (1) Land lords were not allowed to keep land more than 250 acre
irrigated and 500 acre unirrigated. (2) Excess land was given to land less farmers.
(3) But cunning land lords had shifted land to their relatives or loyal servants, later
they took back their land.
[Health reforms] (1) Rural Health Centers [RHU] were setup in villages and Basic
Health Units [BHU] in towns to provide healthcare. (2) New medical colleges and
nursing schools were setup to train health staff. (3) For first years doctors had to
work in small towns and villages. (4) Drug companies were only allowed to sale
medicines under its medical name which reduced the prices of medicines. Many
International Drug companies closed their business in Pakistan because their
profits were reduced. (5) These reforms improved health services but there was
shortage of Doctors and nurses.
[Educational reforms] (1) Bhutto wanted to provide free education to every child
and uneducated adult in Pakistan. (2) Private school and colleges were
(Nationalized) taken under government control to provide same education to
every student. (3) Number of new schools and colleges were setup but they were
not enough to provide education to large number of students. There was lack of
trained teacher. (4) Literacy rate increased only 1%, parents were not ready to
send their children to schools due to poverty and child labor.
[Administrative reforms] (1) Bhutto considered civil service of Pakistan (CSP) as
corrupt and inefficient. Bhutto wanted a modern civil service to carry out polices
of Government. (2) Bhutto removed needless rules. Bhutto organized the civil
services in small number of levels and unified pay scale. Experienced and highly
educated staff could be hired at any level. He also set up his own military force
called the FSF, whose task was to assist the police, but in reality it acted as
Bhutto’s personal army which carried out his commands.
[Military Reforms] Bhutto wanted to restrict the army so that he could rule
without intervention. After assuming power, he removed 29 army officers
including the Head of Air Force, Air Marshal Rahim Khan, and Commander-in-
Chief of Army, General Gul Hasan. He then appointed people who he approved of,
such as General Tikka Khan, who he appointed as Chief of Army Staff.
[Labour Reforms] All the workers of industries were given medical cover,
compensation for injuries, compulsory group insurance and safeguard against
termination from service. The industry or the factory owners were made
responsible to bear the expenses of atleast one child of every worker in the
factory. New rules were introduced regarding Bonus, Leave Compensation,
Retirement. Social Security Scheme was applied to all industries.

Q Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto arrested and subsequently executed in 1979? [7]
(M-14)
[Martial law] Pakistan national alliance (PNA) a union of opposition parties had
started a movement against Z.A.Bhutto government after 1977 election, because
PNA had refused to accept election results. General Zia-ul-Haq imposed
(enforced) martial law (army rule) in country and arrested Z.A.Bhutto on 5th July
1977.
[Murder case] Bhutto was released from arrest at the end of July, but when
Bhutto stated (declared) in his speeches (address) that he would get back his
political authority and trial Zia on imposing martial law. Bhutto was rearrested on
3rd September. He was blamed of murdering a political opponent, Ahmed Raza
Kasuri. by sending FSF to kill him. After two years trial (case in court) of Bhutto,
death punishment was announced. As President, General Zia had the power to
change the death punishment to life imprisonment (term). But Bhutto refused to
appeal to Zia for his life. Bhutto was hanged on 4th April 1979.
[Educational Reforms] The changes in education had led to overcrowding in
existing schools whilst new ones could be built. The reforms were not very
successful since the building of new schools and the recruitment of new teachers
could not be achieved quickly and was also very expensive. Many families could
not bear the loss of earnings to them due to these reforms.

Q Why did General Zia-ul-Haq introduced his package of Islamic laws between
1979 and 1988? [7]
Ans: [Purpose of Pakistan] (1) According to General Zia Pakistan was setup on the
name of Islam. (2) He introduced Islamic laws to setup a strong government run
by people who respect Islamic values. (3) Zia was worried due to popularity of
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. (4) Zia introduced Islamic laws to get support of Islamic parties
for his government.
[Reform society] (1) Zia also wanted to distribute some wealth to poor and needy
by introducing Islamic taxes like Zakat. (2) He introduced Islamic education in
schools to increase Islamic awareness in students. (3) Strict Islamic laws against
drinking, gambling and adultery (zina) would check moral decline and crime rate
in the society. (4) He also wanted to set up laws which punish people for showing
disrespect towards the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
[Afghan Jihad] (1) Soviet Union was a non-believer country. When Soviet Union
attacked Afghanistan Zia wanted to start Jihad against Soviets. (2) Zia introduces
Islamisation to get support of common Pakistani Muslims for Jihad against Soviet
Union.

Q ‘Islamic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic policies

between 1977 and 1988.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your
answer. [14] (Oct-2014)
(Explains at least two factors including Islamic laws)
Ans: [Purpose of Islamisations] Zia introduced Islamic laws in an attempt to
produce a strong and stable government managed by people keen to Islamic
values. He ignored the political process and therefore the Islamic laws were very
strict in order to produce a strong government.
[Federal shariat court] was set up, this court can declare any law unislamic. (2)
This court can hear appeals on cases decided by lower courts under Islamic laws.
(3) This court had five judges, three Ulemas (religious scholars) and a chairman.
[Hudood Ordinance] (1) Islamic punishments were introduced on gambling,
drinking, theft and adultery. The adulterer would be stoned to death in case of
married and 100 lashes in case of unmarried. (2) Right hand was cut off on theft
and 80 stripes of cane on drinking Alcohol. (3) Laws including effecting women
were also included.
[Qazaf Ordinance] Qazaf means false allegation of adulteration in order to harm
someone’s reputation. In order to prove this allegation, at least four adult
Muslims, known for their truthfulness, will be required to bear witness to this
fact. If the crime is established, a fine or imprisonment was handed.
[Council of Islamic Ideology] was set up to suggest ways in which legal system of
Pakistan could be brought closer to Islam. (2) It is included in law that on
disrespect for the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) death punishment could be given to
such person.
[Zakat and Usher ordinance] Zakat was collected on first Ramadan at the rate of
2.5% on saving accounts every year. (2) 5% usher was collected on agricultural
production known as Usher. (3) Collected Zakat and usher were given to poor and
needy. (3) Shia-Muslims protested because way of collection of Zakat was
different from their sect. Later Zia government spared Shia Muslim from payment
of Zakat.
[Respect of Ramadan ordinance] eating and drinking at public places was not
allowed in the month of Ramadan during fasting time. (2) Fine and punishment
was given to people on eating and drinking during fasting time.
[Interest free banking] was introduced. All banks opened profit and loss sharing
accounts.
[Education] (1) Islamiat and Pakistan studies were made compulsory in schools
and colleges. (2) Extra marks were given to students at the time of admission who
had remembered the Holy Quran by heart. (3) Learning of Arabic language and
recitation (reading) of the Holy Quran was made part of school studies. (4) Radio
Pakistan introduced Arabic courses. (5) Daily NEWS in Arabic was shown on
Pakistan television. (6) Salat committees (teams) were setup to convince people
to perform Namaz.
(2nd factor) [Economic policies] (1) The arrival of funds in 1980s allowed Zia to
introduce economic reforms. Funds were coming from western countries and two
million Pakistanis working overseas (abroad). (2) Zia government denationalized
many industries that Bhutto government had nationalized. Some were returned
to former owners, others were sold to new investors. Efforts were also made to
increase the efficiency of government- run industries. The private sector was
encouraged to re-invest. Zia also tried to attract foreign investors. Between 1977
and 1986, the average growth rate was 6.2%, amongst the highest in the world at
that time.
(3rd factor) [Law and government] Military courts were setup to punish criminals
according to martial law. The decisions of these courts could not be challenged in
civil courts. Large number of military officers was appointed in civil departments.
In this way Zia was able to reduce opposition of his government. (2) In 1985 non
party elections were conducted by President Zia and new government under
Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo was set up. (3) The new assembly passed
the Eighth Amendment in 1985 gave the President the power to appoint Prime
Minister, Governors, and other officials, President could also dismiss the Prime
Minister of the time and National assembly. As a result of this, martial law was
lifted and 1973 constitution was restored, but all actions of the martial law
remained unchallenged.

Q What difficulties did Zia-ul-Haq find in ruling Pakistan during the late 1980s? [7]
(May-16)
Ans: [Poor Law and order] General Zia-ul-Haq found it difficult to control poor law
and order situation in Pakistan. The Western countries had freely supplied guns to
help the Afghans against U.S.S.R, but those guns had become common on the
streets of Pakistan through smuggling. Unlawful weapon were a danger for peace
in country. Pakistan became a more violent country with killings in cities such as
Karachi.
[Drugs] Drug trade was growing at dangerous level; Pakistan became one of the
world's leading countries of drug trading. Millions of Pakistani had become
unproductive and burden on society due to drug habit. There was an increase in
levels of corruption in society due to huge sum of wealth earned by drug trade.
[Situation in provinces] The provinces except Punjab became more difficult to
govern. Sindh had almost become ungovernable. Armed body guards were
needed for safe travel. It was demanding separation from Pakistan. The NWFP
was also becoming more critical of the Zia government. It was facing refugee
problem caused due to Afghan war. Uprising in Balochistan had ended in 1977 but
there were still separatist groups among the people.
[Ojri camp incident] In 1988 an army weapon store at Ojri camp blew up. It was
located between densely populated cities Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Hundreds
were killed and thousands were injured. Prime Minister Junejo wanted to set up
an inquiry which seemed to blame top army commanders. President Gen Zia was
not happy with it so he dismissed PM Junejo and dismissed the National
Assembly. This led to a political crisis for Zia.

Q How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan in the years
1988– 90 and 1993–96? [14] (May-2013)
[Benazir successes, Years 1988– 90] Modernization: (1) She became first woman
prime minister of Muslim world. (2) She improved rights for women, with equal
pay for equal work. (3) She ended a ban on trade unions and released (set free)
political prisoners from jails and renewed student unions. (4) She also took steps
towards spreading of electricity in rural areas of Pakistan.
Health policy: She introduced a wide-range national health policy; Lady Health
workers were appointed to improve health standards of women and children.
Women and Youth ministries were set up. 40,000 industrial workers who were
sacked were reinstated.
Foreign policy: (1) Benazir was more successful in foreign policy. She took
Pakistan to Common Wealth Organization. (2) She was able to conduct fourth
summit conference of SAARC in 1988 in Pakistan improved relation with India and
both countries were able to sign three separate peace agreements. (3) She visited
USA in 1989 and was successful to restore (improve) relations between two
countries. (4) She was also able to convince USA to remove ban on supply of
weapons to Pakistan, Pakistan had already paid the price of these weapons.
[Benazir failures, Years 1988– 90] Social problems: The prices of commodities
(items of daily use) remained stable (same) during General Zia Government but
during her rule there was sudden increase in prices. She was unable to control
price rises; unemployment was a common feature of her rule. Benazir
Government also failed to deal with the country's growing use of drugs and
smuggling in Pakistan. Unemployment, inflation, population growth, educational
problems couldn’t be dealt with.
2) No confidence motion: Just after 11 months of Benazir government opposition
parties organized a No-Confidence motion against her government failed only
with 12 votes.
3) Pucca Qila operation: MQM ended its union with PPP and voted against PPP
government in no confidence motion launched by opposition leader Nawaz Sharif.
Benazir response was rude. 40 MQM women protestors were killed by Sindh
Police in the Pucca Qila Hyderabad in the name of operation against criminal. This
cruel action spoiled her image as a champion of democracy and human rights.
4) Constitutional matters: Benazir failed to cancel Hudood and Zina ordinances
and was also unable to pass any new law for welfare of women because Senate
was dominated by opposition parties. Benazir wanted to cancel the Eighth
Amendment in order to increase authority of Prime Minister but she failed to get
support of two-third members of parliament.
5) Differences in Benazir and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan: were created on
appointments of positions in armed forces and courts. Ishaq Khan considered
such appointment as right of President. Benazir government was also accused by
President of giving bank loans to party supporters. Benazir husband Asif Zardari
and her father-in-law were accused of corruption. President dismissed her
government in 1990 on corruption charges.
[Nuclear Problem] Pakistan’s relations with the US tensed due to Pakistan’s
nuclear program. Pakistan refused to sign Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty due to
India. In 1985, the Pressler Amendment announced only countries that the US
President said didn’t have nuclear power would get aid from the US. After the
Afghan War ended, it was implemented and Pakistan’s aid and it’s F-16 aircraft
which it had paid for were stopped.
[Benazir successes, years 1993–96] Steps for women: she established women
police station, appointed women judges and setup women development bank to
provide easy loans to small businesses run by women.
2) Economy: There was decrease in the nations’ trade deficit and a slight rise in
foreign exchange reserves. A large investment in country's energy sector was
made by American, south Korean and Hong Kong, Chinese investors and
businessmen. Pakistan continued to receive loans, funding and aid from World
Bank, IMF, Asian Development Bank.
3) Foreign policy: In Sep 1995 the United States Senate voted to lift the economic
and some of the military sanctions that had been imposed on the country in 1990.
Wife USA president Hillary Clinton and her daughter also visited the country as
guest of the Prime Minister; It was a signal that USA wanted to improve relations
with Pakistan.
4) Peace keeping mission: Pakistan had posted 5000 soldiers in Somalia as a part
of UN peace keeping mission that had been promoted by United States. Pakistani
forces also served in UN missions in trouble spots from Asia to Africa to
Caribbean, these services were generally recognized.
[Benazir failures, years 1993–96] Train march: Benazir Government found it
difficult to face opposition from Nawaz Sharif and PML. In 1994 Nawaz Sharif
began a train march from Karachi to Peshawar during which huge crowds listened
to his critical speeches. Strikes were organized throughout Pakistan in Sep and
Oct 1994. Benazir arrested several opposition leaders included old aged father of
Nawaz Sharif.
2) Family differences: There were differences in Benazir and her mother Nusrat
Bhutto over the control of Pakistan People’s Party (PPP); Nusrat wanted Benazir's
brother, Mir Murtaza as leader of PPP. According to Mir Murtaza Benazir was
moving away from their father's principles; Mutaza was also against of Benazir
husband Asif Ali Zardari because he was accused (blamed) of corruption. In 1996
Murtaza was killed by Sindh police near his house in Karachi. According to
investigation report Benazir government was involvement in the killing of
Murtaza Bhutto. Murder of Murtaza Bhutto reduced popularity of Benazir
government.
3) End of Government: Finally the government refused to carry out the Supreme
Court’s decision to dismiss 20 judges appointed by the government which caused
a political crisis. On 5th Nov 1996 President Leghari dismissed Benazir
Government on corruption charges and political murders.

Q How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan in the years
1993–96? [14]
[Benazir successes, years 1993–96] Steps for women: she established women
police station, appointed women judges and setup women development bank to
provide easy loans to small businesses run by women.
2) Economy: There was decrease in the nations’ trade deficit and a slight rise in
foreign exchange reserves. A large investment in country's energy sector was
made by American, south Korean and Hong Kong, Chinese investors and
businessmen. Pakistan continued to receive loans, funding and aid from World
Bank, IMF, Asian Development Bank.
3) Foreign policy: In Sep 1995 the United States Senate voted to lift the economic
and some of the military sanctions that had been imposed on the country in 1990.
Wife USA president Hillary Clinton and her daughter also visited the country as
guest of the Prime Minister; It was a signal that USA wanted to improve relations
with Pakistan. Bill Clinton removed the Pressler’s Amendment and gave F16
aircrafts to Pakistan. The Browns Amendment was also placed which gave $388
Million in military equipment to Pakistan.
4) Peace keeping mission: Pakistan had posted 5000 soldiers in Somalia as a part
of UN peace keeping mission that had been promoted by United States. Pakistani
forces also served in UN missions in trouble spots from Asia to Africa to
Caribbean, these services were generally recognized.
[Benazir failures, years 1993–96] Train march: Benazir Government found it
difficult to face opposition from Nawaz Sharif and PML. In 1994 Nawaz Sharif
began a train march from Karachi to Peshawar during which huge crowds listened
to his critical speeches. Strikes were organized throughout Pakistan in Sep and
Oct 1994. Benazir arrested several opposition leaders included old aged father of
Nawaz Sharif.
2) Family differences: There were differences in Benazir and her mother Nusrat
Bhutto over the control of Pakistan People’s Party (PPP); Nusrat wanted Benazir's
brother, Mir Murtaza as leader of PPP. According to Mir Murtaza Benazir was
moving away from their father's principles; Mutaza was also against of Benazir
husband Asif Ali Zardari because he was accused (blamed) of corruption. In 1996
Murtaza was killed by Sindh police near his house in Karachi. According to
investigation report Benazir government was involvement in the killing of
Murtaza Bhutto. Murder of Murtaza Bhutto reduced popularity of Benazir
government.
3) End of Government: Finally the government refused to carry out the Supreme
Court’s decision to dismiss 20 judges appointed by the government which caused
a political crisis. On 5th Nov 1996 President Leghari dismissed Benazir
Government on corruption charges and political murders.
Q How successful was the policies of Nawaz Sharif as prime minister of Pakistan in
his first term 1990 to 1993? [14] (May-2016)
Ans: [Operation cleanup] (1) in rural areas of Sindh province kidnapping, murder
and robbery were common. (2) Nawaz Sharif Government started operation
cleanup with the help Pakistan army to improve the situation. (3) Due to army
operation crime rate in rural areas of Sindh decreased, operation earned good
name for government.
[Infrastructure] (1) Nawaz Sharif government took number of steps to develop
infrastructure in Pakistan. (2) Optic fiber was setup, construction of Lahore-
Islamabad motorway was started. (3) He planned to extend motor way from
Central Asian States to Gawadar to provide access to sea to these land locked
countries. (4) He set up Barotha hydro-electric project and Gawadar Miniport in
Balochistan was major achievements.
[Privatization] He adopted policy of privatization of sick industrial units and banks
but process was not transparent.
[Yellow cab Scheme] (1) In Pakistan unemployment was on large scale. (2) Nawaz
Sharif started yellow Cab Scheme; he provided thousands of yellow cab (Taxis) in
young people on cheap loans, only a few loans were returned.
[Nawaz failures years 1990-1993]
[Cooperative societies Scandal] (1) Sharif earned defame when 700,000 people
mostly poor lost their savings in cooperative societies scandal. (2) It was soon
discovered that these societies had granted billions of rupees in loans to Mr.
Sharif family business damaged the name of Nawaz Sharif.
[Shariat Bill] (1) Nawaz Sharif tried to pass Shariat bill to make Quran and Sunnah
as law of the land. It was opposed by liberal (open-minded) people. (2) Actually
little was done to pass shariat bill from Parliament. It disappointed religious
parties which were supporter of Nawaz Sharif.
[Differences with President] (1) Differences were created between Nawaz Sharif
and President of Pakistan Ghulam Ishaq khan on the appointment of new army
chief. (2) Nawaz Sharif wanted to remove eighth amendment because it was a
check on prime minister But President Ghulam Ishaq was not ready for it. (3)
President dismissed Nawaz government on charges of corruption.

Q How successful was the policies of Nawaz Sharif as prime minister of Pakistan in
his second term 1996 to 1999? [14]
[Nawaz Successes years 1996–99]
[13th amendment] In second term Nawaz Sharif took measures to protect his
government. Nawaz government introduced 13th amendment in constitution in
which President authority to dismiss assemblies was cancelled. Three
governments were dismissed in 9 years. It was an effort to make Pakistan more
democratic. The president power to appoint judges and the chiefs of three armed
forces was cancelled. President would have to make these appointments on the
advice of Prime Minister.
[Anti-Defection Bill] Nawaz government introduced Anti-Defection Bill known as
fourteenth amendment in which member of Assemblies were not allowed to
move from one party to other. He introduced fourteenth amendment in order to
increase political stability and check the horse trading of Assembly members.
[Nuclear tests] In 1998 Nawaz government conducted a series of nuclear tests at
Chaghi, Balochishtan increased popularity of government on firm stand against
Indian tests.
[Nawaz failures, years 1997–99].
[Relation with press] In 1997 Nawaz Sharif's secret police attacked the home of a
leading press reporter and critic of the government, Najam Sethi and kidnapped
him. He was released after international protest. Heavy tax notices were given to
newspapers that were printing news against Nawaz government. Relation of
Nawaz Sharif was spoiled with press media.
[Attack on supreme courts] The Chief Justice of Pakistan Sajjad Ali Shah was
hearing corruption cases against Nawaz Sharif. Supreme Court was attacked by
hundreds of Nawaz Sharif workers. Later Chief justice was forced to resign by
Nawaz Sharif government. These action earned defame for Nawaz Sharif.
[National Security Council] (1) In second term relation of Nawaz Sharif
government was spoiled with Pakistan army on the issue of national Security
Council. Army chief Jehangir Karamat was in favour of creating national Security
Council to make coordination between civil setup and army but Nawaz Sharif was
unwilling to give an active role to army in political affairs. So Janangir Karamat
was forced to resign which created a feeling of displeasure in army. (2) Later
Nawaz efforts to improve relations with India through Lahore declaration were
destroyed by army. New military chief general Musharaf started Kargil operation
against India without informing Nawaz government.
[Martial law] Nawaz Sharif tried to remove General Musharaf as chief of Pakistan
army when he was on a visit to Srilanka. Nawaz Sharif government tried to stop
aero plane of Musharaf to land on Karachi airport and replace Musharaf by
General Zia-ud-Din but Nawaz Sharif but failed. General Musharaf imposed
martial law and arrested Nawaz Sharif.

Q How successful was Pakistan in establishing a new constitution between 1947

and 1973? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans: [Objectives Resolution] was presented in 1949 in national assembly, it was
the first step to set up new constitution of Pakistan. According to resolution
Principles of democracy, equality and social justice were according to Islam.
Promotion of Islamic way of life, religious freedom for all groups, protection of
fundamental rights and minority rights were included in resolution. Objective
resolution tried to set up a plan to protect Islamic principles in the constitution.
The Objectives Resolution was criticised by East Pakistan who disliked the fact
that instead of Begali, Urdu was chosen as the official language despite that Begali
speaking population was the much larger. Bengali were also against the idea of
equal representation in the National Assembly, again due to the size of its
population. The constitution making process was delayed due to the death of
Liaquat Ali Khan until new government settled in.
[B.P.C] (1) In 1952 a revised Basic Principles Committee presented a report which
made firm steps to set up an Islamic constitution by stating that the Head of State
should be Muslim and that he would make a committee of Islamic expert to make
sure that all laws would be according to Islam. (2) The Basic Principles
Committee’s report was criticised because the official language issue was still not
settled and East Pakistan was firm to oppose the selection of Urdu. Political
changes in the country further delayed constitution making for few years until
1956
One-unit system]: was setup by Iskander Mirza in which four provinces and ten
princely states of West Pakistan were joined to form one unit. One Unit system
was setup to create equality between East and West Pakistan. In this way equal
seats were given to East Pakistan and West Pakistan in assembly. One Unit was
opposed by the politicians of East Pakistan because their majority was reduced.
The politicians of small provinces Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan were also
unhappy with one unit because authority in west Pakistan was in the hands of the
politicians of Punjab.
[1956 constitution] (1) Important decisions were taken in 1956 constitution that
Pakistan was to be an Islamic Republic, president should be Muslim, Urdu and
Bengali would be the official languages, which was an attempt to calm the people
of East Pakistan. Fundamental rights for all citizens were included. (2) The 1956
constitution was heavily criticised since it didn’t solve the political problems of
Pakistan. The constitution promised a parliamentary system of government but
the President had the power to interfere or even suspend the Assembly. (3) East
Pakistan was very unhappy at not having a majority in the Assembly because their
population was 10 million more than West Pakistan. The constitution was
dismissed just after two years.
[1959 Basic Democracies] In 1959 Basic Democracies were introduced by Ayub
Khan which was a 4 tier structure of government, allowing elections at various
levels. The success of these councils which were set up was such that martial law
was lifted in 1962 after a new constitution was introduced.
[The 1962 constitution] (1) Presidential form of government was introduced.
President could choose cabinet; judges, governors and no law could be passed
without his will. (2) The 1962 constitution had increased the powers of the ruling
class, because the major landlords dominated the elections to the Basic
Democracies and often used force or bribery to influence the election results. (3)
Urdu and Bengali were national languages; National assembly session was to be
held in both Dhaka and Islamabad. If President was from West Pakistan then the
Speaker of assembly was to be from East Pakistan. (4) Despite these measures the
people of East Pakistan were upset as they felt they were going to have little part
in the governing of Pakistan and that the power was held by the military and civil
officials of West Pakistan.
[1973 constitution] (1) 1973 constitution received total support in the Assembly.
The 1973 Constitution revived the power of the National Assembly and as a result
political parties became more important. The leader of majority party would
become Prime Minister and select cabinet, President became a figurehead, whose
orders had to be signed by Prime Minister. (2) Parliament was composed of two
houses National Assembly and Senate; Senate had equal members from all
provinces to protect their rights. (3) The dream of provincial autonomy was
destroyed when only one year Provincial governments of Balochistan and N.W.F.P
were dismissed by Central government. Freedom of press was reduces and F.S.F
was allowed to arrest any politician.

Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and
1999? Comment (N-13)
Ans: [Early problems] Partition of India was not accepted by Congress leaders by
heart so they tried everything to harm Pakistan. Unjust ways were adopted by
India in division of financial and military assets. Bitter memories of Muslim killing
in East Punjab and Delhi spoiled Indo-Pak relation in coming years. India forced
millions of Muslims to Pakistan to put economic pressure on the new born state.
Canal water dispute and Kashmir issue poisoned Indo-Pak relation. Pakistan has
fought three major wars in 1948, 1965 and 1971 on Kashmir issue with India.
[1965 war] (1) When UNO failed to solve Kashmir problem Pakistan tried to force
India to carry out UNO resolutions through military operation in Kashmir resulted
in 1965 Indo-Pak war. Pakistan failed to capture Kashmir. (2) After 1965 war
Pakistan and India signed Tashkent agreement to solve dispute peacefully but no
date was set to begin discussion on Kashmir.
[1971 war] (1) India had recognized weak defence of East Pakistan in 1965 war.
During civil war in East Pakistan India used the situation and established armed
group of Bengali separatist known as Muktibahni to carry on attacks on Pakistan
army. Later in 1971 war India separated the East Pakistan. Relations between
Pakistan and India were at lowest level in 1971.
[Simla agreement] In 1972 Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian
Prime minister Indra Gandhi signed Simla agreement, India returned 90,000
Pakistani soldiers who were kept as prisoners of war. Pakistan also agreed that in
future talks on Kashmir would be only between Pakistan and India.
[Sikh movement in Indian Punjab] In early 1980’s Sikh population of Indian Punjab
had started movement for separate home land. In 1984 Prime Minister of India
Indra Gandhi was killed by Sikhs. Indra Gandhi son Rajiv became next Prime
Minister; he accused Pakistan of helping Sikh separatist in Indian Punjab and
murder of her mother. In 1987 both countries were close to war. The situation
was cooled down by General Zia the president of Pakistan through visit to India.
[Freedom movement in occupied Kashmir] In 1990's tension between both
countries continued due to freedom struggle in Indian held Kashmir backed by
Pakistan. After nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan in May 1998 restored balance
of power between both countries.
[Lahore declaration and Kargil war] In 1998 prime minister of Pakistan Nawaz
Sharif and Indian Prime minister Vajpayee tried to improve relation through
Lahore declaration but whole peace process was destroyed when Pakistan army
had captured Kargil hill of India resulted in war between India and Pakistan. USA
forced Pakistan to return Kargil hills to India because there was danger of Atomic
war between both countries. Relations were destroyed due to Kargil war.

Q How successful have India and Pakistan been in finding a solution to the
Kashmir issue between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14] (Nov-15)
[Origin of Kashmir problem] The most serious disagreement between Pakistan
and India is the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1947 majority population of
Kashmir were Muslims, but the Hindu ruler maharaja Hari Sigh, wanted to remain
independent so he delayed joining either Pakistan or India. The maharaja did not
treat the Muslim population well. In Sep 1947 he forced 200,000 Muslims out of
Kashmir. Finally the Muslims rose in rebellion. The maharaja was forced to turn to
India for help to crush the Muslims.
[Resolution on Kashmir] Pakistan could not accept this, so sent troops to Kashmir
to help Muslims. The Pakistan government was convinced that the Indians had
always planned to capture Kashmir. Neither side was strong enough for a long
war in January 1948 India to the UNO. A ceasefire was arranged and Kashmir was
divided between India and Pakistan. After pressure from Lord Mountbatten,
Indian Prime Minister, Nehru, agreed that a referendum would be held in Kashmir
to determine the wishes of the people, ‘once the situation has normalized. From
1949 there was an agreed ceasefire line through Kashmir, which was observed by
troops from the UN. Negotiation continued through the 1950s, but little progress
was made.
[Role of UNO] This referendum has not been held and the Kashmir issue’
remained a major source of discontent between the two countries today.
Pakistan has made numerous demands that the UNO resolve the dispute, but, so
far, it has been impossible to reach agreement. In 1954 and 1955 India tried to
join Indian occupied Kashmir into India. Pakistan protested and, then appealed to
the UN Security Council. In 1957 the UN security council was so concerned that
India might tried to occupy Kashmir again that it issued a declaration re-
confirming that the whole of Kashmir was disputed territory and that its future
could only be settled by a vote by the people of Kashmir under UNO. Still, no such
vote has taken place.
[1965 war] (1) When UNO failed to solve Kashmir problem Pakistan tried to force
India to carry out UNO resolutions through military operation in Kashmir resulted
in 1965 Indo-Pak war. Pakistan failed to capture Kashmir. (2) After 1965 war
Pakistan and India signed Tashkent agreement to solve dispute peacefully but no
date was set to begin discussion on Kashmir.
[1971 war] (1) India had recognized weak defence of East Pakistan in 1965 war.
During civil war in East Pakistan India used the situation and established armed
group of Bengali separatist known as Muktibahni to carry on attacks on Pakistan
army. Later in 1971 war India separated the East Pakistan. Relations between
Pakistan and India were at lowest level in 1971.
[Simla agreement] In 1972 Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian
Prime minister Indra Gandhi signed Simla agreement, India returned 90,000
Pakistani soldiers who were kept as prisoners of war. Pakistan also agreed that in
future talks on Kashmir would be only between Pakistan and India
[1999 Kargil War] In 1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line of Control
and captured the Indian occupied towns of Kargil and Drass. Pakistani
government denied any entry (but later admitted). India launched counter attack
and 2 of its aircraft crossed into Pakistani airspace, out of which 1 was shot down.
Pakistani forces pushed back and was eventually persuaded by USA to withdraw
behind Line of Control. A major blow to India-Pakistan relations

Q How successful were Pakistan and U.S.A in their relationship from 1947-1999?
Comment. [14] (June-15)
Ans: [Beginning of relations] The long history of Pakistan-U.S.A relation started
after visit of Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali to U.S.A. In 1955 Pakistan signed
S.E.A.T.O and C.E.N.T.O pacts according to which Pakistan became U.S.A partner
against communist countries. Pakistan received economic and military aid from
U.S.A. Despite these agreements USA provided no help to Pakistan in 1965 and
1971 wars so Pakistan left S.E.A.T.O in 1972 and C.E.N.T.O ended in 1979.
[Relations from 1960-70] President of Pakistan general Ayub khan had provided
air base to U.S.A in Peshawar during his rule. Relation with U.S.A from 1960 and
1970 spoiled due to many reasons. In 1962 U.S.A provided heavy military aid to
India during Indo-China war. Relation with USA worsened when Pakistan setup
friendly relation with China because China was a major communist state. During
1965 Indo-Pak war U.S.A remained neutral (cut off) and stopped arms supply to
Pakistan despite military agreements.
[Zia Martial law] Pak-USA relation reached lowest point when army under General
Zia took control of Government. USA was not willing to support military
Government in Pakistan. In 1979 U.S.A embassy in Islamabad was burned down.
USA cancelled aid for Pakistan.
[U.S.S.R invasion (attack) of Afghanistan] was turning point for Pak-U.S.A relation.
In 1981 USA provided 1.6 billion dollar aid package over 5 years to Pakistan to
encourage Afghan fighters against U.S.S.R army in Afghanistan. In 1986 USA aid
was increased to 4.6 billion dollars. Pakistan became third largest receiver of US
aid.
[Pressler and Brown amendment] after the withdrawal of U.S.S.R forces from
Afghanistan U.S.A blocked all military help to Pakistan in 1989 under Pressler
amendment when U.S.A president George Bush refused to confirm that Pakistan
does not possess nuclear weapons. In 1996 Brown amendment was passed in
U.S.A allowed economic and limited military aid to Pakistan. In 1998 Pakistan
conducted test of Nuclear weapons so U.S.A imposed various trade restrictions
against Pakistan.
In Sep 1995 the United States Senate voted to lift the economic and some of the
military sanctions that had been imposed on the country in 1990. Wife USA
president Hillary Clinton and her daughter also visited the country as guest of the
Prime Minister; It was a signal that USA wanted to improve relations with
Pakistan. Bill Clinton removed the Pressler’s Amendment and gave F16 aircrafts to
Pakistan. The Browns Amendment was also placed which gave $388 Million in
military equipment to Pakistan.

Q How Successful was Pakistan's relationship with U.S.S.R (Soviet Union) from
1947-1999? [14] (N-17)
Ans: [Bad start] In 1950 both U.S.A and U.S.S.R invited Liaquat Ali Khan the prime
minister of Pakistan to visit them. Liaquat Ali decided to visit U.S.A. this clearly
insulted U.S.S.R. Relation with U.S.S.R get worse when Pakistan joined anti-
communist pact C.E.N.T.O and S.E.A.T.O in 1955. U.S.S.R openly supported India
on Kashmir issue. U.S.S.R also supported the idea that NWFP should join
Afghanistan to form Pakhtoonistan.
[U-2 plane incident] (1) In May 1960 American spy plane U-2 took off from
Peshawar was shot down in U.S.S.R due to which U.S.S.R warned Pakistan. (2)
Mean while Pakistan relation with USA declined. Pakistan improved its relation
with U.S.S.R. (3) U.S.S.R. started oil exploration in Pakistan and provided 11
million pounds loan in 1963 Ayub Khan visited USSR which improved relations. (4)
U.S.S.R. took back support on Kashmir for India. (5) In 1968 USA closed air base at
Peshawar so U.S.S.R. began to supply weapons to Pakistan.
[Tashkent agreement] After 1965 Indo-Pak war U.S.S.R Invited governments of
Pakistan and India at Tashkent in U.S.S.R to solve difference. Agreement was
signed between India and Pakistan in 1966. Both countries returned prisoners of
wars and occupied areas with efforts of U.S.S.R.
[1971 War] Pakistan did a deadly mistake when Pakistan tried to improve U.S.A
relation with China. U.S.S.R was very upset because China was its important
friendly country. U.S.S.R signed treaty of friendship with India and fully supported
India in 1971 Indo-Pak war. As a result Pakistan was defeated in the war and East
Pakistan was separated from Pakistan. This was lowest point of relations between
Pakistan and U.S.S.R.
[Z. A. Bhutto government] In 1972 Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
visited U.S.S.R and began to build friendly relations. He left SEATO, a Pro-America
organization. U.S.S.R again took back its support to India on Kashmir issue. U.S.S.R
provided help to Pakistan to establish Steel mills in Karachi.
[Invasion of Afghanistan] Pakistan relations with U.S.S.R were spoiled when
U.S.S.R army entered Afghanistan in 1979. There was danger that U.S.S.R wanted
to reach Arabian Sea and Pakistan would be its next target. Pakistan provided
weapons and training to Afghani fighters to carry on attacks on U.S.S.R army in
Afghanistan. U.S.S.R Fighter planes bombed Pakistani areas close to Afghanistan.
Unfriendly relation continued till U.S.S.R forces left Afghanistan in 1988 after
Geneva accord. In 1991 U.S.S.R was broken into 15 independent states, Pakistan
was blamed for it.

Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China from 1947 to 1999?
[14]
Ans: [At the time of independence] (1) China is a neighboring country of Pakistan.
At the time of independence of Pakistan, China was involved in civil war. In 1949
Pakistan accepted china. During 1950's Pakistan signed anti-Communist treaties
S.E.A.T.O and C.E.N.T.O with USA and western countries. China was also a
communist country so Pakistan-China relations were not warm. (2) In 1959
Pakistan voted against China’s admission to UN and criticised military action of
China in Tibet.
[Indo-china war a turning point] In 1962 Indo-China war was a turn point in China
(Sino)-Pakistan relations. China was keen for a friend in south Asia while Pakistan
was worried due to huge military aid (help) of western countries to India during
Indo-China war. Military aid of western countries had disturbed balance of power
between Pakistan and India. Improved relations with China were useful for
Pakistan against India.
[Development of Pak-China relation in 1960’s] (1) Pakistan-China successfully
decided their border in 1963. (2) Same year China provided 60 million dollar
interest free loan to Pakistan and became biggest importer of Pakistani cotton. (3)
Same year P.I.A started air service towards China and became first airline which
started air service from China to Western world. It increased numbers of visitors
from China to other countries like journalists, engineers, scientists etc. (4) in 1964
China supported Pakistan on Kashmir issue and in return Pakistan sided China in
its entry in U.N.O. (5) During 1965 Indo-Pak war, China forced India not to attack
East Pakistan. China also provided military aid to Pakistan in 1965 war. (6) China
helped Pakistan to establish heavy mechanical complex at Taxila in 1965.
[1971 Pak-India war] (1) China remained neutral (cut off) during 1971 Indo-Pak
war due to pressure of U.S.S.R. As a result Pakistan was defeated. Soon after the
war China was able to provide support to Pakistan. (2) Prime minister of Pakistan
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited China after 1971 war. It was decided that many loans
from China were changed in to grants. China became major source of arms supply
to Pakistan.
[Zia government] (1) In 1978 Karakoram highway between China-Pakistan was
opened. This road was setup with the help of China. This road increased trade and
tourism between both countries. (2) In 1986 General Zia visited China and both
countries signed nuclear treaty. Good relations continued during Zia government.
[1990’s] (1) China wanted to develop relations with other countries, especially
India. China hinted during this time that China might compromise over support
for Pakistan on Kashmir. China was also concerned about interference of some
Pakistani Islamic groups in Chinese Muslims living along Pakistan-China border. (2)
In 1990 Pakistan launched a satellite with the help of Chinese. (3) In 1991
Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif visited China. (4) In 1994 first proposal of
joint military exercise was made. (5) Pakistan always supported China on the issue
of Taiwan Island.

Q How as Pakistan relation with Bangladesh developed since 1971? (7)

Ans: Separation of East Pakistan: East Pakistan was separated from West Pakistan
in Dec 1971 and became Bangladesh after bloody civil war. Pakistan considered
Bangladesh as rebel nation. Pakistan did not accepted Bangladesh for two years.
In 1971 Pakistan had stated that it would break relation with any country that
accepted Bangladesh as an independent state.
O.I.C meeting: Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujib was invited in meeting
of organization of Islamic countries at Lahore in 1974. Pakistan accepted
Bangladesh as an independent country. Two countries agreed to set up friendly
relations and try to solve differences.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto government: In June 1974 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited
Bangladesh and discussed division of assets. Bangladesh asked for half of assets
Pakistan owned before 1971. Bangladesh also demanded to transfer all non-
Bengalis from Bangladesh to Pakistan. Pakistan rejected both demands. While
both states agreed to establish friendly relations. Communication links and air
service were resumed in 1976.
Cyclones: Pakistan provided food and material aid to Bangladesh during floods in
1985 and 1988. President of Bangladesh H.M.Ershad visited Pakistan in June
1986. Trade between both countries reached 40 million dollars.
Benazir government: Bangladesh supported Pakistan on Kashmir issue. In 1989
Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto visited Bangladesh. Both countries are
member of S.A.A.R.C organization and signed agreement to promote trade,
tourism and exchange of cultural delegations.

Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between 1947
to 1999? (14)
Ans: Pakistan and Afghanistan shared a long border called Durand line. Although
there are religious and ethnic relations between the people of both countries but
relation of both states were not so friendly. Afghanistan was only country voted
against membership of Pakistan in U.N.O.
Afghanistan claimed over parts of N.W.F.P although its population voted for
Pakistan. Diplomatic relation broke down twice in 1955 and 1961 when Pakistan
embassy in Kabul was ransacked. In 1956 President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza
visited Kabul to improve relation with little success.
Afghanistan remained neutral in Indo-Pak wars of 1965 and 1971 despite good
relations with India. President of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Afghan King
Zahir Shah exchanged visits improved Pak-Afghan relation for short time.
Sardar Daud became Afghan Prime minister in 1973 was hostile towards Pakistan
but relations improved due to efforts of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
In 1979 U.S.S.R forces invaded Afghanistan. Pakistan organized Afghan resistance
against U.S.S.R with western assistance. 3 million Afghan refugees arrived to
Pakistan due to cruel actions of Soviet Union army. Pakistan provided food and
shelter to Afghan refugees with the help of donor countries.
Afghan war gave rise to number of destructive development in Pakistan such as
spread of drugs, weapons, terrorism and violence.
After withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan Pakistan encouraged
fundamental Islamic party Taliban to take control of Afghanistan. Taliban entered
Kabul in 1996 and Pakistan recognized Taliban regime improved relation in 1997.

Q Discuss the relation of Pakistan with Iran since 1947? Comment. (14)
Ans: Ans: Good start: Iran is neighboring country of Pakistan. Iran was first
country to accept Pakistan as independent state. Both countries have strong
cultural and religious links. Urdu the national language of Pakistan is deeply
influenced by Persian language. Pakistan's Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and
king of Iran Raza Shah exchanged visits in 1950 strengthen the relation.
C.E.N.T.O/ Bagdad Pact: Both countries remained western allies and signed anti-
communist treaty Bagdad pact in 1955, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey and UK were
its members. Later Bagdad Pact was renamed as C.E.N.T.O in 1959 brought both
countries closer to each other. Treaty failed to setup permanent army and Head
Quarters. C.E.N.T.O ended when Iran left it in 1979.
1965-71 war: Iran government strongly supported Pakistan during 1965 and 1971
wars. Iran always supported Pakistan on Kashmir issue. In 1972 President of
Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Iran. Military relationship increased between
both countries. Iran also provided two loans of 630 million dollars for industrial
projects. Iran provided help to Pakistan to control uprising in Balochistan during
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto government in 1973.
RCD agreement: In 1964 Pakistan, Iran and Turkey signed R.C.D (Regional
cooperation for development). This encouraged the three countries to develop
closer trade links, and helped each other to setup a number of new factories.
President of Pakistan General Zia revived (rebuild) RCD and renamed as E.C.O
(Economic cooperation organization) in 1985.
Revolution in Iran: In 1979 after Islamic revolution came to Iran. New government
of Iran was Anti-American; While Pakistan was receiving heavy aid from America.
So Pakistan relation with Iran cools down. Pakistan remained neutral (cut off)
during Iran war with Iraq in 1980.
Sectarian violence: Relation with Iran were spoiled in 1990's due to sectarian
(Shia-Sunni) violence (bloodshed) increased in Pakistan. In 1997 Iranian diplomat
M.A.Rahimi was murdered in Karachi. More serious was Pakistan support to
Taliban government in Afghanistan who was involved in killing of Shia Muslim in
Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan.

Q How successful has Pakistan been as a member of world organizations between

1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. (14)
Ans: In Sep 1947 Pakistan joined U.N.O. Pakistan was against colonialism. Pakistan
became the spokesperson for many Asian states who had not gained
independence during the 1950s. Pakistan contributed a lot in freedom movement
of Indonesia and Algeria. Pakistan has always supported the Palestinian cause on
the forum of UN. Pakistan has also contributed to a number of UN peacekeeping
forces throughout the world. Pakistan had posted 5000 soldiers in Somalia as a
part of UN peace keeping mission.
In 1947 the Indian government referred the Kashmir issue to the UN, which
organized a ceasefire, leaving Kashmir divided between India and Pakistan, under
pressure from Mountbatten, India agreed that there should be a plebiscite
(election) to determine the wishes of the Kashmiri people. Despite constant
demand by Pakistan in the UN for plebiscite to take place, the UN has been
unable to enforce it.
In 1955 Turkey and Iraq signed Bagdad pact, established anti-communist treaty
against the Soviet Union. Later Pakistan, Iran and Britain joined the treaty.
Membership of CENTO was treated enthusiastically because all members except
Britain were Muslim countries. The Pact was renamed as CENTO after Iraq left it
in 1959. Despite regular meetings group never developed a permanent or
structure of raising troops for mutual defence. In 1979 the organization was
dissolved.
Pakistan ratified S.E.A.T.O in Jan 1955 to secure further aid as member of treaty.
SEATO was mainly designed to prevent communist aggression in South East Asia
Pakistan suggestion to establish permanent military force to protect member
countries of S.E.A.T.O was rejected. Pakistan was further disappointed treaty did
not support Pakistan in 1965 Indo-Pak war. During Indo-Pak war of 1971 in which
East Pakistan was separated after defeat of Pakistan. No help came from S.E.A.T.O
disclosed the worth of treaty. Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
declared withdrawal of Pakistan from S.E.A.T.O in 1972.
In the case of Canal Water Dispute the UN played a significant (important) role
when with the efforts of the President of the World Bank water dispute between
India and Pakistan was resolved through Indus Water Treaty 1959. The World
Bank also provided finance to help establish hydro-electricity and soil reclamation
programmes which has been vital for the stimulation of Pakistan’s economy and
industries.
In 1964 an economic union was formed with Iran and Turkey known as regional
cooperation for development (RCD) in which three countries to develop ties in
trade commerce and industry. R.C.D was revived and renamed as E.C.O (Economic
cooperation organization) in 1985.
In 1969 Pakistan with 24 other Muslim nations joined to form the organization of
Islamic countries. Pakistan has always supported Palestinian Muslim in their
struggle to get freedom from Israel's occupation of their land. Membership of OIC
has reinforced the image of Pakistan as one of the world’s leading Muslim
nations. Pakistan has also received large sums of aid and interest free loans from
Islamic countries.

Answers compiled by Shamvil Raza