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The document discusses various medium access control protocols for shared communication channels. It describes random access protocols like Aloha and CSMA that allow stations to transmit when the channel is idle to avoid collisions. It also covers controlled access protocols that coordinate transmissions between stations. Finally, it discusses channelization protocols like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA that divide the channel by frequency, time, or code to enable simultaneous independent transmissions.

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34 views

ch5 Network PDF

The document discusses various medium access control protocols for shared communication channels. It describes random access protocols like Aloha and CSMA that allow stations to transmit when the channel is idle to avoid collisions. It also covers controlled access protocols that coordinate transmissions between stations. Finally, it discusses channelization protocols like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA that divide the channel by frequency, time, or code to enable simultaneous independent transmissions.

Uploaded by

omer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 23

Chapter 5

Medium Access control Protocols

1.1
5-1 What is a multiple access protocol?

When a sender and receiver have a dedicated link to transmit


data packets, the data link control is enough to handle the
channel. Suppose there is no dedicated path to communicate or
transfer the data between two devices. In that case, multiple
stations access the channel and simultaneously transmits the
data over the channel. It may create collision and cross talk.
Hence, the multiple access protocol is required to reduce the
collision and avoid crosstalk between the channels.

1.2
Multiple Access Protocol

• The main objectives of the multiple access protocols are the


optimization of the transmission time, minimization of collisions,
and avoidance of the crosstalks.
• Multiple Access protocols mainly allow a number of nodes to
access the shared network channel. Several data streams
originating from several nodes are transferred via the multi-point
transmission channel.

1.3
5.2 types of multiple access protocol

1.4
Random Access Protocols
• In this protocol, all the station has the equal priority to send the
data over a channel .
• In random access protocol, one or more stations cannot depend
on another station nor any station control another station .
• Depending on the channel's state (idle or busy), each station
transmits the data frame.
• However, if more than one station sends the data over a channel,
there may be a collision or data conflict.
• Due to the collision, the data frame packets may be lost or
changed. And hence, it does not receive by the receiver end.
1.5
The different methods of random-access protocols for broadcasting
frames on the channel.

1. Aloha
2. CSMA
3. CSMA/CD
4. CSMA/CA

1.6
1. ALOHA Random Access Protocol

It is designed for wireless LAN (Local Area Network) but can also
be used in a shared medium to transmit data. Using this method,
any station can transmit data across a network simultaneously
when a data frameset is available for transmission

1.7
• Aloha Rules

• Any station can transmit data to a channel at any time.

• It does not require any carrier sensing.

• Collision and data frames may be lost during the transmission of data

through multiple stations.

• Acknowledgment of the frames exists in Aloha. Hence, there is no

collision detection.

• It requires retransmission of data after some random amount of time.

1.8
• Aloha Types

1.9
• Aloha Types

1. Pure Aloha

• Whenever data is available for sending over a channel at stations, we


use Pure Aloha .
• In pure Aloha, when each station transmits data to a channel without
checking whether the channel is idle or not, the chances of collision
may occur, and the data frame can be lost .

1.10
• Aloha Types

1. Pure Aloha

• When any station transmits the data frame to a channel, the pure Aloha
waits for the receiver's acknowledgment .
• If it does not acknowledge the receiver end within the specified
time, the station waits for a random amount of time, called the
backoff time (Tb). And the station may assume the frame has been
lost or destroyed. Therefore, it retransmits the frame until all the
data are successfully transmitted to the receiver.

1.11
Figure 5.1 Frames in Pure Aloha

1.12
• Aloha Types

2. Slotted Aloha

• The slotted Aloha is designed to overcome the pure Aloha's efficiency


because pure Aloha has a very high possibility of frame hitting.
• In slotted Aloha, the shared channel is divided into a fixed time interval
called slots.
• If a station wants to send a frame to a shared channel, the frame can only be
sent at the beginning of the slot, and only one frame is allowed to be sent to
each slot.
• If the stations are unable to send data to the beginning of the slot, the station
will have to wait until the beginning of the slot for the next time.

1.13
Figure 5.2 Frames in Slotted Aloha

1.14
1. CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)

It is a carrier sense multiple access based on media access protocol


to sense the traffic on a channel (idle or busy) before transmitting
the data. It means that if the channel is idle, the station can send
data to the channel. Otherwise, it must wait until the channel
becomes idle. Hence, it reduces the chances of a collision on a
transmission medium.

1.15
CSMA Access Modes

1-Persistent: In the 1-Persistent mode of CSMA that defines each node, first sense
the shared channel and if the channel is idle, it immediately sends the data. Else it
must wait and keep track of the status of the channel to be idle and broadcast the
frame unconditionally as soon as the channel is idle.

Non-Persistent: It is the access mode of CSMA that defines before transmitting


the data, each node must sense the channel, and if the channel is inactive, it
immediately sends the data. Otherwise, the station must wait for a random time
(not continuously), and when the channel is found to be idle, it transmits the
frames.

1.16
CSMA Access Modes

P-Persistent: It is the combination of 1-Persistent and Non-persistent modes.


The P-Persistent mode defines that each node senses the channel, and if the
channel is inactive, it sends a frame with a P probability. If the data is not
transmitted, it waits for a (q = 1-p probability) random time and resumes the
frame with the next time slot.

1.17
CSMA Access Modes

1.18
2. Controlled Access Protocol

It is a method of reducing data frame collision on a shared


channel. In the controlled access method, each station interacts
and decides to send a data frame by a particular station approved
by all other stations. It means that a single station cannot send the
data frames unless all other stations are not approved. It has three
types of controlled access: Reservation, Polling, and Token
Passing.

1.19
3. Channelization Protocols

It is a channelization protocol that allows the total usable


bandwidth in a shared channel to be shared across multiple
stations based on their time, distance and codes. It can access all
the stations at the same time to send the data frames to the
channel.

1.20
1. FDMA

It is a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) method used to


divide the available bandwidth into equal bands so that multiple
users can send data through a different frequency to the
subchannel. Each station is reserved with a particular band to
prevent the crosstalk between the channels and interferences of
stations.

1.21
2. TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a channel access


method. It allows the same frequency bandwidth to be shared
across multiple stations. And to avoid collisions in the shared
channel, it divides the channel into different frequency slots that
allocate stations to transmit the data frames. The same frequency
bandwidth into the shared channel by dividing the signal into
various time slots to transmit it. However, TDMA has an overhead
of synchronization that specifies each station's time slot by adding
synchronization bits to each slot.

1.22
3. CDMA

The code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access


method. In CDMA, all stations can simultaneously send the data
over the same channel. It means that it allows each station to
transmit the data frames with full frequency on the shared channel
at all times. It does not require the division of bandwidth on a
shared channel based on time slots. If multiple stations send data
to a channel simultaneously, their data frames are separated by a
unique code sequence. Each station has a different unique code
for transmitting the data over a shared channel.

1.23

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