Name ___________________________________________ Date ____________________ Class _____________________

21

Hydrocarbons
Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons
In your textbook, read about natural sources of hydrocarbons and rating gasolines.
In the space at the left, write the word or phrase in parentheses that correctly completes the
statement.
_________________ 1. (Petroleum, Natural gas) is a mixture of thousands of organic compounds.
_________________ 2. The boiling of petroleum and collection of its components is called
(sedimentation, fractional distillation).
_________________ 3. In the process known as (cracking, knocking), heavier petroleum fractions are
converted to gasoline by breaking their large molecules into smaller ones.
_________________ 4. A gasoline’s ability to burn evenly and prevent knocking is expressed by its
(hexane, octane) rating.
Use the diagram of a fractionation tower to answer the following questions.

5. How does the temperature inside the tower vary from bottom to top?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. In what physical state is the material collected from pipe A? ____________________________________________
7. What is the material collected from pipe A used for?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the material collected from pipe B used for?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Which pipe, A or B, collects hydrocarbons with higher boiling points? ______________________________________
10. Which pipe, A or B, collects smaller hydrocarbons? __________________________________________________________________

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Section 21.2 Alkanes

In your textbook, read about organic chemistry, hydrocarbons, and straight-chain alkanes.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

homologous series straight-chain alkanes

If all of the carbon atoms are linked by single covalent bonds and there are no branches,
the compounds are called (1) __________. Ethane, propane, and butane are three
examples. They are members of one (2) ______________ because they differ from each
other by a repeating unit (— CH2 —).

In your textbook, read about branched-chain alkanes and naming them.

For each statement below, write true or false.
______________ 3. The ability of carbon atoms to bond to two, three, or four other carbon atoms
makes possible a variety of branched-chain alkanes.
______________ 4. A carbon atom or group of carbon atoms that branch off the main hydrocarbon
chain of an alkane is a substituent group.
______________ 5. A skeletal formula is a way of representing an organic compound by showing only
the hydrogen atoms.

Use the IUPAC rules to name the following structures

6. 7.
 
 

________________________________ _______________________________ 

Draw the structure of each of the following alkanes.

8. 2-methylheptane 9. 2,3,4-trimethylpentane
 
 
 
 
 

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Section 21.2 continued

In your textbook, read about cycloalkanes.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A Column B
_________ 10. A simplified way of representing an organic compound by showing a. cyclo-
only the carbon-carbon bonds b. condensed structural
_________ 11. A way of representing an organic compound that saves space by not formula
showing how the hydrogen atoms branch off the carbon atoms c. line structure
_________ 12. Indicates that a hydrocarbon has a ring structure d. cyclic hydrocarbon
_________ 13. A hydrocarbon that has a ring of carbon atoms in its structure

Use the IUPAC rules to name the following structure.

14. ______________________________________________

Draw the structure of the following cycloalkane.

15. 1-ethyl, 2-propylcyclobutane

In your textbook, read about the properties of alkanes and multiple carbon-carbon bonds.
In the space at the left, write the word or phrase in parentheses that correctly completes the
statement.
__________________ 16. All the bonds in an alkane are (polar, nonpolar).
__________________ 17. The attractive forces between alkane molecules are (stronger, weaker) than the
attractive forces between alkane and water molecules.
__________________ 18. Alkanes are (very, not very) soluble in water.
__________________ 19. The boiling points of alkanes (increase, decrease) with increasing molecular mass.
__________________ 20. The chief chemical property of alkanes is their (low, high) reactivity.
__________________ 21. Alkanes are often used as (solvents, fuels) because they readily undergo combustion
in oxygen.
__________________ 22. Alkanes are (saturated, unsaturated) hydrocarbons because they have only single
bonds.

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Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes

In your textbook, read about alkenes, alkynes, and naming alkynes.
Use the following words to complete the statements.

alkene alkyne electron density ethene ethyne

1. An ______________ is a hydrocarbon that has one or more triple covalent bonds between carbon
atoms.
2. The unsaturated hydrocarbon ______________ is the starting material for the synthesis of the
plastic polyethylene.
3. An ______________ is a hydrocarbon that has one or more double covalent bonds between carbon
atoms.
4. Torches used in welding burn ______________, which is commonly called acetylene.
5. Alkenes and alkynes are more reactive than alkanes because double and triple bonds have greater
_________________ than single bonds have.

Circle the letter of the correct name for each of the following structures.
6. CH3CH2CH   CHCH2CH2CH 
 
 CH2 7. CH3CH2C  
 CCH2CH3
a. 1,5-octadiene a. 3-hexene
b. 3,7-octadiene b. 3-hexyne
c. 4,8-dioctene c. 3-pentyne

Use the IUPAC rules to name the following structures.

8. 9.

_________________________________ _______________________________ 

10. 11.

________________________________  _______________________________ 

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Section 21.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

In your textbook, read about the structure of benzene and aromatic compounds.
Use the following words to complete the statements.

aliphatic compounds aromatic compounds carcinogens

1. Substances that cause cancer are called _______________________.

2. Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are examples of _______________________________.
3. All _______________________ contain benzene rings as part of their structure.

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
4. What is the molecular formula of benzene?
a. C6H6 b. C6H12 c. C6H14 d. C12H12
5. Which of the following is the best way to represent the structure of benzene?
a. b. c. d.

6. Compared to alkenes and alkynes of similar size, benzene is

a. less reactive. c. slightly more reactive.
b. about as reactive. d. much more reactive.
7. The electrons in the ring of an aromatic compound are
a. held tightly by one carbon nucleus.
b. localized between specific carbon nuclei.
c. shared equally by all of the carbon nuclei.
d. shared by only three of the carbon nuclei.
8. The use of aromatic compounds should be limited because many of them
a. produce chimney soot. c. have pleasant smells.
b. can cause health problems. d. cannot be synthesized.

Use the IUPAC rules to name the following structures.

9. 10.
 
 
 
___________________ ______________________

Chemistry: Matter and Change 21 Study Guide