DIFFERENT TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF THE GRADE-12 WORKING

STUDENTS OF ANISLAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

A Practical Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

Anislag National High School, Senior High School Department
Anislag, Daraga, Albay

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Senior High School

Academic Track in Accountancy, General Academic Strand in
Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion

GEAN MARAÑO
CHRISTIAN MAGDATO
PAOLO MILLARE
OLIVER SANTILLAN
C-JAY MADRIDEO

MARCH 2023
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter aims to present a clear understanding of the study through the statement of the

problem, its scope and delimitation, the significance of the study, and the definition of terms. Relevant

citations are also included to give credence to the study’s claims. 

Introduction

Studying is challenging, it requires patience, hard work, self-confidence, and many other learning

skills, and at the same time working makes a student's life even more difficult. Working during school can

improve grades if the work promotes aspects that correspond to academic success, such as diligence or

time management skills, or instead reduce grades by reducing energy and time available for schoolwork.

Most working students are sleep deprived. Their work and studies never let them complete the bedtime.

For them, the night is long while the morning is dreaded. The only times they are more relaxed are the

weekends. Because of this, they fall asleep in the classroom, or are sleepy all day and tired, which mess

up everything they do.

The youth of this era are likely to work while studying if they are striving for a better future for

themselves. Not many are supported for their education. Because of this, students will consider engaging

in gaining employment status. Working students can define themselves as follows: those who identify

themselves as students but work part-time to support their school and daily needs, and experienced

workers who want to take college classes for further improvement. The life of a student includes of self-

discovery, academic responsibilities, and educational achievements. Yet, not all students are able to

attend class while still taking care of their basic needs. As a result, working while a student is becoming

common.

When you balance employment and education, time management can be a challenge. Managing

time in your professional and academic lives is no easy task, especially when you have additional
responsibilities that compete for your time, such as raising children. Whether you are working to pay for

college or going back to school to advance your current career, managing time in your academic and

professional life is no easy task Lack of time isn't the issue, rather, it is how people use their time that

matters (Ann, 2020).

According to the study of Ruhm (1997, as cited in Rica et al., 2019) it is important to comprehend

the effects of working students on society because as a rate of working students reached an abnormal

state, employment started to show its negative effects. Research on working students is typically

conducted in universities in developed countries, but that research lacks knowledge about how it works

students face their daily life and how they overcome each problem they face. On the other hand, if

employment at a young age turns out to be beneficial for the economy. The high rates of student

employment could then widen the income gaps that were later discovered. As there are numerous possible

outcomes, researchers must be able to perceive the gaps in this work in order to learn about the

experiences of those working students and to completely comprehend what a working student is.

This study explores on gathering different time management strategies and how they help

students make the most of their working and learning hours. This study also aims to find and explore

student work experiences. Also, the problems encountered and how they deal and cope with such

difficulties. Finally, to offer suggestions for improving time management strategies for working students.

Statement of the Problem

This study entitled, “Different Time Management Strategies of the Grade-12 Working students of

Anislag National High School”, will find the different time management strategies of the working

students of Anislag National High School.

To get all the important knowledge, information, and data, the respondents will answer the important

questions below.
 1. What are the reasons for working while studying for students?

2. What is the type of work of each student?

3. What are common problems encountered by working students in planning for time management?

a. Procrastination

b. Multitasking

c. Burnout and Anxieties

d. Poor Prioritization

e. Different forms of distractions

4. Which time management strategy is most familiar to the students?

a. Pareto Principle of 80/20

b. Pickle Jar Time Management

c. ABC Method

d. Pomodoro Technique

e. Others.

5. What are the recommendations to improve the time management strategies of the working
students?

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to find out the different time management strategies of grade 12 working students

in their various field of works. The focus of this study is to determine the most effective time

management strategies used by students. Furthermore, the potential respondents of this study are limited

to grade-12 senior high working students and this study will be conducted within the campus of Anislag

National High School. Each respondent is given the same interview questions to answer.
 This study covers the following time management theories: Pareto Principle or 80/20 rule that

maintains that 80 percent of the output from a given situation or system is determined by 20 percent of the

input, Pickle Jar Theory that serves as a visual metaphor to determine what is useful and what is not, ABC

Method which consists of assigning a priority status of "A," "B," or "C" to each of the items on your to-do

list or task list, and Pomodoro Technique, a time management method based on 25-minute stretches of

focused work broken up by five-minute breaks. And to narrow this broad topic, the study will only

include time management strategies mentioned in the theories included in this study.

Significance of the Study

This study is made relevant to students, interviewers, researchers and readers in order to get a

better understanding of the time management strategies of grade 12 working students of Anislag National

High School. This study helps to improve students time management strategies and to avoid

procrastination.

Furthermore, this study is deemed by the researcher as beneficial to:

Students. They will learn more about time management strategies and how does the student use

it to manage their work and students efficiently. It will greatly help students who want to get a job while

enrolled in school because they gain knowledge about time management and to know the consequences to

be faced while working and studying.

Teachers. They would be capable of gathering information about time management that working

students do to keep up with their work and studies. This will be a way for teachers to gain more

understanding and help their students that are planning to become a working student. The school can

present this research paper for every student in the school. this shows the excellence and good quality of

education offered in this school

 Parents. They might be able to see their child (student) struggling with their work and studies

and be able to provide the necessary support that their child needs.

School. The school can present this research paper for every student in the school. They might be

able to give the necessary help and support for working students and to keep them motivated despite the

problems they are facing

Community. They may be capable of acquiring information on time management strategies to

provide ways to do things efficiently and to provide emotional, or even financial help for the students.

Researchers. The development of this research paper will help the researcher gain knowledge in

their chosen field. They will benefit from the study because they can gather ideas, information, and

knowledge for their studies through this present study.

Future Researchers. This study can serve as a reference for future researchers and developers

who will conduct related studies.

Working Students. This study will serve as their guide on how to be a good and responsible

student.

Employers. This study will give the employers a deeper understanding on why students work.

Definition of Terms

The following words used in the study are defined operationally by the researchers for much easy

understanding:

Time Management. To maximize an individual's efforts, time management involves

coordinating duties and activities. In this study, these are the skills used by grade 12 senior high school

students to maintain their academic performance.

 Working Students. A person who works largely outside of school but also attends classes. In this

study, they are the respondents to the survey to find out how working senior high school students in grade

12 handle their time in connection to their academic success.

Performance. Measurement is the process of collecting, analyzing and reporting information

about the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component. In this study, this term

is defined as the level of academic competency of the grade 12 senior high school students in Anislag

High School.

Students. The definition of a student is someone who is learning or in any teaching environment.

In this study, it is grade 12 senior high school working students at Anislag National High School who are

the respondents in the survey questionnaire.

Strategies. The plan or method the working students used to achieve their goals. In this study, it

refers to the Time management strategies of working students.

Procrastination. The act of delaying or postponing a task or set of tasks.

Burnout. is a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion brought on by prolonged and

excessive stress.

Sleep deprivation. A condition that occurs if you don't get enough sleep.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter contains literature and related studies that helped the researcher to conceptualize the

present study. This chapter is specifically divided into six topics: Review of Related Literature, Review of

Related Studies, Theoretical Framework, Theoretical Paradigm, Conceptual Framework, and Conceptual
Paradigm, variables: sex, age, type of work, time management strategies, problems, burnout, sleep

deprivation, procrastination, and increased risk of dropping out.

Review of Related Literature

A future with a great career is guaranteed by education. Many people strive to obtain a good

education, additional knowledge, and experience in the field in which they wish to work. A decent

education costs a lot of money, which some students cannot afford. Many students who wish to study

choose to work while they study since the issue can be solved. Students who work while studying may

have both positive and bad effects. Others succeed in their working student life but some of them also do

not succeed in their studies and work. The most common reason why students work is because of

financial difficulties but some want extra money to support their interests in life, or want to gain work

experience that can help them in the future. In order to balance employment and study, it is quite difficult

to work while studying. They need to know how to manage their time because it guarantees that students

are ready, organized, and focused in managing their everyday life and completing academic projects on

time.

According to Philippine Survey on Children 2001 (2002), almost 1.2 million working children, or

44.8% of those who attended school, experienced problems or difficulties. Inability to keep up with the

lesson (23.4%), expensive costs for textbooks, supplies, and transportation (21.5%), the school's distance

from the home (18.0%), unsupportive teachers (3.6%), and a lack of study time (2.9%) were the issues

that working children most frequently encountered at school. The employment of 2.1 million or 53% of

working children aged 5 to 17 in these sectors includes farming, forestry, and hunting. Wholesale and

retail, repair of automobiles and personal and household items (747 thousand or 18.6%), private

residences with employed people (230 thousand or 5.7%), fishing (207 thousand or 5.2%), and

manufacturing (186 thousand or 4.6%), all of which employ a significant number of children. The
majority of children who are employed, 2.4 million or 59%, are unpaid laborers on farms or businesses

operated by their own families. On the other hand, 845 thousand or 21% of all working children were

discovered to be employed in private businesses. 9 percent or 373 thousand people worked for private

houses. Some working children (176 000 or 4%) attempted to operate their own businesses without hiring

any paid labor. Physical environment hazards were the most frequent among working children in

hazardous environments. A total of 1.1 million (44.4%) working children were exposed to only physical

hazards, 382 thousand (16%) to both physical and chemical hazards, and another 352 thousand (14.7%) to

both physical and biological hazards. And 92.3 percent of all working children ages 5 to 17 had a day off

or other free time from their jobs. Just 5% of people have no spare time at all.

According to a person's age and life stage, daily activities also appear to be impacted.

Considering group distinctions among individuals in Wang and Gimenez Nadal's (2017). Teenagers, both

boys and girls, were found to spend more time sleeping, studying, and engaging in recreational activities

than young adults in the age categories of 13–19 and 20–26. Also, they discovered that young adults spent

more time working, eating, drinking, and caring for themselves than teenagers. They may divide their

time differently depending on a variety of criteria, such as how much time they must commit to each

activity, how long it takes them to commute between locations, and other duties that are not related to the

combined activities will be explored throughout the survey, as well as the participants' various cultural

backgrounds. Similar to how children spend more time on academics, sleep, and interpersonal

interactions, older people spend more time on work, activities at home, and religious pursuits.

In some research that compared the time management abilities by gender, it was discovered

results are intriguing. Academic stress, anxiety, time management, and enjoyment of leisure activities are

all examined by Misra and McKean (2000). According to the findings, female students are more skilled at

time management than male students. Similar findings came from a study conducted in Thailand by

Lokam (2007) that demonstrated that women are more adept at time management than men. A research
by Saketi and Taheri (2010) found no gender differences in time management abilities, but that female

students once again outperformed male students in terms of academic accomplishment.

A person needs to develop better self-discipline and effective time management skills if he wants

to succeed in life. According to Roberts (1998), most people believe that they have more needs or wants

than they have time to fulfill in their lives. This often happens at work and often leads to working further

than the normal schedule, irritation, and stress, as well as feelings of guilt or panic if deadlines are

missed. The pressures and tensions that inevitably exist in most jobs cannot be completely eliminated by

effective time management. But it should make the work day more relaxed and productive. Time

management, according to Kyle (2021), is about self-discipline. Another skill that people must learn in

order to better manage their time is to avoid procrastination. According to the GiftofCollege (2018) study,

once you get home and set aside time to study, you must be 100% focused and make the most of it.

According to Simplilearn, a recent study revealed that setting appropriate goals is also a good way to

motivate students to do their homework (2023). Finally, to improve their academic performance, students

should observe and consider prioritizing their tasks and responsibilities, according to Sayari,Jalagat &

Dalluay (2017).

Time is our most valuable resource. Most people believe they have either too much or too little

time on their hands. According to College Success Plan (n.d.), The most common consequences of poor

time management skills among college students are: lack of sleep, procrastination, burnout, and an

increased risk of dropping out. Students end up being late for class, rushing through assignments, and

producing lower-quality work. As a student, however, you cannot devote 24 hours to studying; you must

also engage in other activities. Working smarter is important in this situation. You want to make the best

possible use of your time. However, keep in mind that tasks frequently take longer than expected, so plan

ahead of time if you end up spending more time than expected on a job, according to Global Indian

International School (n.d.).

 According to Maslach's classical theory, Burnout is a physical, emotional and mental, exhaustion

syndrome that comes from chronic physical exhaustion, feelings of incompetence and hopelessness,

development of negative thoughts towards the profession, life and other people (Maslach and Jackson,

1986). Burnout is a vague concept, however, it simply means exhaustion and is not the same as being

depressed or overworked. It is a subtle process in which the individual is gradually caught in a state of

mental fatigue and it is completely depleted of all energy (Espeland, 2006). However, it is also important

to realize that burnout problems do not arise in people, but in the environment of social work. The range

of possible interactions between personal and the sources of stress in the workplace is great but under-

researched (Jones and Jonhston, 2003).

It is predicted that student "burnout" or strain (fatigue) will intervene effect of stress on outcomes

when potential extraneous variables (eg, work and student status, income, age, and non-student stress)

and the direct support effects were statistically controlled. Stress is measured in three ways: as stress in

events, as stress felt, and as stress in conflict. The results include both psychological symptoms and

intention to drop out of the study. Social support is expected to affect outcomes directly or through it

moderating effects on stress-strain and/or strain-outcome relationships. Measures of both school and non-

school sources of social support are included.

Sleep is necessary for people to maintain their mental function during the waking hours, when

they do their daily activities like studying and working. On free days (weekends), adolescents have a

phase delay in their sleep-wake cycle. Furthermore, they frequently get less sleep on weekdays because

they go to bed late but must wake up early to meet the school start time. As a result, it is important to look

into how sleep deprivation affects adolescent cognitive performance.

It is clear, to ensure sleepy or tired students remain engaged and motivated, the teaching methods

used in the classroom should very rewarding and stimulating. But those are school tasks is complex in

nature and requires a simultaneous abstract thinking, creativity, integration, and planning can impervious

to compensatory motivational strategies. These are tasks that can be mainly influenced by lack of sleep
(Dahl, R.1999). In schools, however, the opposite is true situation is often found in reality, a monotonous

and environment that makes sleep an obstacle to learning. Our own data indicates that working students

have significantly high level of sleepiness at the time of awakening and at school (Teixeira, L.R. 2005). In

the sleep-restricted experiment. Studies of high-level cognitive function are consistent is impaired by

sleep deprivation-induced sleepiness in adolescents, as lower-order functions show less consistent

(Falone, G. et al., 2002). However, sleep is restricted, at least for children, there seems to be a rapid

negative effect on academic functioning according to teacher ratings (Falon, G. 2005).

The relationship that exists between work, school, sleep absence, and daytime sleepiness is an

issue should be addressed by the authorities, nongovernmental agencies, and the private sector. The

government and the private sector can offer part-time jobs to young people, because this method will

reduce the lack of sleep and promote learning. Students will have the opportunity to train and learn a

profession and, at the same time, conduct educational activities. Under such a regime, the night time can

be devoted to leisure and rest, and the number of job positions available in the market will increase,

unemployment among adults will be reduced, and thus qualified professionals who will be trained to get

out of poverty.

Procrastination appears to be a habit, habit or habit described by Shah (2000) as an uncertain state

lack of willpower and enthusiasm to do a task. Students become unable to do the right work at the right

time leaving it for another time; which may result in failure to drop them (Milgram 1991) into an

emotional state disturbance This can have an effect on the personality traits of students and their learning.

Steel (2008) determined that procrastination affects self-efficacy and self-actualization, distractibility,

impulsiveness, self-control and organizational behavior of students. It makes students lazy and passive

which delays them; either they feel hesitant to take initiatives or afraid to start work or an assignment.

Different researchers have found several primary and secondary problems associated with academic

procrastination, e.g. low success of students and their increased physical and psychological problems,
according to Ferrari & Pychyl (2008), anxiety (Lay, 1995; Onwuegbuzie 2004), irregularity, confusion

and lack of accountability (Rivait 2007).

A variety of physical, emotional and mental problems appear to be associated with

procrastination. It can create shame and inferiority complex in students where Thompson, Davidson, and

Barber (1995) found negative correlation between level of ego identity and procrastination; it reduces

students' confidence and their and hope in completing a task (Steel, 2007); resulting in unhealthy sleep,

diet and exercise habits (Sirois & Pychyl, 2002); resulting in higher levels of smoking, drinking, digestive

disorders, insomnia and colds and flu symptoms (Adkins and Parker, 1996); adds a lot of stress, worry,

and fear leading to a miserable life of shame and self-doubt that creates and increases anxiety and

worsens self-esteem (Hoover, 2005); affect the achievement of goals creates anxiety (Scher and Nelson,

2002); and causes increased stress, low self-esteem, depression, cheating, plagiarism, increased use of

alcohol, cigarettes and caffeine and decreased ability to maintain healthy self-care habits such as exercise

and food (Goode, 2008).

Many researchers have differentiated between dropout students based on their social background,

career choice, and institutional experiences. A Central European research project conducted in 2018 that

differentiated between four types of dropout students, applying cluster analysis (Kovács, K. 2019). The

first type includes students who drop out for financial reasons reasons: their education costs are high

(transportation, daily expenses, accommodation, textbooks and school supplies, IT equipment, etc.) while

student benefits (subsidized dormitories, student grants, and family allowance) are not available to

everyone. They are students of low social status who do not receive any support from their families and

take too many paid jobs to successfully pursue their studies (Pusztai, G. and Kocsis, Z. 2019). The second

type is made up of students with learning difficulties who suffer from a lack of support from the

institution. They attribute their failures to the inflexibility of the curriculum, the inappropriate flow of

information, an institutional environment that hinders efficient student learning and independence,

indifferent or incompetent lecturer(s), and office staff which hides information Markos, V., et al., Pusztai,
G., et al., Zaj ac, T.Z. (2019). Kuh and colleagues also consider that one of the most Important dropout

factors are when student(s) do not see any support to overcome their social and academic problems (Kuh,

G.D. 2006).

Review of Related Studies

Xeina Campaa, a second-year International Hotel Management student at De La Salle-College of

St. Benilde. She discusses the challenging but life-changing experience of her past employment as a

student. Xeina accepted a position as a barista at Starbucks and recently left her job. She took the job

because she wanted to start working and start making her own money. She claimed that lack of sleep is

the number one enemy of working students, and that it is impossible for them to prevent this from

happening given that they must manage two or more schedules each day. Time management, she claimed,

is everyone's secret to success because it allowed her to overcome the challenges. Most importantly, she

added, don't overlook your personal needs. Pay attention to the needs of your body and mind. So, if your

physical and emotional health are compromised, you will ultimately face additional difficulties. (Katrina,

2020).

I can testify to how challenging it is to be a student who is also employed. Even if you want to

relax or spend time with family and friends, you should make time outside of your work week to sit down

at your desk and study. There is, however, a positive aspect to it despite all the difficulties, according to

Chrissia (2022). Lack of sleep, lack of time for extracurricular activities, lack of time for family and

friends, and stress management are issues faced by working students. Since it's not the best way to live,

what are your options? A lot of college students labor to pay for the high expenses of higher education.

Your stress levels can be significantly reduced by learning to manage the tension that comes with being a

working college student. Nonetheless, there are advantages to being a working student despite these

difficulties. Earning money while a student is working is probably the most obvious benefit of all the

advantages; it provides you with real-world experience that will help you after you graduate, it fosters
professional friendships or relationships that will help them in the future when they are applying for jobs,

and it teaches you how to handle money properly.

While working while in school has many benefits, it is important to appropriately manage student

work. You are not under any obligation as a first-year freshman on that university to begin working on

your second step. You're there to have fun as you learn and to develop your independence. Also, only

accept jobs that you are confident in your ability to complete. You must be realistic about your working

hours; for example, you cannot work 30 hours a week and be a full-time student. You must maintain

balance between your personal, professional, and academic lives. Keep in mind that right now, your

education should come first, according to (5 Reasons Being a Working Student is Seriously Great, 2022).

Higher education fails to deliver on its promise of encouraging social mobility when

academically qualified individuals lack the financial means required to enroll and succeed in college and

may even contribute to increasing social inequality. Increases in national, regional, and institutional

grants are not enough to meet all students demonstrated financial need because college costs are rising

more quickly than family income. In order to meet costs not covered by grants, students who lack

significant funds, money, or access to other financial resources have a few options: they can take out a

loan, get employment, or do the same. While many students benefit from these options, people from

marginalized groups who are denied entry to higher education are unfairly disadvantaged by a higher

education financing system that relies on loans and paid labor, according to Laura and Taylor (2020).

Synthesis

Time management does not only influence the performance of students or their achievements, it

also really affects their mental abilities and creates possibilities to increase the level of stress in them. It

assists you in overcoming the laziness that frequently causes procrastination. When you manage your

time well, you may set aside adequate time for research or to hire assistance. One of the most frequent
causes of procrastination among students is a lack of knowledge on how to approach a task. Students who

manage their time effectively can maximize their talents and experience the delight of success. It is also a

skill that employers value the most. According to Global Indian International School (n.d), Effective time

management increases your productivity. Instead of multitasking, you concentrate on one activity at a

time for a set period of time. This way, you will give your all, resulting in a faster completion of your

objectives. Efficient time management is one of the primary keys to success, so it is beneficial to learn.

The following are time management strategies for students to help them manage their time as efficiently

as possible, according to Simplilearn (2023). Finally, as a student, you cannot devote 24 hours to

studying; you must engage in other activities. Determine how much free time you have between classes,

extracurricular activities, and sleep. Following that, you can set aside time to complete the tasks at hand.

Working smarter comes into play here. You want to make efficient use of your time. Keep in mind,

however, that tasks frequently take longer than expected, so allow for some extra time if you end up

spending more time than expected on a job, according to Global Indian International School (n.d.).

Despite its importance, time management is not taught as a subject in school. This, however, is the first

step toward success.

The researchers stated that good time management allows you to accomplish more, reduces

procrastination, and increases productivity. When you know how to make the most of your time, you

become more focused and productive. It is possible to balance work and study with proper time

management, and it will greatly benefit struggling working students.

Gap to be Bridge by the Study

This study was conducted to discover how grade 12 working students manage their time and how

it affects their studies and work. Furthermore, it is evaluated to see if it is truly beneficial to a young

working student's life in the long run.

 Many studies on time management strategies have concluded that it assists working students in

balancing work and study at the same time. There have been no large-scale studies on the effectiveness of

time management strategies in terms of a working student's overall life. Because of their busy schedules,

most working students do not have time to relax. It can have an impact on students' health because of the

amount of work to be done and the lack of rest when doing tasks at home and at school. It can also have a

negative impact on their social life and lead to less communication with their peers. This can have an

impact on their social skills, and a lack of social skills can lead to relationship problems, depression,

anxiety, and a shared sense of belonging. As a result, a lack of social skills in young people is a cause for

concern, just like any other developmental delay that can have long-term consequences.

Conceptual Framework

The main purpose of this study is how a working student handles his/her time management

strategy properly, the problems that they may encounter when working while studying, and

recommendations of time management strategies for students that plans to work. The Pareto Principle or

80/20 rule, Pickle Jar Time Management Theory, ABC method, and Pomodoro Techniques are all

included in this study. These theories help students to be well prepared, organized, and focused in order to

manage their daily lives and complete academic assignments on time. It can lead to greater success, but it

is a skill that all students, particularly working students, must learn and practice.

This section presents the variables that causes the problem, the method which the variables are

collected and synthesized, and the results that produced by the study. It describes the variables to be

studied and the relationships expected to be found between them. Here, it allows readers to understand the

fundamental organization of the study, the relationship between variables, and other relevant facts related

to the various time management techniques used by working senior high school students.

The Input-Process-Output (IPO) model provides an organized technique for describing a system's

goals and objectives as outputs and outlining how to quantify those outputs to assess various process
 method options. It helps conducting a gap analysis to determine which inputs are necessary to produce

which results. With the aid of this framework, managers will be able to make data-driven decisions and

researchers will be able to set objectives while creating next-generation materials.

The research shows that the age of most working students are around 17 years old or above.

According to Philippine Statistics Authority (2021), working students was higher among boys compared

to girls. Majority of working students were in agriculture sector and Services. Working students may have

different reasons to work while studying here are the most common reasons; to earn/save money it's either

to help with financial problems or for extra allowance, to get experience, it is one of the most important

keys to apply for jobs after graduating in Senior High or College. The common problems encountered by

working students in terms of time management are procrastination habits, Too little time, Not enough

rest, multiple distractions, trouble in prioritizing, etc. Set goals correctly. To improve your time

management skills, you need to set goals that are achievable and measurable prioritize wisely, prioritize

tasks based on importance and urgency, set a time limit to complete a task, take a break between tasks,

organize yourself, remove non-essential tasks/activities, plan ahead.

Conceptual Paradigm

Input Process Output

The purpose of this research is to

find out the time management
strategies of grade 12 working
students at Anislag National High
School by identifying the reasons
for working while studying of
students, and to know different
types of work for each student. it
will also identify problems faced Different time management
To gather relevant information,
by working students in planning strategies
interview questions and surveys
for time management, such as,
Theoretical Framework

The Pareto Principle or 80/20 rule of Vilfredo Pareto stems from the economics world and was

created by economist Vilfredo Pareto. It is, however, applicable in almost any situation. So, for time

management, the Pareto Principle would assert that 20% of the activities you do each day generate 80%

of the results. Or, by decreasing distractions by 20%, you can increase productivity by 80%Remembering

the 80/20 rule is important, especially if you want to make improvements in your life. You can use this to

figure out what is important to you and where you should spend your time. It's also an excellent technique

to figure out if you're wasting too much time on anything. When it comes to time management, it enables

you to concentrate on the most crucial tasks and goals that will help you reach your objectives, according

to Marcus, T. (n.d.).

Popular for time management is the Pickle Jar Theory. It involves a large glass pickle jar that is

loaded down with a ton of sand, rocks, and pebbles. In the Pickle Jar Theory, sand, pebbles, and rocks all

serve a purpose. The pickle jar itself is a metaphor for how we live our daily lives, what keeps us

interested, how we manage our time, and how we get things done. Using the pickle jar theory, you can see

your priorities as well as how many and what kind of chores you can finish in a day. Just as the jar can

only hold so many stones at a time in any given day, your day is limited in time. Always start with rocks

(high priority), then add lower priorities, then normal stuff. Your schedule should be planned around the

contents of your pickle jar (Shadav, 2019).

The jar symbolizes your time. The important tasks are represented by the rocks. Pebbles are

minor tasks. The grains of sand are the minor tasks that arise during the course of your day, such as

sending a text message, checking your email, or answering a phone call.

The ABC Method for time management was created by American author Alan Lakein and is

simple effective strategy to enhance your time and task management abilities. With the ABC method, you

can prioritize daily tasks according to their importance and urgency. By giving the proper tasks priority,

you may effectively manage your time and complete more things. An A item or task is any task that needs
to be completed urgently. The B item must be finished as soon as its possible even though it may not be

tied to a deadline. Finally, the C item is the least important task in your schedule, according to Vaishali,

B. (n.d.).

The Pomodoro Technique is a time management technique that consists of 25-minute lengths of

focused work separated by five-minute breaks. Longer breaks, typically 15 to 30 minutes, are taken after

four consecutive work intervals. Each work interval is referred to as a pomodoro, which is an Italian word

for tomato. The Pomodoro Technique can also help people develop better work habits. They can achieve

a sense of accomplishment and reduce the risk of burnout by effectively managing their time, according

to Robert, S. (2022, September). The Pomodoro method is very effective because it teaches you how to

manage your time effectively and work on a task without distractions. It also helps you be more

disciplined and think about your work. This technique is intended to improve concentration and combat

multitasking.

These theories underlying the approach of the researchers in this study is different from the

studies that support the approach of the researchers in previous studies. These four-time management

theories are easy to understand and apply, and can be a guide for working students who want to manage

their time to balance work and study.

Theoretical Paradigm

The Pareto Principle or Pickle Jar Theory

80/20 Rule Jeremy Wright
Vilfredo Pareto

Different Time Management Strategies of Grade-

12 Working Students of Anislag National High
School

Pomorodoro Technique
The ABC Method
Francesco Grillo
Allan Lakein
(1980s)
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

This chapter presents the methods and techniques that were used in the study, the population and

subjects of the study, research instruments, data gathering procedures, and data processing and statistical

treatment.

Respondents of the Study

The respondent of the study is composed of grade 12 senior high school working students of

Anislag National High School Year 2023. All of these participants were selected through purposive

sampling. Purposive sampling is best used when you want to focus deeply on relatively small samples.

The chosen respondents are containing of twenty (20) respondents from grade 12 students of

Anislag National High School. 5 are from General Academic Strand (GAS), 3 from Science, Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), 2 from Accountancy, Business and Management Strand (ABM),

5 from Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMMS), and 5 from Technical Vocational Livelihood track

(TVL). Those strands/tracks are the courses offered by the school and are chosen by the researchers

because they are suitable and applicable to the study.

Research Design

This study used qualitative approach and made use of case study research design. Qualitative

study includes collecting and evaluating non-numerical data in order to better understand concepts,
opinions, or experiences. The purpose of this study is to determine the time management strategies of

grade 12 working students at Anislag National High School.

It is qualitative research because participants are asked about their different times management

strategies as working students. It also involves gathering and analyzing non-numerical data in order to

better understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can also be used to gain deep insights into a

problem or generate new research ideas.

Research Method

This research used a qualitative and descriptive method. Survey and interview questions will be

used to gather relevant information, data, and knowledge. We will ask the same questions to our

respondents. We will first define the case, collect and analyze the data and use it to create a better

understanding of the time management strategies of grade 12 working students.

Research Instrument

The data will be gathered using interview questions and a survey. The interview questions are

related to the questions in the statement of the problem. To communicate with respondents and collect

data about the various time management strategies used by working students at Anislag National High

School, open-ended questions will be used.

Research Procedure

Interview questions will be used by the researcher to gather information relevant to the study.

Purposive sampling is used by the researcher to select the respondents. National High School has a total
of 20 working grade 12 students. After collecting and analyzing the answers provided by the participants,

it will determine the different time management strategies of Anislag National High School's grade-12

working students.

As for the data gathering, the first step before going to the answering questions, the researchers

will make a request letter. Upon approval, the researcher retrieves the request letter. The class advisers

and other faculty members were selected in the administration. Twenty (20) copies of interview question

distributed and will be successfully completed and returned. Thus, their corresponding answer to the

questions are kept in accordance with the agreement of the respondents and the researchers. In

administering the interview questions, the researcher used the time allotted for vacant to avoid distraction

of class discussion. The respondents will be given enough time to answer the questions. And the answer

by them will be analyze and will determine the different time management strategies of grade 12 working

students at Anislag National High School.

Statistical Treatment

To analyze and interpret the data, the researcher employed the following statistical procedure:

1. Frequency, percentage, and ranking. This will help the researcher to easily tally the

data gathered about the different time management of working students This percentage and

ranking will a big help in the researchers to analyze the data.

2. Frequency, weighted mean, and ranking. Weighted Mean. This tool was used to

provide answer to the question. The formula is:

WM=xf +xf +xf/∑N

Where: WM = weighted mean

X = number of respondents
F = weight given to each respondent

N = number of cases

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