APPENDIX D

Review of Centroids
and Moments of Inertia

O n ly p la n e a r e a s a r e c o n s id e r e d . A t a b le o f c e n t r o id s a n d m o m e n t s o f
in e r tia fo r a v a r ie ty o f c o m m o n g e o m e tr ic s h a p e s is g iv e n in A p p e n d ix E
fo r  c o n v e n ie n t r e f e r e n c e .

Outline
D.1 Centroids of Plane Areas 1119
D.2 Centroids of Composite Areas 1122
D.3 Moments of Inertia of Plane Areas 1124
D.4 Parallel-Axis Theorem for Moments of Inertia 1127
D.5 Polar Moments of Inertia 1130
D.6 Products of Inertia 1134
D.7 Rotation of Axes 974
D.8 Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia 1135
Review Problems 1139

D.1 Centroids of Plane Areas

T h is a p p e n d ix is a r e v ie w o f th e d e fin itio n s a n d fo r m u la s p e r ta in in g to c e n tro id s FIGURE D-1
a n d m o m e n ts o f in e r tia o f p la n e a r e a s. T h e p o s itio n o f th e c e n tro id o f a p la n e P la n e a r e a o f a r b it r a r y s h a p e
a r e a is a n im p o rta n t g e o m e tr ic p ro p e r ty . T o o b ta in fo r m u la s fo r lo c a tin g c e n - w it h c e n t r o id C
tr o id s, r e fe r to F ig . D -1 , w h ic h s h o w s a p la n e a r e a o f ir r e g u la r s h a p e w ith its c e n -
y
tr o id a t p o in t C . T h e x y c o o r d in a t e s y s t e m is o r ie n t e d a r b it r a r ily w it h it s o r ig in a t
a n y p o in t O . T h e a re a o f th e g e o m e tr ic fig u r e is d e fin e d b y th e fo llo w in g in te g r a l:
x
C
A 5 ∫ d A (D-1)
x d A
in w h i c h d A i s a d i f f e r e n t i a l e l e m e n t o f a r e a h a v i n g c o o r d i n a t e s x a n d y ( F i g .  D - 1 )
y
a n d A is th e to ta l a r e a o f th e fig u r e . y
T h e f ir s t m o m e n t s o f t h e a r e a w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x a n d y a x e s a r e d e f in e d ,
re sp e c t iv e ly , a s
O x
Q x 5 ∫ y d A Q y 5 ∫ x d A (D-2a,b)
1057
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 1058 Appendix D Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia

FIGURE D-2 T h u s, th e fir s t m o m e n ts r e p r e se n t th e su m s o f th e p ro d u c ts o f th e d iffe r e n tia l

A r e a w it h o n e a x is o f s y m m e t r y
a re a s a n d th e ir c o o r d in a te s. F ir s t m o m e n ts m a y b e p o s itiv e o r n e g a tiv e , d e p e n d -
in g u p o n th e p o s itio n o f th e x y a x e s. A ls o , fir s t m o m e n ts h a v e u n its o f le n g th
y r a is e d to th e th ir d p o w e r ; fo r in s ta n c e , in 3 o r m m 3.
T h e c o o rd in a te s x a n d y o f t h e c e n t r o id C (F ig . D -1 ) a r e e q u a l to th e fir s t
m o m e n ts d iv id e d b y th e a r e a :

C x
x 5
Q y
5
∫ x d A
y 5
Q x
5
∫ y d A

∫ ∫ (D-3a,b)
A A
d A d A

FIGURE D-3 I f th e b o u n d a r ie s o f th e a r e a a r e d e fin e d b y s im p le m a th e m a tic a l e x p r e s s io n s, e v a l-

A r e a w it h t w o a x e s o f s y m m e t r y
u a te th e in te g r a ls a p p e a r in g in E q s. (D -3 a ) a n d (D -3 b ) in c lo s e d fo r m a n d th e r e b y
o b ta in fo r m u la s fo r x a n d y . T h e fo r m u la s lis te d in A p p e n d ix E w e r e o b ta in e d
y in t h is m a n n e r. I n g e n e r a l, t h e c o o r d in a t e s x a n d y m a y b e p o s it iv e o r n e g a t iv e ,
d e p e n d in g u p o n th e p o s itio n o f th e c e n tr o id w ith r e s p e c t to th e r e fe r e n c e a x e s.
I f a n a r e a is s y m m e tr ic a b o u t a n a x is , th e c e n tr o id m u s t lie o n th a t a x is
b e c a u s e th e f ir s t m o m e n t a b o u t a n a x is o f s y m m e tr y e q u a ls z e r o . F o r e x a m p le ,
C x t h e c e n t r o id o f t h e s in g ly s y m m e t r ic a r e a s h o w n in F ig . D -2 m u s t lie o n t h e
x  a x is , w h ic h is t h e a x is o f s y m m e t r y . T h e r e fo r e , o n ly o n e c o o r d in a t e m u s t b e
c a lc u la t e d in o r d e r to lo c a t e th e c e n tr o id C .
I f a n a r e a h a s t w o a x e s o f s y m m e t r y , a s illu s t r a t e d in F ig . D -3 , t h e p o s it io n o f
t h e c e n t r o id c a n b e d e t e r m in e d b y in s p e c t io n b e c a u s e it lie s a t t h e in t e r s e c t io n
o f th e a x e s o f sy m m e tr y .
FIGURE D-4 A n a r e a o f t h e t y p e s h o w n in F ig . D - 4 is s y m m e t r ic a b o u t a p o in t. I t h a s n o
A r e a th a t is s y m m e tr ic a b o u t a a x e s o f s y m m e tr y , b u t th e r e is a p o in t (c a lle d th e c e n te r o f s y m m e tr y ) s u c h th a t
p o in t e v e r y lin e d r a w n th r o u g h th a t p o in t c o n ta c ts th e a r e a in a s y m m e tr ic a l m a n -
n e r. T h e c e n t r o id o f s u c h a n a r e a c o in c id e s w it h t h e c e n t e r o f s y m m e t r y , s o t h e
y
c e n tr o id c a n b e lo c a t e d b y in s p e c t io n .
I f a n a r e a h a s ir r e g u la r b o u n d a r ie s n o t d e f in e d b y s im p le m a th e m a tic a l e x p r e s -
s io n s , lo c a t e t h e c e n t r o id b y n u m e r ic a lly e v a lu a t in g t h e in t e g r a ls in E q s . ( D -3 a
C x a n d b ). T h e s im p le s t p r o c e d u r e is to d iv id e t h e g e o m e t r ic f ig u r e in to s m a ll f in it e
e le m e n t s a n d r e p la c e t h e in t e g r a t io n s w it h s u m m a t io n s . D e n o t e t h e a r e a o f t h e
it h e le m e n t b y D A i; t h e n t h e e x p r e s s io n s fo r t h e s u m m a t io n s a r e
n n n
Photo courtesy of Louis Geschwinder

A 5 ∑ D A i Q x 5 ∑ y iD A i Q y 5 ∑ x iD A i (D-4a,b,c)
i 5 1 i 5 1 i 5 1

in w h ic h n is t h e to ta l n u m b e r o f e le m e n ts, y i is th e y c o o r d in a te o f th e c e n tro id
o f t h e ith e le m e n t, a n d x i is th e x c o o r d in a te o f th e c e n tro id o f th e ith e le m e n t.
R e p la c in g th e in te g r a ls in E q s . (D -3 a a n d b ) b y th e c o r r e s p o n d in g s u m m a tio n s
le a d s to th e fo llo w in g fo r m u la s fo r th e c o o r d in a te s o f th e c e n tro id :
n n
The centroid of wide-flange steel
sections lies at the intersection of Q ∑ x iD A i
Q
∑ y iD A i
y i 5 1 x i 5 1
the axes of symmetry x 5 5 n y 5 5 n
(D-5a,b)
A A
∑ D A i ∑ D A i
i 5 1 i 5 1

T h e a c c u ra c y o f th e c a lc u la tio n s fo r x a n d y d e p e n d s u p o n h o w c lo s e ly t h e
s e le c te d e le m e n ts fit th e a c t u a l a re a . If t h e y f it e x a c t ly , t h e r e s u lt s a r e e x a c t .
M a n y c o m p u te r p ro g ra m s fo r lo c a tin g c e n tro id s u s e a n u m e r ic a l s c h e m e s im ila r
to th e o n e e x p re ss e d b y E q s. (D -5 a a n d b ).
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 D.1 Centroids of Plane Areas 1059

Example D-1

FIGURE D-5 A p a r a b o lic s e m is e g m e n t O A B is b o u n d e d b y th e x a x is, th e y a x is,

E x a m p le D -1 : C e n tr o id o f a p a r a b o lic
a n d a p a r a b o lic c u r v e h a v in g its v e r te x a t A (F ig . D -5 ). T h e e q u a tio n
s e m is e g m e n t o f th e c u r v e is

y ⎛ x 2 ⎞
y 5 f (x ) 5 h ⎜ 1 2 2 ⎟⎠ (a)
A y = f(x ) ⎝ b
d A in w h ic h b is th e b a s e a n d h is th e h e ig h t o f th e s e m is e g m e n t.
L o c a te th e c e n tr o id C o f th e s e m is e g m e n t.
x
h
y
C
y y Solution:
2 B T o d e te r m in e th e c o o r d in a t e s x a n d y o f t h e c e n t r o id C ( F ig . D -5 ),
x
O x d x u s e E q s . (D -3 a a n d b ). B e g in b y s e le c tin g a n e le m e n t o f a r e a d A in
b th e fo r m o f a th in v e r tic a l s t r ip o f w id t h d x a n d h e ig h t y . T h e a r e a
o f th is d iffe r e n tia l e le m e n t is
⎛ x 2
⎞
d A 5 y d x 5 h ⎜ 1 2 2 ⎟⎠ d x (b)
⎝ b
T h e r e fo r e , th e a r e a o f th e p a r a b o lic s e m is e g m e n t is
b
⎛ 2
⎞
∫ ∫
x 2 b h
A 5 d A 5 h ⎜ 1 2 2 ⎟⎠ d x 5 (c)
0 ⎝ b 3
N o te th a t th is a r e a is tw o -th ir d s o f th e a re a o f th e s u rro u n d in g r e c ta n g le .
T h e fir s t m o m e n t o f a n e le m e n t o f a r e a d A w it h re sp e c t to a n a x is is o b ta in e d b y
m u lt ip ly in g t h e a re a o f t h e e le m e n t b y th e d is ta n c e f r o m it s c e n tr o id to th e a x is . S in c e
th e x a n d y c o o r d in a te s o f th e c e n tr o id o f th e e le m e n t sh o w n in F ig . D -5 a re x a n d
y /2 , r e s p e c t iv e ly , th e f ir s t m o m e n ts o f th e e le m e n t w it h r e s p e c t to th e x a n d y a x e s a re
2
b 2
⎛ 2
⎞ 2

∫ ∫
y h x 4 b h
Q 5 d A 5 1 2 ⎟⎠ d x 5 (d)
x
2 0 2 ⎜⎝ b 2
1 5
b ⎛ 2 ⎞ b 2 h
Q y 5 ∫ x d A 5 ∫ 0
h x ⎜1 2
⎝
x
b 2
⎟ d x 5
⎠ 4
(e)

in w h ic h d A h a s b e e n s u b s titu te d fro m E q . (b ).
N o w d e te r m in e th e c o o r d in a te s o f th e c e n tr o id C :
Q y 3 b Q x 2 h
x 5 5 y 5 5 (f,g)
A 8 A 5
T h e s e r e s u lts a g r e e w ith th e fo r m u la s lis te d in A p p e n d ix E , C a s e 1 7 .
N o te s : T h e c e n t r o id C o f th e p a r a b o lic s e m is e g m e n t a ls o m a y b e lo c a t e d b y t a k in g
t h e e le m e n t o f a r e a d A a s a h o r iz o n t a l s t r ip o f h e ig h t d y a n d w id t h :
y
x 5 b 1 2 (h)
h
T h is e x p r e s s io n is o b ta in e d b y s o lv in g E q . (a ) fo r x in te r m s o f y .

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1060 Appendix D Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia

FIGURE D-6
C e n t r o id o f a c o m p o s it e a r e a
D.2 Centroids of Composite Areas
c o n s is tin g o f tw o p a r ts I n e n g in e e r in g w o r k it is o fte n o f in te r e s t to lo c a te th e c e n tro id s o f a r e a s c o m -
p o s e d o f s e v e r a l p a r ts, e a c h p a r t h a v in g a fa m ilia r g e o m e tr ic s h a p e , s u c h a s a
y
r e c ta n g le o r a c ir c le . E x a m p le s o f s u c h c o m p o s ite a r e a s a r e th e c ro s s s e c tio n s o f
b e a m s a n d c o lu m n s , w h ic h u s u a lly c o n s is t o f r e c t a n g u la r e le m e n t s ( fo r in s t a n c e ,
t s e e F ig s. D -2 , D -3 , a n d D -4 ).
T h e a r e a s a n d f ir s t m o m e n t s o f c o m p o s it e a r e a s a r e c a lc u la t e d b y s u m m in g
t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g p r o p e r t ie s o f t h e c o m p o n e n t p a r t s . A s s u m e t h a t a c o m p o s it e
b a r e a is d iv id e d in to a to t a l o f n p a r t s , a n d d e n o t e th e a r e a o f th e ith p a r t a s A i.
T h e n o b t a in th e a r e a a n d f ir s t m o m e n t s b y th e fo llo w in g s u m m a t io n s :
n n n
t A 5 ∑ A i Q x 5 ∑ y iA i Q y 5 ∑ x iA i (D-6a,b,c)
i 5 1 i 5 1 i 5 1
O x
c in w h ic h x i a n d y i a r e th e c o o r d in a te s o f th e c e n tro id o f th e ith p a r t.
T h e c o o r d in a te s o f th e c e n t r o id o f t h e c o m p o s it e a r e a a r e
(a ) n n

Q ∑ x iA i
Q
∑ y iA i
y i 5 1 x i 5 1
x 5 5 n y 5 5 n
(D-7a,b)
y A A
x ∑ A i ∑ A i
i 5 1 i 5 1

A 1 S in c e th e c o m p o s ite a r e a is r e p r e s e n t e d e x a c t ly b y th e n p a r ts, th e p r e c e d in g
e q u a tio n s g iv e e x a c t r e s u lts fo r th e c o o rd in a te s o f th e c e n tro id .
x 1 T o illu s tr a t e th e u s e o f E q s . (D -7 a a n d b ), c o n s id e r th e L -s h a p e d a r e a (o r
C 1 a n g le s e c t io n ) s h o w n in F ig . D - 6 a . T h is a re a h a s s id e d im e n s io n s b a n d c a n d
th ic k n e s s t. T h e a r e a c a n b e d iv id e d in to tw o re c ta n g le s o f a r e a s A 1 a n d A 2 w it h
C
c e n tr o id s C 1 a n d C 2, r e s p e c t iv e ly (F ig . D -6 b ). T h e a re a s a n d c e n tr o id a l c o o r d i-
y 1 n a te s o f th e s e tw o p a r ts a re
A 2 y
C 2
t b
A 1 5 1 b t x 1 5 y 1 5
O x 2 2
x 2 y 2
c 1 t t
A 2 5 (c 2 t )t x 2 5 y 2 5
(b ) 2 2
T h e r e fo r e , th e a r e a a n d fir s t m o m e n ts o f th e c o m p o s ite a r e a [fro m E q s. (D -6 a ,
b , a n d c )] a re
A 5 A 1 1 A 2 5 t(b 1 c 2 t )
t 2
Q x 5 y 1A 1 1 y 2 A 2 5 (b 1 c t 2 t 2 )
2
t 2
Q y 5 x 1A 1 1 x 2 A 2 5 (b t 1 c 2 t 2 )
2

F in a lly , o b t a in t h e c o o r d in a t e s x a n d y o f t h e c e n t r o id C o f t h e c o m p o s it e a r e a
(F ig . D -6 b ) fro m E q s. (D -7 a a n d b ):
Q y b t 1 c 2 2 t 2 Q x b c t 2 t 2 2
1
x 5 5 y 5 5 (D-8a,b)
A 2 (b 1 c 2 t ) A 2 (b 1 c 2 t )
A s im ila r p ro c e d u r e c a n b e u s e d fo r m o r e c o m p le x a r e a s, a s illu s tr a te d in
E x a m p le D -2 .
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 D.2 Centroids of Composite Areas 1061

N o te 1 : W h e n a c o m p o s it e a r e a is d iv id e d in to o n ly t w o p a r t s , t h e c e n t r o id C FIGURE D-7
o f th e e n tir e a r e a lie s o n th e lin e jo in in g th e c e n tr o id s C 1 a n d C 2 o f th e tw o p a r ts
C o m p o s it e a r e a s w it h a c u to u t
(a s s h o w n in F ig . D - 6 b fo r t h e L - s h a p e d a r e a ). a n d a h o le
N o t e 2 : W h e n u s in g t h e fo r m u la s fo r c o m p o s it e a r e a s [s e e E q s . ( D - 6 ) a n d
(D -7 )], tr e a t th e a b s e n c e o f a n a r e a u s in g s u b tr a c t io n . T h is p r o c e d u r e is u s e fu l b c
w h e n t h e r e a r e c u to u t s o r h o le s in t h e f ig u r e .
f g
F o r in s t a n c e , c o n s id e r t h e a r e a s h o w n in F ig . D -7 a . A n a ly z e t h is f ig u r e a s
a c o m p o s it e a r e a b y s u b t r a c t in g t h e p r o p e r t ie s o f t h e in n e r r e c t a n g le e fg h fr o m a e h d
th e c o r r e s p o n d in g p r o p e r tie s o f th e o u te r r e c ta n g le a b c d . (F r o m a n o th e r v ie w -
p o in t , t h in k o f t h e o u t e r r e c t a n g le a s a “ p o s it iv e a r e a ” a n d t h e in n e r r e c t a n g le (a )
a s a “ n e g a t i v e a r e a .” )
S im ila r ly , if a n a r e a h a s a h o le (F ig . D -7 b ), s u b t r a c t t h e p r o p e r t ie s o f t h e
a r e a o f th e h o le fr o m th o s e o f th e o u te r r e c ta n g le .

(b )

Example D-2

FIGURE D-8 T h e c r o s s s e c t io n o f a s te e l b e a m is c o n s tr u c te d o f a W 1 8 × 7 1 w id e -
E x a m p le D -2 : C e n t r o id o f a c o m p o s it e f la n g e s e c t io n w it h a 6 in . × 1 /2 in . c o v e r p la te w e ld e d to th e to p f la n g e
a r e a a n d a C 1 0 × 3 0 c h a n n e l s e c t io n w e ld e d to t h e b o tto m f la n g e ( F ig . D - 8 ).
y L o c a te th e c e n t r o id C o f th e c r o s s -s e c t io n a l a r e a .
P la te
6 in . × —1 Solution:
2 in . C 1
D e n o te th e a re a s o f th e c o v e r p la te , th e w id e - f la n g e s e c t io n , a n d th e
W 1 8 × 7 1 c h a n n e l s e c t io n a s a re a s A 1, A 2, a n d A 3 , re sp e c t iv e ly . T h e c e n tr o id s o f
y 1
th e s e th re e a re a s a r e la b e le d C 1, C 2, a n d C 3, re sp e c t iv e ly , in F ig . D - 8 .
N o te th a t th e c o m p o s it e a re a h a s a n a x is o f s y m m e tr y , so a ll c e n tr o id s
C
lie o n th a t a x is . T h e th re e p a r tia l a r e a s a re
2 x
c
C 2 2 2
A 1 5 ( 6 in .)( 0 .5 in .) 5 3 .0 in A 2 5 2 0 .8 in A 3 5 8 .8 2 in
y 3 in w h ic h th e a re a s A a n d A a r e o b ta in e d fr o m T a b le s F -1 (a ) a n d F -3 (a )
2 3

C 1 0 × 3 0
o f A p p e n d ix F .
P la c e th e o r ig in o f t h e x a n d y a x e s a t t h e c e n t r o id C 2 o f t h e w id e -
C 3 f la n g e s e c t io n . T h e n th e d is t a n c e s fr o m th e x a x is to th e c e n tr o id s o f
th e th r e e a re a s a r e a s fo llo w s :
1 8 .4 7 in . 0 .5 in .
y 1 5 1 5 9 .4 8 5 in .
2 2
1 8 .4 7 in .
y 2 5 0 y 3 5 1 0 .6 4 9 in . 5 9 .8 8 4 in .
2
in w h ic h th e p e r tin e n t d im e n s io n s o f th e w id e -fla n g e a n d c h a n n e l s e c tio n s a r e o b ta in e d
fro m T a b le s F -1 a n d F -3 .

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 1062 Appendix D Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia

T h e a r e a A a n d fir s t m o m e n t Q x o f th e e n tir e c r o s s s e c tio n a r e o b t a in e d fr o m

E q s . ( D - 6 a a n d b ) a s

n
A 5 ∑ A i 5 A 1 1 A 2 1 A 3
i 5 1
2 2 2 2
5 3 .0 in 1 2 0 .8 in 1 8 .8 2 in 5 3 2 .6 2 in

n
Q x 5 ∑ y iA i 5 y 1A 1 1 y 2 A 2 1 y 3 A 3
i 5 1
2 2 3
5 ( 9 .4 8 5 in .)( 3 .0 in ) 1 0 2 ( 9 .8 8 4 in .)(8 .8 2 in ) 5 2 5 8 .7 2 in

N o w fin d th e c o o r d in a te y to th e c e n tro id C o f th e c o m p o s ite a r e a fro m E q . ( D - 7 b ) :

3
Q x 2 5 8 .7 2 in
y 5 5 5 2 1 .8 0 in .
A 3 2 .6 2 in 2

S in c e y is p o s itiv e in th e p o s itiv e d ir e c tio n o f th e y a x is , th e m in u s s ig n m e a n s th a t th e

c e n tro id C o f th e c o m p o s ite a r e a is lo c a te d b e lo w th e x a x is, a s s h o w n in F ig . D -8 .
T h u s, th e d is ta n c e c b e tw e e n th e x a x is a n d th e c e n tro id C is
c 5 1 .8 0 in .

N o te th a t th e p o s itio n o f th e r e fe r e n c e a x is (th e x a x is ) is a r b itr a r y ; h o w e v e r, in th is

e x a m p le it w a s p la c e d th ro u g h th e c e n tro id o f th e w id e -fla n g e s e c tio n b e c a u s e it
s lig h t ly s im p lif ie s t h e c a lc u la t io n s.

FIGURE D-9
P la n e a r e a o f a r b it r a r y s h a p e
D.3 Moments of Inertia of Plane Areas
T h e m o m e n ts o f in e r tia o f a p la n e a r e a (F ig . D -9 ) w ith r e s p e c t to th e x a n d
y y  a x e s , r e s p e c t iv e ly , a r e d e f in e d b y t h e in t e g r a ls

C I x 5 ∫ y 2 d A I y 5 ∫ x 2
d A (D-9a,b)

x d A in w h ic h x a n d y a r e th e c o o r d in a te s o f th e d iffe r e n tia l e le m e n t o f a r e a d A .
B e c a u s e th e e le m e n t d A is m u ltip lie d b y th e s q u a r e o f th e d is ta n c e fro m th e
r e fe r e n c e a x is, m o m e n ts o f in e r tia a r e a ls o c a lle d s e c o n d m o m e n ts o f a r e a . A ls o ,
y
n o te th a t m o m e n ts o f in e r tia o f a r e a s (u n lik e fir s t m o m e n ts ) a r e a lw a y s p o s itiv e
q u a n titie s.
O x
T o illu s tr a t e h o w m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia a r e o b t a in e d b y in t e g r a t io n , c o n s id e r
a r e c t a n g le h a v in g w id t h b a n d h e ig h t h (F ig . D -1 0 ). T h e x a n d y a x e s h a v e t h e ir
o r ig in a t t h e c e n t r o id C . F o r c o n v e n ie n c e , u s e a d if fe r e n t ia l e le m e n t o f a r e a
d A in t h e fo r m o f a t h in h o r iz o n t a l s t r ip o f w id t h b a n d h e ig h t d y (t h e r e fo r e ,
d A 5 b d y ). S in c e a ll p a r t s o f th e e le m e n t a l s tr ip a r e th e s a m e d is t a n c e fr o m th e
x a x is , e x p r e s s t h e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia I x w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x a x is a s
h /2 3

∫ ∫
b h
I x 5 y 2 d A 5 y 2b d y 5 (D-10)
2 h /2 1 2
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 D.3 Moments of Inertia of Plane Areas 1063

I n a s im ila r m a n n e r, u s e a n e le m e n t o f a r e a in th e fo r m o f a v e r tic a l s tr ip w ith FIGURE D-10

a r e a d A 5 h d x a n d o b ta in th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to th e y a x is : M o m e n ts o f in e r tia o f a
b /2 3

∫ ∫
2 2 h b r e c ta n g le
I y 5 x d A 5 x h d x 5 (D-11)
2 b /2 1 2 y
I f a d iffe r e n t s e t o f a x e s is s e le c te d , th e m o m e n ts o f in e r tia w ill h a v e d iffe r- d A d y
e n t v a lu e s . F o r in s ta n c e , c o n s id e r a x is B – B a t th e b a s e o f th e re c ta n g le (F ig .
h
D -1 0 ). I f th is a x is is s e le c te d a s th e re fe re n c e , d e f in e y a s th e c o o rd in a te d is ta n c e –
2 y
f r o m th a t a x is to th e e le m e n t o f a re a d A . T h e n t h e c a lc u la t io n s fo r th e m o m e n t
o f in e r tia b e c o m e C x
h
h 3
–
2
∫ ∫
b h
I B B 5 y 2 d A 5 y 2b d y 5 (D-12) B B
0 3 b b
– –
N o te th a t th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to a x is B – B is la r g e r th a n th e 2 2
m o m e n t o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to th e c e n tro id a l x a x is. I n g e n e r a l, th e m o m e n t
o f in e r tia in c r e a s e s a s th e r e fe r e n c e a x is is m o v e d p a r a lle l to its e lf fa r th e r fro m
th e c e n tro id .
T h e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia o f a c o m p o s ite a r e a w it h r e s p e c t to a n y p a r t ic u la r
a x is is t h e s u m o f t h e m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia o f it s p a r t s w it h r e s p e c t to t h a t s a m e
FIGURE D-11
C o m p o s it e a r e a s
a x is . A n e x a m p le is t h e h o llo w b o x s e c t io n s h o w n in F ig . D -1 1 a , w h e r e t h e x a n d
y  a x e s a r e a x e s o f s y m m e tr y th r o u g h th e c e n tr o id C . T h e m o m e n t o f in e r tia I x y
w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x a x is is e q u a l to t h e a lg e b r a ic s u m o f t h e m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia
o f th e o u te r a n d in n e r r e c ta n g le s . (A s e x p la in e d e a r lie r, th in k o f th e in n e r r e c ta n -
g l e a s a “ n e g a t i v e a r e a ” a n d t h e o u t e r r e c t a n g l e a s a “ p o s i t i v e a r e a .” ) T h e r e f o r e ,
3 3
b h b 1h 1 h x h 1
I x 5 2 (D-13) C
1 2 1 2 b 1

T h is s a m e fo r m u la a p p lie s to th e c h a n n e l s e c tio n s h o w n in F ig . D -1 1 b , w h e r e
th e c u to u t is c o n s id e r e d a “ n e g a tiv e a r e a .” b
F o r th e h o llo w b o x s e c t io n , u s e a s im ila r t e c h n iq u e to o b t a in th e m o m e n t o f
in e r t ia I y w it h r e s p e c t to t h e v e r t ic a l a x is . H o w e v e r , in t h e c a s e o f t h e c h a n n e l
(a )
s e c t io n , th e d e t e r m in a t io n o f th e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia I y r e q u ir e s th e u s e o f th e
p a r a lle l- a x is t h e o r e m , w h ic h is d e s c r ib e d in t h e n e x t s e c t io n (S e c t io n D .4 ).
F o r m u la s fo r m o m e n ts o f in e r tia a r e lis te d in A p p e n d ix E . F o r s h a p e s n o t y
s h o w n , th e m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia u s u a lly c a n b e o b t a in e d b y u s in g th e lis t e d fo r-
m u la s in c o n ju n c t io n w it h t h e p a r a lle l- a x is t h e o r e m . I f a n a r e a is o f s u c h ir r e g -
u la r s h a p e t h a t it s m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia c a n n o t b e o b t a in e d in t h is m a n n e r , t h e n
n u m e r ic a l m e th o d s c a n b e u s e d . T h e p r o c e d u r e is to d iv id e th e a r e a in to s m a ll
h x h 1
e le m e n t s o f a r e a D A i, m u lt ip ly e a c h s u c h a r e a b y t h e s q u a r e o f it s d is t a n c e f r o m C
th e r e fe r e n c e a x is , a n d th e n s u m th e p r o d u c ts . b 1

Radius of Gyration b
A d is ta n c e k n o w n a s th e r a d iu s o f g y r a tio n is d e fin e d a s th e s q u a r e ro o t o f th e
m o m e n t o f in e r tia o f th e a r e a d iv id e d b y th e a r e a its e lf; th u s , (b )
I x
I y
rx 5 r y 5 (D-14a,b)
A A
in w h ic h rx a n d ry d e n o te th e r a d ii o f g y r a tio n w ith r e s p e c t to th e x a n d y a x e s,
r e s p e c t iv e ly . S in c e a m o m e n t o f in e r t ia h a s u n it s o f le n g t h t o t h e fo u r t h p o w e r a n d
a r e a h a s u n its o f le n g th to th e s e c o n d p o w e r, r a d iu s o f g y r a tio n h a s u n its o f le n g th .
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1064 Appendix D Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia

A lt h o u g h t h e r a d iu s o f g y r a t io n o f a n a r e a d o e s n o t h a v e a n o b v io u s p h y s -
ic a l m e a n in g , c o n s id e r it to b e t h e d is t a n c e (fr o m t h e r e fe r e n c e a x is) a t w h ic h
th e e n tir e a r e a c o u ld b e c o n c e n tr a te d a n d s till h a v e th e s a m e m o m e n t o f in e r tia
a s t h e o r ig in a l a r e a .

Example D-3

FIGURE D-12 D e te r m in e th e m o m e n ts o f in e r tia I x a n d I y fo r th e p a r a b o lic

E x a m p le D -3 : M o m e n ts o f in e r tia s e m is e g m e n t O A B s h o w n in F ig . D -1 2 . T h e e q u a t io n o f t h e
o f a p a r a b o lic s e m is e g m e n t p a r a b o lic b o u n d a r y is
y ⎛ x 2 ⎞
A y = f (x ) y 5 f (x ) 5 h ⎜ 1 2 2 ⎟⎠ (a)
⎝ b

d A ( T h i s s a m e a r e a w a s c o n s i d e r e d p r e v i o u s l y i n E x a m p l e D - 1 .)
h
y Solution:
y
T o d e te r m in e th e m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia b y in t e g r a t io n , u s e E q s . (D -9 a
2 B
O x a n d b ). T h e d iffe r e n tia l e le m e n t o f a r e a d A is s e le c te d a s a v e r tic a l
x d x s t r ip o f w id t h d x a n d h e ig h t y , a s s h o w n in F ig . D -1 2 . T h e a r e a o f
b th is e le m e n t is
⎛ x 2
⎞
d A 5 y d x 5 h ⎜ 1 2 2 ⎟⎠ d x (b)
⎝ b

S in c e e v e r y p o in t in th is e le m e n t is a t th e s a m e d is ta n c e fr o m th e y a x is , th e m o m e n t
o f in e r t ia o f t h e e le m e n t w it h r e s p e c t to t h e y a x is is x 2 d A . T h e r e fo r e , t h e m o m e n t o f
in e r t ia o f t h e e n t ir e a r e a w it h r e s p e c t to t h e y a x is is o b t a in e d a s
b
⎛ 2
⎞ 3

∫ ∫
2 2 x 2 h b
I y 5 x d A 5 x h ⎜ 1 2 2 ⎟⎠ d x 5 (c)
0 ⎝ b 1 5

T o o b t a in t h e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x a x is , n o t e t h a t t h e d if fe r e n -
t ia l e le m e n t o f a r e a d A h a s a m o m e n t o f in e r t ia d I x w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x a x is e q u a l to
3
1 3 y
d I x 5 (d x ) y 5 d x
3 3
a s o b t a in e d fr o m E q . ( D -1 2 ). H e n c e , t h e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia o f t h e e n t ir e a r e a w it h
r e s p e c t to th e x a x is is
3
b 3 b 3
⎛ 2
⎞ 3

∫ ∫
y h x 1 6 b h
I 5 d x 5 1 2 d x 5 (d)
x
0 3 0 3 ⎜⎝ b 2 ⎟⎠ 1 0 5

T h e s e sa m e r e s u lt s fo r I a n d x I c a n b e
y o b ta in e d b y u s in g a n e le m e n t in th e fo r m
o f a h o r iz o n t a l s tr ip o f a r e a d A 5 x d y o r b y u s in g a r e c ta n g u la r e le m e n t o f a r e a
d A 5 d x d y a n d p e r fo r m in g a d o u b le in te g r a t io n . A ls o , n o te th a t th e p r e c e d in g fo r-
m u la s fo r I x a n d I y a g re e w it h t h o s e g iv e n in C a s e 1 7 o f A p p e n d ix E .

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 D.4 Parallel-Axis Theorem for Moments of Inertia 1065

D.4 Parallel-Axis Theorem

for Moments of Inertia
T h e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m g iv e s th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia
w ith r e s p e c t to a c e n tro id a l a x is a n d th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to a n y
p a r a lle l a x is.
T o d e r iv e t h e t h e o r e m , c o n s id e r a n a r e a o f a r b it r a r y s h a p e w it h c e n t r o id  C FIGURE D-13
(F ig . D -1 3 ). A ls o c o n s id e r t w o s e t s o f c o o r d in a t e a x e s : (1 ) th e x c y c a x e s w it h D e r iv a tio n o f p a r a lle l-a x is
o r ig in a t t h e c e n t r o id a n d (2 ) a s e t o f p a r a lle l x y a x e s w it h o r ig in a t a n y p o i n t  O . th e o r e m
T h e d is ta n c e s b e tw e e n th e tw o s e ts o f p a r a lle l a x e s a r e d e n o te d d 1 a n d d 2 . A ls o ,
y y
id e n tify a n e le m e n t o f a r e a d A h a v in g c o o r d in a te s x a n d y w it h re sp e c t to th e c

c e n tr o id a l a x e s . d 2
d A
F r o m t h e d e f in it io n o f t h e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia , w r it e t h e fo llo w in g e q u a t io n
fo r t h e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia I x w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x a x is : x
y

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
C x c
2 2 2
I x 5 ( y 1 d 1 ) d A 5 y d A 1 2 d 1 y d A 1 d 1 d A (D-15)
d 1
d
T h e fir s t in te g r a l o n th e r ig h t-h a n d s id e is th e m o m e n t o f in e rt ia I x c w ith re sp e c t
to th e x c a x is. T h e se c o n d in te g r a l is th e fir st m o m e n t o f th e a re a w ith re sp e c t x
O
to th e x c a x is (th is in te g ra l e q u a ls z e ro b e c a u se th e x c a x is p a sse s th ro u g h th e
c e n tr o id ). T h e th ir d in te g ra l is th e a re a A its e lf. T h e re fo re , th e p re c e d in g e q u a tio n
re d u c e s to

I x 5 I x c 1 A d 1
2 (D-16a)

P ro c e e d in g in th e s a m e m a n n e r fo r th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to th e
y  a x is g iv e s
2
Iy 5 I y c 1 A d 2 (D-16b)

E q u a tio n s (D -1 6 a a n d b ) r e p r e s e n t th e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m fo r m o m e n ts o f

in e r tia :
T h e m o m e n t o f in e r tia o f a n a r e a w ith r e s p e c t to a n y a x is in its p la n e is
e q u a l to th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to a p a r a lle l c e n tr o id a l a x is p lu s
th e p r o d u c t o f th e a r e a a n d th e s q u a r e o f th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e tw o a x e s .
T o illu s tr a t e th e u s e o f th e t h e o r e m , c o n s id e r a g a i n th e r e c t a n g le s h o w n
FIGURE D-10 (Repeated)
in F ig . D -1 0 . K n o w in g t h a t t h e m o m e n t o f in e r tia a b o u t th e x a x is , w h ic h is
M o m e n ts o f in e r tia o f a
th r o u g h th e c e n tr o id , is e q u a l to b h 3 /1 2 [s e e E q . (D -1 0 ) o f S e c t io n D .3 ]), d e te r- r e c ta n g le
m in e th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia I B B a b o u t th e b a s e o f th e re c ta n g le b y u s in g th e
p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m : y
d A d y
3 2 3
2 b h ⎛ h ⎞ b h
I 5 I 1 A d 5 1 b h ⎜ ⎟ 5 h
B B x
1 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 –
2 y
T h is r e s u lt a g r e e s w ith th e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia o b t a in e d p r e v io u s ly b y in t e g r a t io n x
C
[s e e E q . (D -1 2 ) o f S e c tio n D .3 ]. –
h
F r o m th e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m , n o te th a t th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia in c r e a s e s 2
a s t h e a x is is m o v e d p a r a lle l to it s e lf fa r th e r fr o m th e c e n tr o id . T h e r e fo r e , th e B B
m o m e n t o f in e r tia a b o u t a c e n tr o id a l a x is is th e le a s t m o m e n t o f in e r tia o f a n b b
– –
2 2
a r e a (fo r a g iv e n d ir e c t io n o f th e a x is).
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 1066 Appendix D Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia

FIGURE D-14 W h e n u s in g t h e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m , it is e s s e n t ia l to r e m e m b e r th a t o n e

P la n e a r e a w it h t w o p a r a lle l
o f th e tw o p a r a l le l a x e s m u s t b e a c e n t r o id a l a x is . I f it is n e c e s s a r y to fin d
n o n c e n tr o id a l a x e s (a x e s 1 – 1 th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia I 2 a b o u t a n o n c e n t r o id a l a x is 2 – 2 (F ig . D -1 4 ) w h e n th e
a n d  2 – 2 ) m o m e n t o f in e r t ia I 1 a b o u t a n o th e r n o n c e n tr o id a l (a n d p a r a lle l) a x is 1 – 1 is
k n o w n , a p p ly th e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m tw ic e . F ir s t, f in d th e c e n tr o id a l m o m e n t
y c
o f in e r tia Ix c fr o m th e k n o w n m o m e n t o f in e r tia I 1:

Ix c 5 I 1 2 A d 1
2 (D-17)
x c
C T h e n fin d th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia I 2 fro m th e c e n tro id a l m o m e n t o f in e r tia :
d 1
1 1 d I 2 5 Ix c 1 A d 2
2
5 I 1 1 A (d 2
2
2 d 1
2
) (D-18)
2

T h is e q u a tio n s h o w s a g a in th a t th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia in c r e a s e s w ith in c r e a s in g

2 2 d is ta n c e fro m th e c e n tro id o f th e a r e a .

Example D-4

FIGURE D-15 T h e p a r a b o lic s e m is e g m e n t O A B s h o w n in F ig . D -1 5 h a s b a s e  b

E x a m p le D - 4 : P a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m a n d   h e ig h t h . U s in g th e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m , d e t e r m in e th e
m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia Ix c a n d Iy c w it h r e s p e c t to t h e c e n t r o id a l a x e s
y y c
x c a n d y c.
A
Solution:
U s e th e p a ra lle l-a x is th e o r e m (r a th e r th a n in t e g r a t io n ) to fin d th e
h x c e n tr o id a l m o m e n ts o f in e r tia b e c a u s e th e a re a A , th e c e n tr o id a l
C x c c o o rd in a te s x a n d y , a n d th e m o m e n ts o f in e r tia I x a n d I y w it h
y
B re sp e c t to th e x a n d y a x e s a r e a lr e a d y k n o w n . T h e s e q u a n t it ie s
x w e r e o b ta in e d e a r lie r in E x a m p le s D -1 a n d D -3 (th e y a ls o a r e lis te d
O
b
in C a s e 1 7 o f A p p e n d ix E ) a n d a re re p e a te d h e re :
3 3
2 b h 3 b 2 h 1 6 b h 2 h b
A 5 x 5 y 5 I x 5 I y 5
3 8 5 1 0 5 1 5
T o o b t a in t h e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x c a x is , u s e E q . (D -1 7 ) a n d
w r it e t h e p a r a lle l- a x is t h e o r e m a s
3 2 3
2 1 6 b h 2 b h ⎛ 2 h ⎞ 8 b h
I 5 I 2 A y 5 2 ⎜ ⎟ 5 (D-19a)
x c x
1 0 5 3 ⎝ 5 ⎠ 1 7 5

I n a s im ila r m a n n e r , o b t a in t h e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia w it h r e s p e c t to t h e y c a x is :
3 2 3
2 2 h b 2 b h ⎛ 3 b ⎞ 1 9 h b
I 5 I 2 A x 5 2 ⎜ ⎟ 5 (D-19b)
y c y
1 5 3 ⎝ 8 ⎠ 4 8 0

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 D.4 Parallel-Axis Theorem for Moments of Inertia 1067

Example D-5

FIGURE D-16 D e t e r m in e t h e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia I c w it h r e s p e c t to th e h o r iz o n ta l
E x a m p le D -5 : M o m e n t o f in e r tia a x is C – C th r o u g h th e c e n tr o id C o f th e b e a m c r o s s s e c t io n s h o w n
o f a c o m p o s it e a r e a in F ig . D -1 6 . ( T h e p o s it io n o f t h e c e n t r o id C w a s d e te r m in e d p r e v i-
y o u s l y i n E x a m p l e D - 2 o f S e c t i o n D . 2 .)
N o te : F r o m b e a m th e o r y (C h a p te r 5 ), a x is C – C is th e n e u tr a l
P la te 6 in . × —1 i n .
2 C 1 a x is fo r b e n d in g o f th is b e a m ; th e r e fo r e , th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia I c
m u s t b e d e te r m in e d in o r d e r to c a lc u la te t h e s tr e s s e s a n d d e f le c -
W 1 8 × 7 1
t io n s o f th is b e a m .
y 1
Solution:
C
F in d th e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia I c w it h r e s p e c t to a x is C – C b y a p p ly in g t h e
2 x
c p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m to e a c h in d iv id u a l p a rt o f th e c o m p o s it e a r e a .
C C
C T h e a re a d iv id e s n a t u r a lly in to t h r e e p a r ts : (1 ) th e c o v e r p la te , (2 ) th e
y 3 w id e -f la n g e s e c t io n , a n d (3 ) th e c h a n n e l s e c t io n . T h e fo llo w in g a r e a s
C 1 0 × 3 0 a n d c e n tro id a l d is t a n c e s w e r e o b ta in e d p r e v io u s ly in E x a m p le D -2 :
2 2 2
C 3
A 1 5 3 .0 in A 2 5 2 0 .8 in A 3 5 8 .8 2 in

y 1 5 9 .4 8 5 in . y 2 5 0 y 3 5 9 .8 8 4 in . c 5 1 .8 0 in .

T h e m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia o f t h e t h r e e p a r t s w it h r e s p e c t to h o r iz o n t a l a x e s t h r o u g h
th e ir o w n c e n tr o id s C 1, C 2, a n d C 3 a r e
3
b h 1
I 1 5 5 ( 6 .0 in .)( 0 .5 in .) 3 5 0 .0 6 3 in 4
1 2 1 2
I 2 5 1 1 7 0 in 4 I 3 5 3 .9 4 in 4

T h e m o m e n ts o f in e r tia I 2 a n d I 3 a r e o b t a in e d fr o m T a b le s F -1 (a ) a n d F -3 (a ), r e s p e c -
t iv e ly , o f A p p e n d ix F .
N o w u s e th e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m to c a lc u la te th e m o m e n ts o f in e r tia a b o u t a x is
C – C fo r e a c h o f th e t h r e e p a r t s o f t h e c o m p o s it e a r e a :
2 4 2 2 4
(I c )1 5 I 1 1 A 1( y 1 1 c ) 5 0 .0 6 3 in 1 ( 3 .0 in )(1 1 .2 8 in .) 5 3 8 2 in
2 4 2 2 4
(I c ) 2 5 I 2 1 A 2 c 5 1 1 7 0 in 1 ( 2 0 .8 in )(1 .8 0 in .) 5 1 2 4 0 in
2 4 2 2 4
(I c ) 3 5 I 3 1 A 3 ( y 3 2 c ) 5 3 .9 4 in 1 (8 .8 2 in )(8 .0 8 4 in .) 5 5 8 0 in

T h e s u m o f th e s e in d iv id u a l m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia g iv e s th e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia o f th e
e n t ir e c r o s s - s e c t io n a l a r e a a b o u t it s c e n t r o id a l a x is C – C :
4
I c 5 (I c )1 1 (I c ) 2 1 (I c ) 3 5 2 2 0 0 in

T h is e x a m p le s h o w s h o w to c a lc u la t e m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia o f c o m p o s it e a r e a s b y u s in g
th e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m .

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 1068 Appendix D Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia

FIGURE D-17
P la n e a r e a o f a r b it r a r y s h a p e
D.5 Polar Moments of Inertia
T h e m o m e n ts o f in e r tia d is c u s s e d in th e p re c e d in g s e c tio n s a r e d e fin e d w ith
y re sp e c t to a x e s ly in g in th e p la n e o f th e a r e a its e lf, s u c h a s th e x a n d y a x e s in
F ig . D -1 7 . N o w c o n s id e r a n a x is p e rp e n d ic u la r to th e p la n e o f th e a re a a n d
in te r s e c tin g th e p la n e a t th e o r ig in O . T h e m o m e n t o f in e r tia w ith r e sp e c t to
C th is p e r p e n d ic u la r a x is is c a lle d th e p o la r m o m e n t o f in e r tia a n d is d e n o te d b y
x d A th e sy m b o l I P .
T h e p o la r m o m e n t o f in e r t ia w it h r e s p e c t to a n a x is t h r o u g h O p e r p e n d ic -
u la r to th e p la n e o f t h e f ig u r e is d e f in e d b y t h e in t e g r a l
ρ y

O x
I P 5 ∫ r 2d A (D-20)

in w h ic h r is th e d is ta n c e fr o m p o in t O to th e d iffe r e n tia l e le m e n t o f a r e a d A
(F ig . D -1 7 ). T h is in te g r a l is s im ila r in fo r m to th o s e fo r m o m e n ts o f in e r tia I x
a n d I y [s e e E q s. ( D -9 a a n d b )].
I n a sm u c h a s r 2 5 x 2 1 y 2, w h e r e x a n d y a r e th e r e c ta n g u la r c o o r d in a te s
o f th e e le m e n t d A , th e fo llo w in g e x p r e s s io n fo r I P is o b t a in e d :

I P 5 ∫ r 2
d A 5 ∫ (x 2
1 y 2
)d A 5 ∫ x 2
d A 1 ∫ y 2 d A

T h is le a d s to th e fo llo w in g im p o r ta n t r e la tio n s h ip :

I P 5 I x 1 I y (D-21)

T h is e q u a tio n s h o w s th a t th e p o la r m o m e n t o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to a n a x is

p e r p e n d ic u la r to th e p la n e o f th e fig u r e a t a n y p o in t O is e q u a l to th e s u m o f th e
m o m e n ts o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to a n y tw o p e r p e n d ic u la r a x e s x a n d y p a s s in g
t h r o u g h t h a t s a m e p o in t a n d ly in g in t h e p la n e o f t h e f ig u r e .
F o r c o n v e n ie n c e , I P is u s u a lly r e fe r r e d to s im p ly a s th e p o la r m o m e n t o f
in e r t ia w it h r e s p e c t to p o in t O , w it h o u t m e n t io n in g t h a t t h e a x is is p e r p e n d ic -
u la r to t h e p la n e o f t h e f ig u r e . A ls o , to d is t in g u is h t h e m fr o m p o la r m o m e n t s
o f in e r tia , I x a n d I y c a n b e r e fe r r e d to a s r e c ta n g u la r m o m e n ts o f in e r tia .
P o la r m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia w it h r e s p e c t to v a r io u s p o in t s in t h e p la n e o f
a n a r e a a r e r e la te d b y th e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m fo r p o la r m o m e n ts o f in e r tia .
T h is t h e o r e m c a n b e d e r iv e d b y r e fe r r in g a g a in to F ig . D -1 3 . D e n o t e t h e p o la r
FIGURE D-13 (Repeated) m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia w it h r e s p e c t to t h e o r ig in O a n d t h e c e n t r o id C b y ( I P )O
D e r iv a tio n o f p a r a lle l-a x is a n d ( I P )C , r e s p e c t iv e ly . T h e n , u s in g E q . ( D -2 1 ), w r it e
th e o r e m
(I P ) O 5 I x 1 I y (I P ) C 5 I x c 1 I y c (D-22)
y y c

d 2
d A N o w r e fe r to th e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m s d e r iv e d in S e c tio n D .4 fo r r e c ta n g u -
la r m o m e n ts o f in e r tia [s e e E q s.(D -1 6 a a n d b )]. A d d in g th o s e tw o e q u a tio n s
x g iv e s
y
x 2 2
C c Ix 1 Iy 5 Ix c 1 I y c 1 A (d 1 1 d 2 )

d 2 2 2
d 1 S u b s titu te fro m E q s. (D -2 2 ), n o tin g th a t d 5 d 1 1 d 2 (F ig . D -1 3 ) to o b ta in
2
O x (I P ) O 5 (I P ) C 1 A d (D-23)

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 D.6 Products of Inertia 1069

T h is e q u a tio n r e p r e s e n ts th e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m fo r p o la r m o m e n ts o f in e r tia : FIGURE D-18

T h e p o la r m o m e n t o f in e r tia o f a n a r e a w ith r e s p e c t to a n y p o in t O in its P o la r m o m e n t o f in e r tia o f a
p la n e is e q u a l to th e p o la r m o m e n t o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to th e c e n tr o id C c ir c le
p lu s th e p r o d u c t o f th e a r e a a n d th e s q u a r e o f th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n p o in ts y
O a n d C .
T o illu s tr a t e th e d e t e r m in a t io n o f p o la r m o m e n ts o f in e r tia a n d th e u s e o f d ρ
r
th e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m , c o n s id e r a c ir c le o f r a d iu s r ( F ig . D -1 8 ). T a k e a d iffe r- ρ
e n tia l e le m e n t o f a r e a d A in th e fo r m o f a th in r in g o f r a d iu s r a n d th ic k n e s s d r
(th u s , d A 5 2 p r d r ). S in c e e v e r y p o in t in th e e le m e n t is a t t h e s a m e d is t a n c e  r C x
fro m th e c e n te r o f th e c ir c le , th e p o la r m o m e n t o f in e r tia o f th e e n tir e c ir c le
w it h r e s p e c t to th e c e n te r is d A
B
r 4

∫ ∫
p r
(I P ) C 5 r 2d A 5 2 p r 3d r 5 (D-24)
0 2

T h is r e s u lt is lis te d in C a s e 9 o f A p p e n d ix E .
T h e p o la r m o m e n t o f in e r t ia o f t h e c ir c le w it h r e s p e c t to a n y p o in t B o n
it s c ir c u m fe r e n c e (F ig . D -1 8 ) c a n b e o b t a in e d fr o m t h e p a r a lle l- a x is t h e o r e m :
4 4
2 p r 3 p r
(I P ) B 5 (I P ) C 1 A d 5 1 p r 2 (r 2 ) 5 (D-25)
2 2

A s a n in c id e n ta l m a tte r, n o te th a t th e p o la r m o m e n t o f in e r tia h a s its s m a lle s t

v a lu e w h e n th e r e fe r e n c e p o in t is th e c e n tro id o f th e a re a .
A c ir c le is a s p e c ia l c a s e in w h ic h th e p o la r m o m e n t o f in e r t ia c a n b e d e t e r-
m in e d b y in t e g r a t io n . H o w e v e r, m o s t o f th e sh a p e s e n c o u n te r e d in e n g in e e r-
in g w o r k d o n o t le n d th e m s e lv e s to th is te c h n iq u e . I n ste a d , p o la r m o m e n ts o f
in e r t ia a r e u s u a lly o b t a in e d b y s u m m in g th e re c ta n g u la r m o m e n ts o f in e r tia
fo r t w o p e r p e n d ic u la r a x e s [E q . ( D -2 1 )].

D.6 Products of Inertia

R e fe r r in g to th e a r e a s h o w n in F ig . D -1 9 , d e fin e th e p r o d u c t o f in e r tia w ith FIGURE D-19
re sp e c t to th e x a n d y a x e s a s P la n e a r e a o f a r b it r a r y s h a p e

I x y 5 ∫ x y d A (D-26)
y

F ro m th is d e fin itio n , n o te th a t e a c h d iffe r e n tia l e le m e n t o f a r e a d A is m u ltip lie d

C
b y th e p ro d u c t o f its c o o r d in a te s. A s a c o n s e q u e n c e , p ro d u c ts o f in e r tia m a y
b e p o s itiv e , n e g a tiv e , o r z e r o , d e p e n d in g u p o n th e p o s itio n o f th e x y a x e s w ith x d A
re sp e c t to th e a re a .
I f t h e a r e a lie s e n t ir e ly in t h e f ir s t q u a d r a n t o f t h e a x e s (a s in F ig . D -1 9 ), t h e
y
p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia is p o s it iv e b e c a u s e e v e r y e le m e n t d A h a s p o s it iv e c o o r d in a t e s
x a n d y . I f th e a r e a lie s e n t ir e ly in th e s e c o n d q u a d r a n t, th e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia
is n e g a t iv e b e c a u s e e v e r y e le m e n t h a s a p o s it iv e y c o o r d in a t e a n d a n e g a t iv e x O x
c o o r d in a t e . S im ila r ly , a r e a s e n t ir e ly w it h in t h e t h ir d a n d fo u r t h q u a d r a n t s h a v e
p o s it iv e a n d n e g a t iv e p r o d u c t s o f in e r t ia , r e s p e c t iv e ly . W h e n t h e a r e a is lo c a t e d
in m o r e t h a n o n e q u a d r a n t , t h e s ig n o f t h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia d e p e n d s u p o n t h e
d is t r ib u t io n o f t h e a r e a w it h in t h e q u a d r a n t s .

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 1070 Appendix D Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia

FIGURE D-20 A s p e c ia l c a s e a r is e s w h e n o n e o f th e a x e s is a n a x is o f s y m m e tr y o f th e a r e a .
T h e p r o d u c t o f in e r tia e q u a ls
F o r in s t a n c e , c o n s id e r t h e a r e a s h o w n in F ig . D -2 0 , w h ic h is s y m m e t r ic a b o u t t h e
z e r o w h e n o n e a x is is a n a x is o f y a x is . F o r e v e r y e le m e n t d A h a v in g c o o r d in a te s x a n d y , th e r e e x is ts a n e q u a l a n d
s y m m e tr y s y m m e t r ic a lly lo c a t e d e le m e n t d A h a v in g t h e s a m e y c o o r d in a t e b u t a n x c o o r-
d in a t e o f o p p o s it e s ig n . T h e r e fo r e , t h e p r o d u c t s x y d A c a n c e l e a c h o t h e r , a n d t h e
y in t e g r a l in E q . ( D -2 6 ) v a n is h e s . T h u s , th e p r o d u c t o f in e r tia o f a n a r e a is z e r o w ith
r e s p e c t to a n y p a ir o f a x e s in w h ic h a t le a s t o n e a x is is a n a x is o f s y m m e tr y o f th e a r e a .
A s e x a m p le s o f th e p r e c e d in g r u le , th e p r o d u c t o f in e r tia I x y e q u a ls z e r o fo r
d A d A t h e a r e a s s h o w n in F ig s . D -1 0 , D -1 1 , D -1 6 , a n d D -1 8 . I n c o n t r a s t , t h e p r o d u c t o f
in e r t ia I x y h a s a p o s it iv e n o n z e r o v a lu e fo r t h e a r e a s h o w n in F ig . D -1 5 . ( T h e s e
o b s e r v a t io n s a r e v a lid fo r p r o d u c t s o f in e r t ia w it h r e s p e c t to t h e p a r t ic u la r
x x y  a x e s s h o w n in t h e f ig u r e s . I f t h e a x e s a r e s h ift e d to a n o t h e r p o s it io n , t h e
O
p r o d u c t o f i n e r t i a m a y c h a n g e .)
P r o d u c t s o f in e r t ia o f a n a r e a w it h r e s p e c t to p a r a lle l s e t s o f a x e s a r e r e la t e d
b y a p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m th a t is a n a lo g o u s to th e c o r r e s p o n d in g th e o r e m s
FIGURE D-21 fo r r e c ta n g u la r m o m e n ts o f in e r tia a n d p o la r m o m e n ts o f in e r tia . T o o b ta in
t h is t h e o r e m , c o n s id e r t h e a r e a s h o w n in F ig . D -2 1 , w h ic h h a s c e n t r o id C a n d
P la n e a r e a o f a r b it r a r y s h a p e
c e n t r o id a l x c y c a x e s . T h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia I x y w it h r e s p e c t to a n y o t h e r s e t o f
y y c
a x e s , p a r a lle l to th e x c y c a x e s , is

d 2
d A
I x y 5 ∫ (x 1 d 2 )( y 1 d 1 )d A

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
x
y
5 x y d A 1 d 1 x d A 1 d 2 y d A 1 d 1d 2 d A
C
x c
in w h ic h d 1 a n d d 2 a r e th e c o o r d in a te s o f th e c e n tro id C w ith re sp e c t to th e
d 1 x y  a x e s ( t h u s , d 1 a n d d 2 m a y h a v e p o s itiv e o r n e g a tiv e v a lu e s ).
T h e fir s t in te g r a l in th e la st e x p re s s io n is th e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia Ix c y c w it h
O x r e s p e c t to th e c e n tr o id a l a x e s; th e s e c o n d a n d th ir d in t e g r a ls e q u a l z e ro b e c a u s e
th e y a r e th e fir s t m o m e n ts o f th e a re a w it h re sp e c t to th e c e n tr o id a l a x e s ; a n d
th e la s t in te g r a l is th e a re a A . T h e re fo re , th e p r e c e d in g e q u a t io n re d u c e s to
I x y 5 I x c y c 1 A d 1d 2 (D-27)

T h is e q u a tio n r e p r e s e n ts th e p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m fo r p r o d u c ts o f in e r tia :

T h e p ro d u c t o f in e r tia o f a n a r e a w ith r e s p e c t to a n y p a ir o f a x e s in its
p la n e is e q u a l to t h e p r o d u c t o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to p a r a lle l c e n tr o id a l
a x e s p lu s th e p ro d u c t o f th e a r e a a n d th e c o o rd in a te s o f th e c e n tr o id w ith
re sp e c t to th e p a ir o f a x e s.

FIGURE D-22 T o d e m o n stra te th e u s e o f th is p a r a lle l-a x is th e o re m , d e te r m in e th e p ro d u c t

o f in e r tia o f a re c t a n g le w it h r e s p e c t to x -y a x e s h a v in g th e ir o r ig in a t p o in t O
P a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m fo r
p r o d u c ts o f in e r tia a t th e lo w e r le ft-h a n d c o r n e r o f th e r e c ta n g le (F ig . D -2 2 ). T h e p ro d u c t o f in e r tia
w it h re sp e c t to th e c e n tr o id a l x c y c a x e s is z e r o b e c a u s e o f sy m m e tr y . A ls o , th e
y c o o r d in a te s o f th e c e n t r o id w it h r e sp e c t to th e x -y a x e s a re
h b
y d 1 5 d 2 5
c 2 2
x h S u b s titu te in to E q . (D -2 7 ) to o b ta in
C c

h b b 2 h 2
I 5 I 1 A d 1d 5 0 1 b h ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ 5 (D-28)
O B x x y x c y c 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
b
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 D.6 Products of Inertia 1071

T h is p ro d u c t o f in e r tia is p o s itiv e b e c a u se th e e n tir e a r e a lie s in th e fir s t q u a d -

ra n t. If th e x -y a x e s a re tra n s la te d h o r iz o n t a lly s o th a t th e o r ig in m o v e s to p o in t
B a t th e lo w e r r ig h t-h a n d c o rn e r o f th e re c t a n g le (F ig . D -2 2 ), t h e e n tir e a r e a lie s
in th e s e c o n d q u a d r a n t a n d th e p ro d u c t o f in e r tia b e c o m e s 2 b 2 h 2 /4 .
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le a ls o illu stra te s th e u s e o f th e p a ra lle l-a x is th e o r e m
fo r p r o d u c ts o f in e r tia .

Example D-6

FIGURE D-23 D e t e r m in e t h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia I x y o f t h e Z - s e c t io n s h o w n in F ig . D -2 3 .
E x a m p le D -6 : P r o d u c t o f in e r tia T h e s e c t io n h a s w id t h b , h e ig h t h , a n d c o n s t a n t t h ic k n e s s t.
o f a Z -s e c tio n
Solution:
y
T o o b ta in th e p r o d u c t o f in e r tia w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x -y a x e s t h r o u g h t h e
c e n tr o id , d iv id e th e a r e a in to th r e e p a r ts a n d u s e th e p a r a lle l-a x is
t b
th e o r e m . T h e p a r ts a r e (1 ) a r e c t a n g le o f w id th b 2 t a n d th ic k n e s s t in
th e u p p e r f la n g e , (2 ) a s im ila r r e c t a n g le in th e lo w e r f la n g e , a n d (3 ) a
A 1 h w e b r e c t a n g le w it h h e ig h t h a n d th ic k n e s s t.
—
2
T h e p r o d u c t o f in e r tia o f th e w e b r e c t a n g le w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x -y
C x a x e s is z e r o (fr o m s y m m e tr y ). T h e p r o d u c t o f in e r tia ( I x y )1 o f th e u p p e r
A 3
t h f la n g e r e c t a n g le (w it h r e s p e c t to th e x -y a x e s) is d e te r m in e d b y u s in g th e
t A —
2 2 p a r a lle l-a x is th e o r e m :

(I x y )1 5 I x c y c 1 A d 1d 2 (a)
b
in w h ic h Ix cy c is t h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia o f t h e r e c t a n g le w it h r e s p e c t to it s o w n c e n t r o id ,
A is th e a r e a o f th e r e c t a n g le , d 1 is th e y c o o r d in a te o f th e c e n tr o id o f th e r e c t a n g le ,
a n d d 2 is th e x c o o r d in a te o f th e c e n tr o id o f th e r e c t a n g le . T h u s ,
h t b
Ix c y c 5 0 A 5 (b 2 t )(t ) d 1 5 2 d 2 5
2 2 2
S u b s t it u t e in to E q . (a ) to o b t a in t h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia o f t h e r e c t a n g le in t h e u p p e r
f la n g e :

h t ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ b t
(I )1 5 I 1 A d 1d 5 0 1 (b 2 t ) ( t ) ⎛⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 5 (h 2 t )(b 2 t )
x y x c y c 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4

T h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia o f th e r e c t a n g le in th e lo w e r f la n g e is th e s a m e . T h e r e fo r e , th e
p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia o f th e e n t ir e Z -s e c t io n is t w ic e ( I x y )1, o r

b t
I x y 5 (h 2 t )(b 2 t ) (D-29)
2

N o t e t h a t t h is p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia is p o s it iv e b e c a u s e t h e f la n g e s lie in t h e f ir s t a n d
th ir d q u a d r a n ts .

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1072 Appendix D Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia

FIGURE D-24
R o t a tio n o f a x e s
D.7 Rotation of Axes
T h e m o m e n ts o f in e r tia o f a p la n e a r e a d e p e n d u p o n th e p o s itio n o f th e o r ig in
y y a n d th e o r ie n ta tio n o f th e r e fe r e n c e a x e s. F o r a g iv e n o r ig in , th e m o m e n ts a n d
1 θ
x d A p ro d u c t o f in e r tia v a r y a s th e a x e s a r e ro ta te d a b o u t t h a t o r ig in . T h e m a n n e r in
x 1 y 1 w h ic h th e y v a r y , a n d th e m a g n itu d e s o f th e m a x im u m a n d m in im u m v a lu e s, a re
y x d is c u s s e d in th is a n d th e fo llo w in g s e c tio n .
1
θ C o n s id e r t h e p la n e a r e a s h o w n in F ig . D -2 4 , a n d a s su m e th a t th e x -y a x e s
O x a r e a p a ir o f a r b it r a r ily lo c a t e d r e fe r e n c e a x e s . T h e m o m e n ts a n d p ro d u c ts o f
in e r t ia w it h r e s p e c t to t h o s e a x e s a r e

I x 5 ∫ y 2 d A I y 5 ∫ x 2
d A I x y 5 ∫ x y d A (D-30a,b,c)

in w h ic h x a n d y a r e th e c o o r d in a te s o f a d iffe r e n tia l e le m e n t o f a r e a d A .
T h e x 1 -y 1 a x e s h a v e t h e s a m e o r ig in a s t h e x -y a x e s b u t a r e r o t a t e d t h r o u g h a
c o u n t e r c lo c k w is e a n g le u w it h r e s p e c t t o t h o s e a x e s . T h e m o m e n t s a n d p r o d u c t o f
in e r t ia w it h re s p e c t to t h e x 1 -y 1 a x e s a r e d e n o t e d I x 1 , I y 1 , a n d Ix 1 y 1 , r e s p e c t iv e ly . T o
o b ta in th e se q u a n t it i e s , u s e t h e c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e e l e m e n t o f a r e a d A  w it h  r e s p e c t
to th e x 1-y 1 a x e s . T h e s e c o o r d in a te s a r e e x p r e s s e d in te r m s o f th e x -y c o o r d in a te s
a n d th e a n g le u b y g e o m e tr y , a s
x 1 5 x c o s u 1 y s in u y 1 5 y c o s u 2 x s in u (D-31a,b)
T h e n th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to th e x 1 a x is is

I x 1 5 ∫ y 12 d A 5 ∫ ( y c o s u 2 x s in u ) 2 d A

5 c o s 2 u ∫ y 2 d A 1 s in 2
u ∫ x 2
d A 2 2 s in u c o s u ∫ x y d A

o r, b y u s in g E q s. (D -3 0 a , b , a n d c ),

I x 1 5 I x c o s 2 u 1 I y s in 2
u 2 2 I x y s in u c o s u (D-32)

N o w in tro d u c e th e fo llo w in g tr ig o n o m e tr ic id e n titie s (s e e A p p e n d ix C ):

1 1
c o s 2 u 5 (1 1 c o s 2 u ) s in 2 u 5 (1 2 c o s 2 u )
2 2
2 s in u c o s u 5 s in 2 u
T h e n E q . (D -3 2 ) b e c o m e s
I x 1 I y I x 2 I y
I x 1 5 1 c o s 2 u 2 I x y s in 2 u (D-33)
2 2
I n a s im ila r m a n n e r, o b ta in th e p ro d u c t o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to th e x 1 -y 1 a x e s:

I x 1 y 1 5 ∫ x 1y 1d A 5 ∫ (x c o s u 1 y s in u )( y c o s u 2 x s in u ) d A
(D-34)
5 (I x 2 I y ) s in u c o s u 1 I x y (c o s 2 u 2 s in 2
u )
A g a in u s e th e tr ig o n o m e tr ic id e n titie s to o b ta in
I x 2 I y
Ix 1 y 1 5 s in 2 u 1 I x y c o s 2 u (D-35)
2

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 D.8 Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia 1073

E q u a t io n s (D -3 3 ) a n d (D -3 5 ) g iv e th e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia Ix 1 a n d th e p ro d u c t
o f in e r t ia Ix 1 y1 w ith r e s p e c t to th e r o t a t e d a x e s in t e r m s o f th e m o m e n ts
a n d p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia fo r t h e o r ig in a l a x e s . T h e s e e q u a t io n s a r e c a lle d th e
t r a n s fo r m a t io n e q u a t io n s fo r m o m e n ts a n d p r o d u c ts o f in e r t ia .
N o te th a t th e s e tr a n s fo r m a tio n e q u a tio n s h a v e th e s a m e fo r m a s th e
tr a n s fo r m a tio n e q u a tio n s fo r p la n e s tr e s s [E q s . (7 - 4 a a n d b ) o f S e c t io n 7 .2 ].
U p o n c o m p a r in g th e t w o s e t s o f e q u a tio n s , n o t e th a t Ix 1 c o r r e s p o n d s to s x1,
Ix1y1 c o r re sp o n d s to 2 t x1y1, Ix c o r re sp o n d s to s x , Iy c o r re sp o n d s to s y , a n d Ix y
c o r r e s p o n d s to 2 t x y . T h e r e fo r e , m o m e n ts a n d p r o d u c ts o f in e r tia c a n b e a n a -
ly z e d u s in g M o h r ’s c ir c le (s e e S e c t io n 7 .4 ).
T h e m o m e n t o f in e r tia Iy1 m a y b e o b ta in e d b y th e s a m e p r o c e d u r e u s e d fo r
f in d in g Ix 1 a n d I x 1 y1. H o w e v e r , a s im p le r p r o c e d u r e is to r e p la c e u w it h u 1 9 0 8
in E q . ( D -3 3 ). T h e r e s u lt is
I x 1 I y I x 2 I y
I y 1 5 2 c o s 2 u 1 I x y s in 2 u (D-36)
2 2
T h is e q u a tio n s h o w s h o w th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia Iy1 v a r ie s a s th e a x e s a r e ro ta te d
a b o u t t h e o r ig in .
A u s e fu l e q u a t io n r e la t e d to m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia is o b t a in e d b y t a k in g th e
su m o f Ix1 a n d Iy 1 [E q s . ( D -3 3 ) a n d ( D -3 6 )]. T h e r e s u lt is
I x 1 1 I y 1 5 I x 1 I y (D-37)

T h is e q u a tio n s h o w s th a t th e su m o f th e m o m e n ts o f in e r tia w ith r e s p e c t to a

p a ir o f a x e s re m a in s c o n sta n t a s th e a x e s a re ro ta te d a b o u t th e o r ig in . T h is s u m
is th e p o la r m o m e n t o f in e r tia o f th e a r e a w ith re sp e c t t o th e o r ig in . N o te th a t
E q . (D -3 7 ) is a n a lo g o u s to E q . ( 7 -6 ) fo r stre sse s a n d E q . (7 -8 4 ) fo r s tr a in s.

D.8 Principal Axes and Principal

Moments of Inertia
T h e tr a n s fo r m a tio n e q u a tio n s fo r m o m e n ts a n d p r o d u c ts o f in e r tia [E q s. (D -3 3 ),
(D -3 5 ), a n d (D -3 6 )] sh o w h o w th e m o m e n ts a n d p ro d u c ts o f in e r tia v a r y a s
th e a n g le o f ro ta tio n u v a r ie s . O f sp e c ia l in te r e s t a r e th e m a x im u m a n d m in i-
m u m v a lu e s o f th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia . T h e s e v a lu e s a r e k n o w n a s th e p r in c ip a l
m o m e n ts o f in e r tia , a n d th e c o rre sp o n d in g a x e s a re k n o w n a s p r in c ip a l a x e s.

Principal Axes
T o fin d th e v a lu e s o f th e a n g le u th a t m a k e th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia Ix 1 a m a x im u m
o r a m in im u m , ta k e th e d e r iv a tiv e w ith r e s p e c t to u o f th e e x p r e s s io n o n th e
r ig h t-h a n d s id e o f E q . (D -3 3 ) a n d s e t it e q u a l to z e ro :
(I x 2 I y ) s in 2 u 1 2 I x y c o s 2 u 5 0 (D-38)

S o lv in g fo r u fro m th is e q u a tio n g iv e s
2 I x y
ta n 2 u p 5 2 (D-39)
I x 2 I y

in w h ic h u p d e n o te s th e a n g le d e fin in g a p r in c ip a l a x is. T h is s a m e r e s u lt is
o b ta in e d b y ta k in g th e d e r iv a tiv e o f I y 1 (E q . D -3 6 ).
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1074 Appendix D Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia

E q u a t io n (D -3 9 ) y ie ld s t w o v a lu e s o f th e a n g le 2 u p in th e r a n g e fr o m 0 to
3 6 0 8; th e s e v a lu e s d if fe r b y 1 8 0 8 . T h e c o r r e s p o n d in g v a lu e s o f u p d if fe r b y 9 0 8
a n d d e f in e t h e t w o p e r p e n d ic u la r p r in c ip a l a x e s . O n e o f t h e s e a x e s c o r r e s p o n d s
to the m a x im u m m o m e n t o f in e r tia , a n d th e o th e r c o r r e s p o n d s to th e m in im u m
m o m e n t o f in e r tia .
N o w e x a m in e th e v a r ia tio n in th e p r o d u c t o f in e r tia Ix 1 y1 a s u c h a n g e s
[s e e  E q . ( D -3 5 )]. I f u 5 0 , t h e r e s u lt is Ix 1 y 1 5 I x y , a s e x p e c t e d . I f u 5 9 0 8 , t h e
r e s u lt is I x 1 y 1 5 2 I x y . T h u s , d u r in g a 9 0 8 r o t a t io n , t h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia c h a n g e s
s ig n , w h ic h m e a n s t h a t fo r a n in t e r m e d ia t e o r ie n t a t io n o f t h e a x e s t h e p r o d u c t
o f in e r t ia m u s t e q u a l z e r o . T o d e t e r m in e th is o r ie n t a t io n , s e t Ix 1 y1 [E q . (D -3 5 )]
e q u a l to z e ro :
(I x 2 I y ) s in 2 u 1 2 I x y c o s 2 u 5 0

T h is e q u a tio n is th e s a m e a s E q . (D -3 8 ), w h ic h d e fin e s th e a n g le u p to th e p r in -
c ip a l a x e s. T h is m e a n s th a t th e p r o d u c t o f in e r tia is z e r o fo r th e p r in c ip a l a x e s .
T h e d is c u s s io n in S e c t io n D .6 s h o w s t h a t t h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia o f a n a r e a
w it h r e s p e c t to a p a ir o f a x e s e q u a ls z e r o if a t le a s t o n e o f t h e a x e s is a n a x is o f
s y m m e tr y . I t fo llo w s th a t if a n a r e a h a s a n a x is o f s y m m e tr y , th a t a x is a n d a n y
a x is p e r p e n d ic u la r to it c o n s t it u t e a s e t o f p r in c ip a l a x e s .
T h e p r e c e d in g o b s e r v a t io n s m a y b e s u m m a r iz e d a s fo llo w s : (1 ) p r in c ip a l
a x e s t h r o u g h a n o r ig in O a r e a p a ir o f o r t h o g o n a l a x e s fo r w h ic h t h e m o m e n t s
o f in e r t ia a r e a m a x im u m a n d a m in im u m ; (2 ) th e o r ie n t a t io n o f th e p r in c ip a l
a x e s is g iv e n b y th e a n g le u p o b t a in e d fr o m E q . (D -3 9 ); (3 ) th e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia
is z e r o fo r p r in c ip a l a x e s ; a n d (4 ) a n a x is o f s y m m e t r y is a lw a y s a p r in c ip a l a x is .

Principal Points
N o w c o n s id e r a p a ir o f p r in c ip a l a x e s w ith o r ig in a t a g iv e n p o in t O . I f th e r e
e x is ts a d iffe r e n t p a ir o f p r in c ip a l a x e s th ro u g h th a t s a m e p o in t, th e n e v e r y p a ir
o f a x e s th ro u g h th a t p o in t is a s e t o f p r in c ip a l a x e s. F u r th e r m o r e , th e m o m e n t
o f in e r tia m u s t b e c o n s ta n t a s th e a n g le u is v a r ie d .
T h e p r e c e d in g c o n c lu s io n s fo llo w fr o m th e n a t u r e o f th e tr a n s fo r m a tio n
e q u a t io n fo r Ix 1 [E q . ( D -3 3 )]. B e c a u s e t h is e q u a t io n c o n t a in s t r ig o n o m e t r ic f u n c -
t io n s o f t h e a n g le 2 u , t h e r e is o n e m a x im u m v a lu e a n d o n e m in im u m v a lu e o f Ix 1
a s 2 u v a r ie s th r o u g h a r a n g e o f 3 6 0 8 (o r a s u v a r ie s th r o u g h a r a n g e o f 1 8 0 8 ). I f a
s e c o n d m a x im u m e x is t s , t h e n t h e o n ly p o s s ib ilit y is t h a t Ix 1 r e m a in s c o n s t a n t ,
w h ic h m e a n s th a t e v e r y p a ir o f a x e s is a s e t o f p r in c ip a l a x e s a n d a ll m o m e n t s
o f in e r tia a r e th e s a m e .
A p o in t lo c a t e d s o th a t e v e r y a x is th r o u g h th e p o in t is a p r in c ip a l a x is ,
h e n c e th e m o m e n ts o f in e r tia a r e th e s a m e fo r a ll a x e s th r o u g h th e p o in t, is
c a lle d a p r in c ip a l p o in t.
FIGURE D-25
A n illu s t r a t io n o f t h is s it u a t io n is t h e r e c t a n g le o f w id t h 2 b a n d h e ig h t b
R e c ta n g le fo r w h ic h e v e r y a x is
(in th e p la n e o f th e a r e a ) th r o u g h
s h o w n in F ig . D -2 5 . T h e x -y a x e s , w it h o r ig in a t p o in t O , a r e p r in c ip a l a x e s o f
p o in t O is a p r in c ip a l a x is t h e r e c t a n g le b e c a u s e t h e y a x is is a n a x is o f s y m m e t r y . T h e x 9-y 9 a x e s , w it h t h e
s a m e o r ig in , a r e a ls o p r in c ip a l a x e s b e c a u s e t h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia I x 9y9 e q u a ls
y ′ y z e r o ( b e c a u s e t h e t r ia n g le s a r e s y m m e t r ic a lly lo c a t e d w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x 9 a n d
x ′
y 9 a x e s). I t fo llo w s t h a t e v e r y p a ir o f a x e s t h r o u g h O is a s e t o f p r in c ip a l a x e s a n d
e v e r y m o m e n t o f in e r tia is th e s a m e (a n d e q u a l to 2 b 4 /3 ). T h e r e fo r e , p o in t O is
a p r in c ip a l p o in t fo r th e r e c t a n g le . (A s e c o n d p r in c ip a l p o in t is lo c a t e d w h e r e
b
t h e y a x i s i n t e r s e c t s t h e u p p e r s i d e o f t h e r e c t a n g l e .)
x A u s e fu l c o r o lla r y o f th e c o n c e p ts d e s c r ib e d in th e p r e c e d in g fo u r p a r a -
O
b b g r a p h s a p p lie s to a x e s th r o u g h th e c e n tr o id o f a n a r e a . C o n s id e r a n a r e a h a v in g
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 D.8 Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia 1075

tw o d iffe r e n t p a ir s o f c e n tr o id a l a x e s s u c h th a t a t le a s t o n e a x is in e a c h p a ir is FIGURE D-26

a n a x is o f s y m m e tr y . I n o th e r w o r d s , th e r e e x is t tw o d iffe r e n t a x e s o f s y m m e tr y E x a m p le s o f a r e a s fo r w h ic h
th a t a r e n o t p e r p e n d ic u la r to e a c h o t h e r. T h e n it fo llo w s t h a t t h e c e n t r o id is a e v e r y c e n tr o id a l a x is is a
p r in c ip a l p o in t. p r in c ip a l a x is a n d th e c e n tr o id C
T w o e x a m p le s — a s q u a r e a n d a n e q u ila te r a l tr ia n g le — a r e s h o w n in is a p r in c ip a l p o in t
F ig . D - 2 6 . I n e a c h c a s e , t h e x - y a x e s a r e p r i n c ip a l c e n t r o id a l a x e s b e c a u s e t h e i r
y ′ y
o r ig in is a t t h e c e n t r o id C , a n d a t le a s t o n e o f t h e t w o a x e s is a n a x is o f s y m m e - x ′
t r y . I n a d d it io n , a s e c o n d p a ir o f c e n t r o id a l a x e s (t h e x 9-y 9 a x e s) h a s a t le a s t o n e
a x is o f s y m m e tr y . I t fo llo w s th a t b o th th e x -y a n d x 9-y 9 a x e s a r e p r in c ip a l a x e s .
T h e r e fo r e , e v e r y a x is th r o u g h th e c e n tr o id C is a p r in c ip a l a x is , a n d e v e r y s u c h
C x
a x is h a s th e s a m e m o m e n t o f in e r tia .
I f a n a r e a h a s th r e e d iffe r e n t a x e s o f s y m m e tr y , e v e n if t w o o f th e m a r e p e r-
p e n d ic u la r , t h e c o n d it io n s d e s c r ib e d in t h e p r e c e d in g p a r a g r a p h a r e a u to m a t- (a )
ic a lly fu lf ille d . T h e r e fo r e , if a n a r e a h a s th r e e o r m o r e a x e s o f s y m m e tr y , th e
c e n tr o id is a p r in c ip a l p o in t, a n d e v e r y a x is th r o u g h th e c e n tr o id is a p r in c ip a l
a x is a n d h a s t h e s a m e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia . T h e s e c o n d it io n s a r e f u lf ille d fo r a y
c ir c le , fo r a ll r e g u la r p o ly g o n s (e q u ila t e r a l tr ia n g le , s q u a r e , r e g u la r p e n t a g o n , x ′
y ′
r e g u la r h e x a g o n , a n d s o o n ), a n d fo r m a n y o th e r s y m m e tr ic s h a p e s .
I n g e n e r a l, e v e r y p la n e a r e a h a s t w o p r in c ip a l p o in t s . T h e s e p o in t s lie e q u i-
d is t a n t fr o m th e c e n tr o id o n th e p r in c ip a l c e n tr o id a l a x is h a v in g th e la r g e r x
C
p r in c ip a l m o m e n t o f in e r tia . A s p e c ia l c a s e o c c u r s w h e n th e t w o p r in c ip a l
c e n tr o id a l m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia a r e e q u a l; th e n th e t w o p r in c ip a l p o in t s m e r g e
a t th e c e n tr o id , w h ic h b e c o m e s th e s o le p r in c ip a l p o in t. (b )

Principal Moments of Inertia

N o w d e te r m in e th e p r in c ip a l m o m e n ts o f in e r tia , a s s u m in g th a t I x , I y , a n d I x y FIGURE D-27
a r e k n o w n . O n e m e th o d is to d e te r m in e th e tw o v a lu e s o f u p (d iffe r in g b y 9 0 8) G e o m e tr ic r e p r e s e n t a tio n
fro m E q . (D -3 9 ) a n d th e n s u b s titu te th e s e v a lu e s in to E q . (D -3 3 ) fo r I x 1. T h e o f  E q . ( D -3 9 )
r e s u ltin g tw o v a lu e s a r e th e p r in c ip a l m o m e n ts o f in e r tia , d e n o te d b y I 1 a n d I 2 .
T h e a d v a n ta g e o f th is m e th o d is th a t it is n o w k n o w n w h ic h o f th e tw o p r in c ip a l
2 2
a n g le s u p c o r r e s p o n d s to e a c h p r in c ip a l m o m e n t o f in e r tia . I y + I xy

I t is a ls o p o s s ib le to o b t a in g e n e r a l fo r m u la s fo r th e p r in c ip a l m o m e n t s o f Ix –
— 2
in e r t ia . N o t e f r o m E q . ( D -3 9 ) a n d F ig . D -2 7 [w h ic h is a g e o m e t r ic r e p r e s e n t a - R =
– I x y
t io n o f E q . (D -3 9 )] th a t 2 θ p

I x 2 I y 2 I x y Ix – I y
c o s 2 u p 5 s in 2 u p 5 (D-40a,b) —
2 R R 2
in w h ic h
2
⎛ I x 2 I y ⎞ 2
R 5 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ 1 I x y (D-41)
2

is th e h y p o te n u s e o f th e tr ia n g le . W h e n e v a lu a tin g R , a lw a y s ta k e th e p o s itiv e
sq u a re ro o t.
N o w su b st it u t e t h e e x p r e s s io n s fo r c o s 2 u p a n d s in 2 u p [f r o m E q s . ( D - 4 0 a a n d
b )] in to E q . (D -3 3 ) fo r Ix 1 a n d o b t a in t h e a lg e b r a ic a lly la r g e r o f t h e t w o p r in c ip a l
m o m e n ts o f in e r tia , d e n o te d b y th e s y m b o l I 1:
2
I x 1 I y ⎛ I x 2 I y ⎞ 2
I 1 5 1 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ 1 I x y (D-42a)
2 2
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1076 Appendix D Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia

T h e s m a lle r p r in c ip a l m o m e n t o f in e r tia , d e n o te d a s I 2 , m a y b e o b ta in e d fro m

th e e q u a tio n
I 1 1 I 2 5 I x 1 I y

[s e e E q . (D -3 7 )]. S u b s titu tin g th e e x p r e s s io n fo r I 1 in to th is e q u a tio n a n d s o lv in g

fo r I 2 g iv e s
2
I x 1 I y ⎛ I x 2 I y ⎞ 2
I 2 5 2 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ 1 I x y (D-42b)
2 2

E q u a tio n s (D -4 2 a a n d b ) p ro v id e a c o n v e n ie n t w a y to c a lc u la te th e p r in c ip a l
m o m e n ts o f in e r tia .
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le illu s t r a t e s t h e m e t h o d fo r lo c a t in g t h e p r in c ip a l a x e s
a n d d e t e r m in in g th e p r in c ip a l m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia .

Example D-7

FIGURE D-28 D e te r m in e th e o r ie n ta tio n s o f th e p r in c ip a l c e n tr o id a l a x e s

E x a m p le D -7 : P r in c ip a l a x e s a n d a n d th em a g n it u d e s o f th e p r in c ip a l c e n tr o id a l m o m e n ts o f
p r in c ip a l m o m e n ts o f in e r tia fo r a in e r tia fo r th e c r o s s -s e c tio n a l a r e a o f th e Z -s e c tio n s h o w n in
Z -s e c tio n
F ig .  D -2 8 . U s e th e fo llo w in g n u m e r ic a l d a t a : h e ig h t h 5 2 0 0 m m ,
y 1 y w id th b 5 9 0 m m , a n d c o n sta n t th ic k n e s s t 5 1 5 m m .
b Solution:
U se th e x -y a x e s ( F ig . D -2 8 ) a s th e re fe re n c e a x e s t h r o u g h t h e c e n t r o i d  C .
h t T h e m o m e n ts a n d p ro d u c t o f in e r t ia w it h re s p e c t to th e se a x e s c a n
—
2 b e o b ta in e d b y d iv id in g th e a r e a in to th r e e re c ta n g le s a n d u s in g th e
x 1
θ p p a ra lle l-a x is th e o re m s. T h e re su lt s o f s u c h c a lc u la t io n s a r e
C x 6 4 6 4
I x 5 2 9 .2 9 × 1 0 m m I y 5 5 .6 6 7 × 1 0 m m
h 6 4
— t I x y 5 2 9 .3 6 6 × 1 0 m m
2
t S u b s t it u t e t h e s e v a lu e s in t o t h e e q u a t io n fo r t h e a n g le u p [E q . ( D -3 9 )] to g e t
b 2 I x y
ta n 2 u p 5 − 5 0 .7 9 3 0 2 u p 5 3 8 .4 8 a n d 2 1 8 .4 8
I x 2 I y

T h u s , t h e t w o v a lu e s o f u p a re
u p 5 1 9 .2 8 a n d 1 0 9 .2 8

U s e th e s e v a lu e s o f u p in th e tr a n sfo r m a tio n e q u a tio n fo r I x 1 [E q . (D -3 3 )] to f in d

6
Ix1 5 3 2 .6 3 1 0 m m 4 a n d 2 .4 3 1 0 6 m m 4, r e sp e c t iv e ly . T h e s e s a m e v a lu e s a r e o b t a in e d
b y su b s t it u t in g in to E q s. (D -4 2 a a n d b ). T h u s, t h e p r in c ip a l m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia a n d
th e a n g le s to th e c o r r e s p o n d in g p r in c ip a l a x e s a re
6 4
I 1 5 3 2 .6 × 1 0 m m u p 1 5 1 9 .2 8
6 4
I 2 5 2 .4 × 1 0 m m u p 2 5 1 0 9 .2 8
T h e p r in c ip a l a x e s a r e s h o w n in F ig . D -2 8 a s t h e x 1 y 1 a x e s .

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REVIEW PROBLEMS—Appendix D
D.1 Centroids of Plane Areas D.2-3 C a l c u l a t e t h e d i s t a n c e y t o t h e c e n t r o i d C o f
S o lv e th e p r o b le m s fo r S e c tio n D .1 b y in te g r a tio n . t h e c h a n n e l s e c t io n s h o w n in t h e f ig u r e if a 5 6 in .,
b 5 1 in . a n d c 5 2 in .
D.1-1 D e t e r m i n e t h e d i s t a n c e s x a n d y t o t h e
y
c e n tr o id C o f a r ig h t tr ia n g le h a v in g b a s e b a n d
a lt it u d e h (s e e C a s e 6 , A p p e n d ix E ).
b b
D.1-2 D e t e r m i n e t h e d i s t a n c e y t o t h e c e n t r o i d C o f
a t r a p e z o id h a v in g b a s e s a a n d b a n d a lt it u d e h (s e e
c y
C a s e 8 , A p p e n d ix E ). C
B B
D.1-3 D e t e r m i n e t h e d i s t a n c e y t o t h e c e n t r o i d C b
x
o f a s e m ic ir c le o f r a d iu s r (s e e C a s e 1 0 , A p p e n d ix E ). a O a
— —
2 2
D.1-4 D e t e r m i n e t h e d i s t a n c e s x a n d y t o t h e
c e n tr o id C o f a p a r a b o lic s p a n d r e l o f b a s e b a n d PROBLEMS D.2-3, D.2-4, and D.4-3
h e ig h t h (s e e C a s e 1 8 , A p p e n d ix E ).
D.1-5 D e t e r m i n e t h e d i s t a n c e s x a n d y t o t h e c e n - D.2-4 W h a t m u s t b e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g t h e
tr o id C o f a s e m is e g m e n t o f n th d e g r e e h a v in g b a s e b d im e n s io n s a , b , a n d c o f th e c h a n n e l s e c t io n s h o w n
a n d h e ig h t h (s e e C a s e 1 9 , A p p e n d ix E ). in t h e f ig u r e in o r d e r t h a t t h e c e n t r o id C w ill lie o n
lin e B – B ?
D.2 Centroids of Composite Areas D.2-5 T h e c r o s s s e c t i o n o f a b e a m c o n s t r u c t e d o f a
S o lv e th e p r o b le m s fo r S e c tio n D .2 b y u s in g th e fo r m u la s W 2 4 3 1 6 2 w id e -f la n g e s e c t io n w it h a n 8 in . 3 3 / 4 in .
fo r c o m p o s ite a r e a s . c o v e r p la te w e ld e d to th e to p f la n g e is s h o w n in th e
f ig u r e .
D.2-1 D e t e r m i n e t h e d i s t a n c e y t o t h e c e n t r o i d C o f D e te r m in e th e d is ta n c e y fr o m th e b a s e o f th e
a t r a p e z o id h a v in g b a s e s a a n d b a n d a lt it u d e h (s e e b e a m to th e c e n tr o id C o f th e c r o s s -s e c t io n a l a r e a .
C a s e 8 , A p p e n d ix E ) b y d iv id in g th e tr a p e z o id in to
tw o tr ia n g le s .
D.2-2 O n e q u a r t e r o f a s q u a r e o f s i d e a i s r e m o v e d y P l a t e 8 i n . × —3 i n .
4
( s e e fi g u r e ) . W h a t a r e t h e c o o r d i n a t e s x a n d y o f t h e
c e n tr o id C o f th e r e m a in in g a r e a ?
W 2 4 × 1 6 2

y
a a C
— —
2 2
a y
—
2
C
a x
y — O
2
x PROBLEMS D.2-5 and D.4-5
O
x
PROBLEMS D.2-2 and D.4-2

1077
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 D.2-6 D e t e r m i n e t h e d i s t a n c e y t o t h e c e n t r o i d C o f D.3 Moments of Inertia of Plane Areas
t h e c o m p o s i t e a r e a s h o w n i n t h e fi g u r e . S o lv e p r o b le m s D .3 -1 th r o u g h D .3 -4 b y in te g r a tio n .
y
D.3-1 D e t e r m i n e t h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a I x o f a t r i -
1 8 0 m m 1 8 0 m m a n g le o f b a s e b a n d a lt it u d e h w it h r e s p e c t to it s b a s e
1 0 5 m m 3 0 m m (s e e C a s e 4 , A p p e n d ix E ).
1 5 m m
3 0 m m D.3-2 D e t e r m i n e t h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a I B B o f a
t r a p e z o id h a v in g b a s e s a a n d b a n d a lt it u d e h w it h
C 9 0 m m
y r e s p e c t to it s b a s e (s e e C a s e 8 , A p p e n d ix E ).
O x D.3-3 D e t e r m i n e t h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a I x o f a p a r -
3 0 m m 9 0 m m a b o lic s p a n d r e l o f b a s e b a n d h e ig h t h w it h r e s p e c t to
3 0 m m it s b a s e (s e e C a s e 1 8 , A p p e n d ix E ).
D.3-4 D e t e r m i n e t h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a I x o f a c i r -
1 2 0 m m
c le o f r a d iu s r w it h r e s p e c t to a d ia m e t e r (s e e C a s e 9 ,
PROBLEMS D.2-6, D.4-6, and D.6-6 A p p e n d ix E ).
D.2-7 D e t e r m i n e t h e c o o r d i n a t e s x a n d y o f t h e S o lv e p r o b le m s D .3 -5 th r o u g h D .3 -9 b y c o n s id e r in g th e
c e n t r o i d C o f t h e L - s h a p e d a r e a s h o w n i n t h e fi g u r e . a r e a to b e a c o m p o s ite a r e a .
y D.3-5 D e te r m in e th e m o m e n t o f in e r tia I B B o f
a   r e c ta n g le h a v in g s id e s o f le n g th s b a n d h w ith
r e s p e c t to a d ia g o n a l o f th e r e c ta n g le (s e e C a s e 2 ,
A p p e n d ix E ).
0 .5 in .
D.3-6 C a l c u l a t e t h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a I x f o r th e
6 in . c o m p o s it e c ir c u la r a r e a s h o w n in t h e f ig u r e . T h e o r i-
C g in o f th e a x e s is a t th e c e n te r o f th e c o n c e n tr ic c ir-
0 .5 in . c le s , a n d th e th r e e d ia m e te r s a r e 2 0 , 4 0 , a n d 6 0 m m .
y

O x
x y
4 in .
PROBLEMS D.2-7, D.3-7, D.4-7, and D.6-7
D.2-8 D e t e r m i n e t h e c o o r d i n a t e s x a n d y o f t h e
c e n t r o i d C o f t h e a r e a s h o w n i n t h e fi g u r e . x
y
1 7 0 m m
PROBLEM D.3-6

D.3-7 C a l c u l a t e t h e m o m e n t s o f i n e r t i a I x a n d I y
5 0 m m 5 0 m m
2 8 0 m m w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x a n d y a x e s fo r t h e L - s h a p e d a r e a
1 5 0 m m s h o w n in t h e f ig u r e fo r P r o b . D .2 -7 .
8 0 8 0
m m m m D.3-8 A s e m i c i r c u l a r a r e a w i t h a r a d i u s o f 1 5 0 m m h a s
x
O a re c ta n g u la r c u to u t o f d im e n s io n s 5 0 m m 3 1 0 0 m m
8 0 8 0 ( s e e fi g u r e ).
m m m m
C a lc u la te t h e m o m e n t s o f in e r t ia I x a n d I y w it h
3 0 0 m m
re sp e c t to th e x a n d y a x e s . A ls o , c a lc u la te th e c o r r e -
PROBLEM D.2-8 sp o n d in g r a d ii o f g y r a t io n rx a n d ry .

1078
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 y D.4-5 F o r t h e b e a m c r o s s s e c t i o n d e s c r i b e d i n P r o b .
D .2 -5 , c a lc u la te th e c e n tro id a l m o m e n ts o f in e r tia Ix c
a n d Iy c w it h re sp e c t to a x e s th r o u g h th e c e n tr o id C
su c h th a t th e x c a x is is p a r a lle l to th e x a x is a n d th e
y c a x is c o in c id e s w it h t h e y a x is .
5 0
m m D.4-6 C a l c u l a t e t h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a I x c w i t h
O
x
5 0 5 0 r e s p e c t to a n a x is th r o u g h th e c e n tr o id C a n d p a r a l-
m m m m le l to t h e x a x is fo r t h e c o m p o s it e a r e a s h o w n in t h e
1 5 0 m m 1 5 0 m m f ig u r e fo r P r o b . D .2 - 6 .

PROBLEM D.3-8 D.4-7 C a l c u l a t e t h e c e n t r o i d a l m o m e n t s o f i n e r t i a

I x c a n d I y c w it h r e s p e c t t o a x e s t h r o u g h t h e c e n t r o id C
a n d p a r a lle l to th e x a n d y a x e s , r e s p e c tiv e ly , fo r th e
D.3-9 C a l c u l a t e t h e m o m e n t s o f i n e r t i a I 1 a n d I 2 o f L - s h a p e d a r e a s h o w n in t h e f ig u r e fo r P r o b . D .2 -7 .
a W 1 6 3 1 0 0 w id e -f la n g e s e c t io n u s in g th e c ro ss-s e c - D.4-8 T h e w i d e - f la n g e b e a m s e c tio n s h o w n in th e
tio n a l d im e n s io n s g iv e n in T a b le F -1 (a ), A p p e n d ix F . f ig u r e h a s a to t a l h e ig h t o f 2 5 0 m m a n d a c o n sta n t
(D is r e g a r d th e c ro s s -s e c tio n a l a r e a s o f t h e f i l l e t s .) th ic k n e s s o f 1 5 m m .
A ls o , c a lc u la te th e c o r r e s p o n d in g r a d ii o f g y r a tio n D e te r m in e th e f la n g e w id t h b if it is r e q u ir e d t h a t
r1 a n d r2 , r e s p e c tiv e ly . th e c e n tr o id a l m o m e n ts o f in e r tia I x a n d I y b e in th e
r a t io 3 to 1 , r e s p e c t iv e ly .
D.4 Parallel-Axis Theorem for Moments y
of Inertia b
1 5 m m
D.4-1 C a l c u l a t e t h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a I b o f a
W 1 2 3 5 0 w id e -f la n g e s e c t io n w ith r e s p e c t to it s
b a s e . ( U s e d a t a f r o m T a b l e F - 1 ( a ) , A p p e n d i x F .)
D.4-2 D e t e r m i n e t h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a I w ith c
2 5 0 m m C x
r e s p e c t to a n a x is th r o u g h th e c e n tr o id C a n d p a r- 1 5 m m
1 5 m m
a lle l to t h e x a x is fo r t h e g e o m e t r ic f ig u r e d e s c r ib e d
in P r o b . D .2 -2 .
b
D.4-3 F o r t h e c h a n n e l s e c t i o n d e s c r i b e d i n P r o b .
D .2 -3 , c a lc u la t e t h e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia Ix c w it h r e s p e c t PROBLEM D.4-8
to a n a x is th r o u g h th e c e n tr o id C a n d p a r a lle l to th e
x a x is . D.5 Polar Moments of Inertia
D.5-1 D e t e r m i n e t h e p o l a r m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a I
D.4-4 T h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a w i t h r e s p e c t t o a x i s o f a n is o s c e le s t r ia n g le o f b a s e b a n d a lt it u d e h w it h
P

1 – 1 o f th e s c a le n e tr ia n g le s h o w n in th e f ig u r e is r e s p e c t to it s a p e x (s e e C a s e 5 , A p p e n d ix E ).
9 0 3 1 0 3 m m 4. C a lc u la t e it s m o m e n t o f in e r t ia I 2 w it h
r e s p e c t to a x is 2 – 2 . D.5-2 D e t e r m i n e t h e p o l a r m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a ( I P ) C
w it h r e s p e c t to t h e c e n t r o id C fo r a c ir c u la r s e c to r
(s e e C a s e 1 3 , A p p e n d ix E ).
D.5-3 D e t e r m i n e t h e p o l a r m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a I P f o r
a W 8 3 2 1 w id e -f la n g e s e c t io n w it h r e s p e c t to o n e o f
it s o u t e r m o s t c o r n e r s .
1 1 D.5-4 O b ta i n a fo r m u la fo r th e p o la r m o m e n t o f
4 0 m m 1 5 m m in e r tia I P w it h re s p e c t to th e m id p o in t o f th e h y p o t-
2 2 e n u s e fo r a r ig h t t r ia n g le o f b a s e b a n d h e ig h t h (s e e
PROBLEM D.4-4 C a s e 6 , A p p e n d ix E ).

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 D.5-5 D e t e r m i n e t h e p o l a r m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a ( I p ) C D.6-6 C a l c u l a t e t h e p r o d u c t o f i n e r t i a I x y fo r th e
w it h r e s p e c t to t h e c e n t r o id C fo r a q u a r t e r- c ir c u la r c o m p o s it e a r e a s h o w n in P r o b . D .2 - 6 .
s p a n d r e l (s e e C a s e 1 2 , A p p e n d ix E ).
D.6-7 D e t e r m i n e t h e p r o d u c t o f i n e r t i a I x c y c w it h
r e s p e c t to c e n tr o id a l a x e s x c a n d y c p a r a lle l to th e x
D.6 Products of Inertia a n d y a x e s , r e s p e c t iv e ly , fo r th e L -s h a p e d a r e a s h o w n
D.6-1 U s i n g i n t e g r a t i o n , d e t e r m i n e t h e p r o d u c t o f in P r o b . D .2 -7 .
in e r tia I x y fo r th e p a r a b o lic s e m is e g m e n t s h o w n in
F ig . D -5 (s e e a ls o C a s e 1 7 in A p p e n d ix E ). D.7 Rotation of Axes
D.6-2 U s i n g i n t e g r a t i o n , d e t e r m i n e t h e p r o d u c t o f S o lv e th e p r o b le m s fo r S e c tio n D .7 b y u s in g th e tr a n s -
in e r tia I x y fo r th e q u a r te r- c ir c u la r s p a n d r e l s h o w n in fo r m a tio n e q u a tio n s fo r m o m e n ts a n d p ro d u c ts o f
C a s e 1 2 , A p p e n d ix E . in e r tia .
D.6-3 F i n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e r a d i u s r D.7-1 D e t e r m i n e t h e m o m e n t s o f i n e r t i a I x 1 a n d I y 1
a n d t h e d is t a n c e b fo r t h e c o m p o s it e a r e a s h o w n in a n d th e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia I x 1 y1 fo r a s q u a r e w it h s id e s
t h e f ig u r e in o r d e r t h a t t h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia I x y w ill b , a s sh o w n in th e f ig u r e . ( N o t e th a t th e x 1 y 1 a x e s
b e z e ro . a r e c e n tro id a l a x e s r o t a t e d t h r o u g h a n a n g le u w it h
re sp e c t to th e x - y a x e s .)
y
y 1
y

r
x 1
θ
b C x
O x
b
b
PROBLEM D.6-3
PROBLEM D.7-1
D.6-4 O b t a i n a f o r m u l a f o r t h e p r o d u c t o f i n e r t i a D.7-2 D e t e r m i n e t h e m o m e n t s a n d p r o d u c t o f
I x y o f th e s y m m e tr ic a l L -s h a p e d a r e a s h o w n in th e in e r t ia w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x 1 y 1 a x e s fo r t h e r e c t a n g le
f ig u r e . s h o w n in t h e f ig u r e . ( N o t e t h a t t h e x 1 a x is is a d ia g o -
n a l o f t h e r e c t a n g l e .)
y
y 1 y
t x 1

b
t h C x

O x
b
b
PROBLEM D.6-4
PROBLEM D.7-2

D.6-5 C a l c u l a t e t h e p r o d u c t o f i n e r t i a I 1 2 w ith D.7-3 C a l c u l a t e t h e m o m e n t o f i n e r t i a I d f o r a

r e s p e c t to th e c e n tro id a l a x e s 1 – 1 a n d 2 – 2 fo r a n W 1 2 3 5 0 w id e -f la n g e s e c t io n w it h r e s p e c t to a d ia g -
L 6 in . 3 6 in . 3 1 in . a n g le s e c tio n (s e e T a b le F - 4 (a ), o n a l p a s s in g th ro u g h th e c e n tr o id a n d tw o o u ts id e
A p p e n d ix F ). (D is r e g a r d th e c r o s s -s e c t io n a l a r e a s o f c o r n e r s o f th e f la n g e s . ( U s e t h e d im e n s io n s a n d p r o p -
th e f ille t a n d ro u n d e d c o r n e r s .) e r tie s g iv e n in T a b le F - 1 ( a ) .)

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D.7-4 C a l c u l a t e t h e m o m e n t s o f i n e r t i a I x 1 a n d I y 1 (b ) F o r w h a t r a tio a /b d o th e p r in c ip a l p o in ts lie o n
a n d t h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia Ix 1 y1 w it h r e s p e c t to t h e th e c ir c u m fe r e n c e o f th e e llip s e ?
x 1 y 1 a x e s fo r t h e L - s h a p e d a r e a s h o w n in t h e f ig u r e if (c ) F o r w h a t r a tio s d o th e y lie in s id e th e e llip s e ?
a 5 1 5 0 m m , b 5 1 0 0 m m , t 5 1 5 m m , a n d u 5 3 0 8 .
y
y
y 1

t P
c b
a C x
c b
x 1
P
t θ
a a
O x
b PROBLEM D.8-1
PROBLEMS D.7-4 and D.8-4
D.8-2 D e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e t w o p o i n t s P 1 a n d P 2 ,
lo c a t e d a s s h o w n in th e f ig u r e , a r e th e p r in c ip a l
D.7-5 C a l c u l a t e t h e m o m e n t s o f i n e r t i a I x 1 a n d I y 1 p o in t s o f t h e is o s c e le s r ig h t t r ia n g le .
a n d t h e p r o d u c t o f in e r t ia Ix 1 y 1 w it h r e s p e c t to t h e x 1 y 1
a x e s f o r t h e Z - s e c t i o n s h o w n i n t h e f i g u r e i f b 5 3 i n .,
y
h 5 4 in ., t 5 0 .5 in ., a n d u 5 6 0 8 .
b
—
y 6
y 1 P
b 2
b b —
—
2 6
b C x
h —
— t 6 P 1
2 x 1
θ —
b
—
b
C x 2 2
h t t PROBLEM D.8-2
—
2

b
D.8-3 D e t e r m i n e t h e a n g l e s u p 1 a n d u p 2 d e f i n in g
th e o r ie n ta tio n s o f th e p r in c ip a l a x e s th ro u g h th e
PROBLEMS D.7-5, D.7-6, D.8-5, and D.8-6 o r ig in  O fo r th e r ig h t tr ia n g le s h o w n in t h e f ig u r e if
b 5 6 in . a n d h 5 8 in . A ls o , c a lc u la te th e c o r re sp o n d -
D.7-6 S o l v e t h e p r e c e d i n g p r o b l e m i f b 5 8 0 m m , in g p r in c ip a l m o m e n ts o f in e r tia I 1 a n d I 2.
h 5 1 2 0 m m , t 5 1 2 m m , a n d u 5 3 0 8 . y

D.8 Principal Axes and Principal y 1

Moments of Inertia
D.8-1 A n e l l i p s e w i t h m a j o r a x i s o f l e n g t h 2 a a n d h
m in o r a x is o f le n g t h 2 b is s h o w n in t h e f ig u r e . x 1
θ
(a ) D e te r m in e th e d is ta n c e c fro m th e c e n tro id C o f x
O
th e e llip s e to th e p r in c ip a l p o in ts P o n th e m in o r b
a x is (y a x is ).
PROBLEM D.8-3

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D.8-4 D e t e r m i n e t h e a n g l e s u p 1 a n d u p 2 d e f i n in g t h e D.8-7 D e t e r m i n e t h e a n g l e s u p 1 a n d p 2 d e f i n i n g t
u h e
o r ie n t a t io n s o f th e p r in c ip a l a x e s th ro u g h th e o r ig in  O o r ie n t a tio n s o f th e p r in c ip a l a x e s th ro u g h th e c e n -
a n d th e c o r re sp o n d in g p r in c ip a l m o m e n ts o f in e r tia I 1 tr o id C fo r t h e r ig h t tr ia n g le sh o w nin t h e f ig u r e if
a n d I 2 fo r t h e L -sh a p e d a re a d e s c r ib e d in P ro b . D .7 -4 h 5 2 b . A ls o , d e te r m in e th e c o r r e sp o
n d in g p r in c ip a l
(a 5 1 5 0 m m , b 5 1 0 0 m m , a n d t 5 1 5 m m ). c e n tr o id a l m o m e n ts o f in e r tia I 1 a n d I 2.
y
y 1
y 1 y

a
x 1
x h
1 θ
t θ C x

O x
b
PROBLEMS D.7-4 and D.8-4 b

D.8-5 D e t e r m i n e t h e a n g l e s u PROBLEM D.8-7

p 1 a n d u p 2 d e f i n i n g t h e
o r ie n ta tio n s o f th e p r in c ip a l a x e s th ro u g h th e c e n -
tr o id C a n d th e c o r r e sp o n d in g p r in c ip a l c e n tr o id a l D.8-8 D e t e r m i n e t h e a n g l e s u p 1 a n d u p2 d e fin in g
m o m e n ts o f in e r tia I 1 a n d I 2 f o r t h e Z - s e c t io n d e s c r ib e d th e o r ie n t a t io n s o f th e p r in c ip a l c e n tro id a l a x e s a n d
in P r o b . D .7 - 5 ( b 5 3 in ., h 5 4 in ., a n d t 5 0 .5 in .). th e c o r r e s p o n d in g p r in c ip a l m o m e n ts o f in e r tia I 1
a n d I 2 fo r th e L -sh a p e d a r e a s h o w n in th e f ig u r e if
y
y 1 a 5 8 0 m m , b 5 1 5 0 m m , a n d t 5 1 6 m m .
b
y y c
1
h t
—
2 x 1 x 1
θ t
C x
a t
h t t θ
— C x
2 c

b
b
PROBLEMS D.7-5, D.7-6, D.8-5, and D.8-6 PROBLEMS D.8-8 and D.8-9

D.8- 6 S o l v e t h e p r e c e d in g p r o b le m fo r
D.8-9 S o l v e t h e p r e c e d i n g p r o b l e m if a 5 3 in .,
t h e Z - s e c t io n d e s c r ib e d in P r o b . D .7 - 6
b 5 6 in ., a n d t 5 5 /8 in .
(b 5 8 0 m m , h 5 1 2 0 m m , a n d t 5 1 2 m m ).

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