Differentiation 9A

1 a f ( x) = cos x 1
c f ( x) = 4 cos x
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) 2
f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
cos ( x + h) − cos x  1 1  1
= lim f ′( x) =4 ×  − sin x  =−2sin x
h →0 h  2 2  2
cos x cos h − sin x sin h − cos x
= lim d f ( x) = 3cos 2 x
h →0 h
  cos h − 1  sin h  f ′( x) =
3(−2sin 2 x) =
−6sin 2 x
= lim    cos x − sin x 
h →0
 h  h 
4 =
a y sin 2 x + cos 3 x
cos h − 1 sin h dy
b Since → 0 and →1 = 2 cos 2 x + (−3sin 3 x)
h h dx
the expression inside the limit in part a = 2 cos 2 x − 3sin 3 x
tends to 0 × cos x − 1× sin x =− sin x
So f ′( x) = − sin x b y = 2 cos 4 x − 4 cos x + 2 cos 7 x
dy
2 a y = 2 cos x = 2 × (−4sin 4 x) − 4 × (− sin x)
dx
dy + 2 × (−7 sin 7 x)
=2 × (− sin x) =−2sin x
dx −8sin 4 x + 4sin x − 14sin 7 x
=

1 c =
y x 2 + 4 cos 3 x
b y = 2sin x
2 dy
dy 1 1 1 = 2 x + 4(−3sin 3 x) = 2 x − 12sin 3 x
= 2 × cos x =
cos x dx
dx 2 2 2
1 + 2 x sin 5 x 1
c y = sin 8 x d y= = + 2sin 5 x
x x
dy
= 8cos8 x dy 1
dx =− 2 + 2 × (5cos 5 x)
dx x
1
2 = − 2 + 10 cos 5 x
d y = 6sin x x
3
dy 2 2 2
= 6 × cos x =
4 cos x
dx 3 3 3

3 a f ( x) = 2 cos x

f ′( x) =2 × (− sin x) =−2sin x

5
b f ( x) = 6 cos x
6

 5 5  5
f ′( x) =6 ×  − sin x  =−5sin x
 6 6  6

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 5 y= x − sin 3 x 7 y 2sin 2 x + cos 2 x
=
dy dy
= 1 − 3cos 3 x = 2 × 2 cos 2 x + (−2sin 2 x)
dx dx
dy = 4 cos 2 x − 2sin 2 x
At stationary points
=0
dx
1 − 3cos 3 x =
0 dy
At stationary points =0
1 dx
cos 3 x = 4 cos 2 x − 2sin 2 x =0
3
4 − 2 tan 2 x = 0
3 x = 1.23..., 5.05... or 7.51...
tan 2 x = 2
x = 0.410, 1.68 or 2.50 (3 s.f.) 2 x = 1.107... or 4.248...
x = 0.554 or 2.12 (3 s.f.)
x= 0.410 ⇒ y = 0.41 − sin1.23 =−0.532
x= 1.68 ⇒ y= 1.68 − sin 5.04= 2.63 When x = 0.554 :
x= 2.50 ⇒ y= 2.50 − sin 7.50= 1.56 y = 2sin (2 × 0.554) + cos (2 × 0.554) = 2.24
When x = 2.12 :
Stationary points in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π are y= 2sin (2 × 2.12) + cos (2 × 2.12) =−2.24
(0.410, −0.532), (1.68, 2.63) and (2.50, 1.56).
Stationary points in the interval 0 ⩽ x ⩽ π are
6 y 2sin 4 x − 4 cos 2 x
= (0.554, 2.24) and (2.12, −2.24).
dy
= 2 × 4 cos 4 x − 4 × (−2sin 2 x)
dx 8 y sin 5 x + cos 3 x
=
= 8cos 4 x + 8sin 2 x dy
= 5cos 5 x − 3sin 3 x
dx
π dy
When x = : At (π, −1), = 5cos 5π − 3sin 3π
2 dx
dy =5 × (−1) − 3 × 0 =−5
= 8cos 2π + 8sin π
dx Equation of tangent is y − (−1) =−5( x − π)
= 8 ×1 + 8 × 0 = 8 or y = −5 x + 5π − 1
So the gradient of the curve at the point
π 9=
y 2 x 2 − sin x
where x = is 8. dy
2 = 4 x − cos x
dx
When
= x π,= y 2π 2 and
dy
=4π − cos π = 4π + 1
dx
1
Gradient of normal is −
4π + 1
Equation of normal is
1
y − 2π 2 = − ( x − π)
4π + 1
Multiplying through by (4π + 1) and
rearranging gives
x + (4π + 1) y − π(8π 2 + 2π + 1) =
0

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 10 Let f ( x) = sin x
f ( x + h) − f ( x) sin( x + h) − sin x
= f ′( x) lim =
h →0 h h
 sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x 
= lim  
h →0
 h 
  cos h − 1   sin h  
lim    sin x +   cos x 
h →0
 h   h  
cos h − 1 sin h
Since → 0 and → 1,
h h
the expression inside the limit tends to
(0 × sin x + 1× cos x)
sin( x + h) − sin x
So lim = cos x
h →0 h
Hence the derivative of sin x is cos x.

Challenge

Let f ( x) = sin(kx)
 f ( x + h) − f ( x ) 
f ′( x) = lim  
h →0
 h 
 sin(kx + kh) − sin(kx) 
= lim  
h →0
 h 
 sin kx cos kh + cos kx sin kh − sin kx 
= lim  
h →0
 h 
  cos kh − 1   sin kh  
lim    sin kx +   cos kx 
h →0
 h   h  
 sin kh   cos kh − 1 
As h → 0,   → k and   → 0,
 h   h 
so the expression inside the limit tends to
0 × sin kx + k × cos kx = k cos kx
Hence the derivative of sin(kx) is k cos (kx).

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