SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
Prepared by:
DIVINE GRACE S. BATENGA, MSc., LPT
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How can we define Science?

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Human beings have
embarked in scientific
activities in order to
know and understand
everything around them.

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Humans also used
religion to rationalize
the origins of life and
all lifeless forms.

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 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
The period of enlightenment.

Development in the fields of mathematics,

physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry
transformed the views of society about nature.

The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have

started in Europe.
Due to the invention of printing
Why Europe? machine, blooming intellectual
activities, growing numbers of
scholars in various fields.
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SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

The birth of modern science.

The ideas generated during this period

enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and
reexamine their beliefs and their way of life.

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SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
GOLDEN AGE

For people committed to scholarly life in science.

DEEPLY TRYING MOMENTS

To some scientific individuals that led to their painful

condemnation.

From the religious institutions who try to

preserve their faith, religion and
theological views.

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SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IS SIGNIFICANT
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF:

✓Human beings.
✓Transformation of the society.
✓Formulation of scientific ideas. SCIENCE
IDEAS

✓Improved the conduct of scientific

investigations, experiment and observations. SCIENTIFIC

✓The creation of new research field in science

REVOLUTION

and prompted the establishment of modern

science. HUMANS SOCIETY

✓Transform the natural world and the world of

ideas.
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SOME INTELLECTUALS
AND THEIR
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
SCIENTISTS IN ALL PERIODS OF
TIME ARE DRIVEN BY THEIR…

They are ordinary people doing extraordinary things.

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Some scientists were never appreciated
during their times…

Some were
sentenced to
death.

Others were
condemned by
the Church.

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THREE NOTABLE SCIENTISTS

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 1
COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
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 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
People questioned what created days
and nights.

They wanted to understand what

heavenly bodies look like.

THE INVENTION OF TELESCOPE

Allowed the people to take a peek at the outer

space.

It also intrigued them to know what was

actually out there.

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 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Greek philosophers and
intellectuals wrote about
planets in attempt to
explain the movements of
heavenly bodies.

Many of these philosophers

agreed that planets moved
around in circular motion.

These movements created

days and nights.

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2 MODELS OF SOLAR
SYSTEM

❑THE GEOCENTRIC MODEL

❑THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

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 THE GEOCENTRIC MODEL

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY

Philosopher and
astronomer.

Stated that planets as well

as the sun and the moon,
moved in a circular motion
around the Earth.

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 THE GEOCENTRIC MODEL

GEONCENTRISM – Earth
as the center of the
universe

Ptolemy’s geocentric model

was widely accepted by the
people and was one of the
greatest discoveries of that
time.

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 THE HELIOCENTIC MODEL
One of the Renaissance men, particularly in
the field of science.

He challenged the Ptolemaic model.

He did not do anything extensive such as

observing heavenly bodies or inviting people
to test his ideas.

His ideas were an example of what is

presently called as thought experiment.

Influence by a book entitled “Epitome”,

published in 1496 by Johannes Müeller.

The publication of his book On the

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543
is often cited as the start of the scientific
revolution.
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THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
HELIOCENTRISM – sun as the
center of the universe

Rejected at first by the public.

It was judged to be heretic and

therefore it was an unacceptable idea
to be taught to Catholic.

The Catholic Church banned the

Copernican model and was ignored
by Rome for the rest of the 16 th
century.

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 COPERNICAN THEORY VS. CATHOLIC
CHURCH

ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES – N. Copernicus

Elaborates the heliocentric idea that the Earth rotates daily on

its own axis and revolves yearly around the sun.

Rejected in favor of the traditional geocentric thesis.

Objections involved astronomical observations, physics of

motion, and epistemological principles (the reliability of the
human senses – stationary Earth).

Copernicus did not really refute these objections, but he

elaborated a novel and important argument.

Attracted few followers including Galileo Galilei

Source: https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/february-2016-400-years-ago-catholic-church-prohibited-copernicanism 22
 ASTRONOMICAL DISCOVERIES OF
GALILEO
Mountains on the Moon
Moons orbited Jupiter
Phases exhibited by Venus
(planets orbits sun)
Sunspots

Galileo became more explicit in his

pursuit of heliocentrism, and this
soon got him into trouble.

Source: https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/february-2016-400-years-ago-catholic-church-prohibited-copernicanism 23
 COPERNICAN THEORY VS. CATHOLIC
CHURCH

FEBRUARY-MARCH 1615

the Catholic Church issues a

prohibition against the
Copernican theory of Earth’s
motion.

the consultants unanimously

reported the assessment
that heliocentrism was
philosophically false and
theologically heretical.

Source: https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/february-2016-400-years-ago-catholic-church-prohibited-copernicanism 24
 DIALOGUE ON THE TWO CHIEF WORLD SYSTEMS:
PTOLEMAIC AND COPERNICAN (1632)
Galileo kept quiet until 1623, when a new pope was
elected.
Pope Urban VIII
Great admirer of Galileo
Started working on a critical examination of all
scientific and philosophical arguments on both
sides.
The arguments for the Copernican side turned out to
be stronger than those for the Ptolemaic geostatic
side.
Showed that the Earth’s motion was probably true.

Source: https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/february-2016-400-years-ago-catholic-church-prohibited-copernicanism 25
The Sun is the Center of the Solar System

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 2
DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION
Considered to be one of the most controversial
intellectual revolutions of its time.

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 CHARLES DARWIN

English naturalist, biologist, and

geologist.

Changed the concept of the

world’s creation and its evolution.

Famous for his Theory of Evolution

Published his book On the Origin

of Species

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 THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in
which only the fittest would survive.

NATURAL SELECTION – a process through which populations of living

organisms adapt and change; adjustment of genes (DNA) throughout the
generation

Organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would

gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive
---EVOLUTION

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 THE DESCENT OF MAN
Published in 1871

The book was so impressive yet very

controversial.

Applies evolutionary theory to human

evolution.

Argued that human beings shared a recent

common ancestor with the great African
apes.

This replaced the dominant views of

religious and biblical design that places
human beings in a privileged position of
having been created by God.

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DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
The theory of evolution became very controversial as
people perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s
teachings (the source of life is a powerful creator).

The theory emerged at a time when most of the

population believed and accepted the biblical version of the
Earth’s creation.

The theory sparked a massive debate between science and

religion.

Eventually, people came to understand that Darwin’s

theory of evolution was not in fact against the teachings
of the church and both can coexist.

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 EVOLUTION
Any process of change through time.

In biology, this is the gradual change of

structure and function of organisms due to the
changes in the environment.

The BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY that is seen

on Earth today is because of evolution!

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There are four major patterns in nature:

1. GENETIC VARIATION – genes are linked to how

organisms look and behave

• There is tremendous genetic diversity within almost all

species.

• No two individuals have the same DNA sequence.

• MUTATION - change that occurs in our DNA sequence,

either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as
the result of environmental factors.

• RECOMBINATION – occurs when genes from two

parents are shuffled to produce an offspring, as
happens regularly in sexual reproduction.

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There are four major patterns in nature:

2. ADAPTATION– organisms must adapt to their

environment to survive

• Living organisms have morphological, biochemical, and

behavioral features that make them well adapted for
life.

Example:
The cryptic coloration that
allows many organisms to
hide from their predators.

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There are four major patterns in nature:

3. DIVERGENCE – species evolve along different paths

from a common ancestor.

• All living species differ from one another.

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There are four major patterns in nature:
4. FOSSIL SPECIES – fossils provide evidence of
evolutionary changes.

• Fossils are mineralized remnants or impressions of

once-living organisms.

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 EVIDENCES EVOLUTION
FOSSILS – the most easily observed evidence of evolution

GENETIC EVIDENCE – evolutionary relationships among

species using DNA sequence

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY – similarities and differences

in the structural set-up of different groups of organisms

EVOLUTION is evident
today in how bacteria
evolve to resist antibiotics!

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 DARWIN’S ACCOMPLISHMENTS
So diverse that is useful to distinguish two fields
to which he made major contributions:
Evolutionary biology
Philosophy of science
Remarkable for his courage to challenge
religious and unscientific ideas that are deemed
to be prominent during those days.
His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave
more value to evidence-based science.
It is a science marked by observation and
experiment.
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WE ARE EXTREMELY DIFFERENT!

Random step-by-step mutations at

the molecular level cannot explain
the organized and growing
complexity of life…

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 3
FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
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 SIGMUND FREUD
A famous figure in the field of Psychology

He raised the consciousness of the civilized

world in psychological matters.

PSYCHOLOGY – is the scientific study of

the mind and behavior; in the past, it was
considered to be more of an art rather
than science

Freud made a significant contribution in

the scientific world through the
development of an important observational
method to gather reliable data to study
human’s inner life.
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PSYCHOANALYSIS THEORY

A scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic

illness.

This theory explained that many conscious and unconscious

factors affect behavior and emotions.

A clinical method in treating some mental disorders.

Classifies PSYCHOLOGY as SCIENCE.

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The three conflicting parts of personality:

1. ID: MEETING THE BASIC NEEDS (unconscious part)

• Exist from birth and more prominent in newborns

• It also represents our most animalistic urges (desire for food, thurst, and
sex).
• The id seeks instant gratification for our wants and needs. If these needs or
wants are not met, a person can become tense, anxious, or angry.

Example: A hungry baby

cried until he was fed.

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The three conflicting parts of personality:

2. EGO: DEALING WITH REALITY (conscious part)

• Rational part, trying to meet the desires of the id in a way that is socially
acceptable in the world.
• Delaying gratification and helping to get rid of the tension the id feels if
desire is not met right away.

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The three conflicting parts of personality:

3. SUPEREGO: ADDING MORALS (conscience)

• Develops last and is based on morals and judgements about right and wrong.

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 Superego's reason for
that decision is based
more on moral
values.

Ego's decision is based more

on what others will think or
what the consequences of an
action could be on the
individual.
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 Sally was thirsty. Rather than
waiting for the server to refill her
glass of water, she reached across
the table and drank from Mr.
Smith's water glass, much to his
surprise.

ID
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 Sarah knew she could steal the
supplies from work, and no one
would know about it. However, she
knew that stealing was wrong, so
she decided not to take anything
even though she would probably
never get caught.

SUPEREGO
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 Bob was stuck in traffic. He just
wanted his vehicle to move!
Enraged at the situation, Bob
pulled his car onto the shoulder and
sped forward, not caring that he
was clipping people's side mirrors
as he tried to get ahead of the cars
in front of him.

ID
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 Sally was thirsty. However, she
knew that her server would be back
soon to refill her water glass, so she
waited until then to get a drink,
even though she really just wanted
to drink from Mr. Smith's glass.

EGO
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 Tim really wanted to slug Mark for
what he had just said. However,
Tim knew if he hit Mark, he would
be kicked off the baseball team, and
since he loved baseball, he
unclenched his fists and walked
away.

EGO
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 Maggie couldn't remember the
answer to test question #12, even
though she had studied. Nate was
the smartest kid in the class, and
from where Maggie sat, she could
see his answers if she turned her
head slightly. When Mrs. Archer
turned her back, Maggie almost
cheated, but her conscience
stopped her because she knew it
was wrong. Instead, Maggie took a
guess at the answer and then
turned in her paper.

SUPEREGO
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 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Freud’s method of psychoanalysis was proven to be effective
in understanding some neurological conditions that were
not understood by medicine at that time (Weiner, 2016).

His method was unorthodox – focusing on human sexuality

and the evil nature of man.

Many believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific basis as

no empirical or experimental data could support it.

To some, they found his ideas not easy especially in the

explanations of human sexuality.

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 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
SIGMUND FREUD – born in a much later period from
the scientific revolution

Contributes knowledge in many aspects of the human

scene (art, literature, philosophy, politics, and
psychotherapy)

IS HE MORE OF PSYCHOLOGIST OR A SCIENTIST???

Freudian ideas and theories are still considered

nowadays as a great inspiration to examine
human mind and behavior in a more
scientifically accepted way.

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 References:
Serafica J.P.et. al, (2018). Science, Technology and Society Rex Book Store,INC

https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/february-2016-400-years-ago-catholic-
church-prohibited-copernicanism

https://www.ourmidland.com/opinion/editorials/article/Heliocentrism-evolution-
changed-our-6985973.php

https://www.britannica.com/science/anthropology/History-of-
anthropology#ref839878

https://www.simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html#:~:text=Freud%20proposed%2
0that%20personality%20development,different%20parts%20of%20the%20body.

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 ASSIGNMENT

Read CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

STS Rex Book pages 10-17

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End of Lecture…

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