Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC & Railway Exams

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Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas)

Numbers
 A number is an arithmetic value used for representing the quantity and used in making calculations

TYPES OF NUMBERS

Natural Numbers

 Natural numbers are a part of the number system which includes all the positive integers from 1 till infinity.
They are denoted by N.
For example N= {1, 2, 3, 4…..}
 All natural numbers are positive
 Zero is not natural number
 1 (one) is the smallest natural number

Whole number

 The whole numbers are the part of the number system in which it includes all the positive integers from 0 to
infinity. They are denoted by W.
For example W= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4…..}
 Whole numbers are also known as non-negative integers
 Zero (0) is the smallest natural number

Integers

 Integers include all whole numbers and their negative counterpart. They are denoted by I.
For example I= {…-4,-3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4…..}
 Two types of Integers are
Positive Integers- Natural numbers are called as positive integers. They are denoted by I+. For example
I+= {1, 2, 3, 4…..}
Negative Integers- Negative of natural numbers are called as positive integers. They are denoted by I-. For
example I- = {1, 2, 3, 4…..}
 Zero (0) is neither positive integers nor negative integer.

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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC & Railway Exams

Real Numbers

 Any number such as positive integers, negative integers, fractional numbers or decimal numbers without
imaginary numbers are called the real numbers. Real numbers are denoted by R
For example √ 2, √ 3,8/5,6/2,-0.65, π, 8
 Real numbers include both rational and irrational numbers

Rational Numbers

 A number that can be expressed as p/q is called a rational numbers. where p and q are integers and q ≠
0 (Note: The denominator cannot be 0, but the numerator can be)
For example 1/2, 3/4, 7/2,3/5,7
 All the perfect squares are rational numbers. Example: √ 4, √ 9, √ 49
 All the terminating decimals are rational numbers. Example: 1.25, 2.34 and 6.94
 All the repeating decimals are the rational numbers. Example: 0.33333333, 0.222222 and 0.555555
 Zero(0) is a rational number
 Every integer is a rational number. Example:3,5,8
 All rational numbers are real numbers

Irrational Numbers

 The numbers that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q are called irrational numbers. where p and q are
integers and q ≠ 0
For example √2, π, √3, √99, √11
 Non-periodic infinite decimal fractions are called as irrational numbers
Example: 0.0435523, 0.3425452
 All irrational number are real number.

Prime Number

 A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that can only be divided by itself and 1
Example: 2, 3, 5,7,11…
 The number 2 is the only even prime number

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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC & Railway Exams

Composite numbers

 Composite numbers are the numbers which have factors other than 1 and the number itself
Example: 4, 6, 8,9,10, etc.
 Composite numbers are non-prime natural numbers
 The number 1 is neither prime nor composite number.
 Composite numbers can be both odd and even numbers

Co-prime numbers

 Two numbers that have only one common factor are known as Co-prime numbers. All the prime numbers are
Co-prime numbers
Example: (35, 39), (25, 9), (7, 9)
 Co-prime numbers may or may not be prime

Twin Prime Numbers

 A twin prime is a prime number that is either 2 less or 2 more than another prime number

Example: (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31)

Even number

 A number which is divisible by 2 and generates a remainder of 0 is called an even number

Example: 2, 4, 8, 12, 18….

Odd Number

 Odd numbers are the numbers that cannot be divided by two

Example: 3, 5, 7, 13, 17….

PLACE VALUE AND FACE VALUE

Face Value

 In numeral, the face value of a digit is the value of the digit itself irrespective of its place in the numeral

Example: Number = 581276

Face value of 6 is 6

Face value of 7 is 7

Face value of 8 is 8

Face value of 2 is 2
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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC & Railway Exams

Place Value

 Place value can be defined as the value represented by a digit in a number on the basis of its position in the
number.
 Place Value of a digit in a number is the digit multiplied by thousand or hundred or whatever place it is
situated

Example: Number = 581276

In 581276, the place value of 5 = 5*100000

=500000

In 581276, the place value of 8 = 8*10000

=80000

In 581276, the place value of 2 = 2*100

=200

DIVISIBILITY RULES

Divisibility by 1

 Every number is divisible by 1. Divisibility rule for 1 doesn’t have any particular condition

Divisibility by 2

 When the last digit of a number is either zero even number, then the number is divisible by 2
Example: 2, 12,20,36,48,64,1000, etc. are divisible by 2.

Divisibility by 3

 If the sum of the digits of the number is a multiple of 3, then the number is divisible by 3.

Example: (i) 2997 2+9+9+7=27, which is divisible by 3, so 2997 must be divisible by 3

(ii) 2997 2+9+9+7=27, which is divisible by 3, so 2997 must be divisible by 3

Divisibility by 4

 If the last two digits of a number are divisible by 4, then the number is divisible by 4.

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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC & Railway Exams

Example: Let the number: 2512 consider the last two digits i.e. 12. As 12 is divisible by 4, the original
number 2512 is also divisible by 4.

 The number having two or more zeroes at the end, is also divisible by 4
Example: 47200, 4300

Divisibility by 5

 Number having 0 or 5 at the end are divisible by 5.

Example: 250, 1555, 2650

Divisibility by 6

 When a number is divisible by both 3 and 2, then that particular number is divisible by 6 also
Example: 18, 42, 90

Divisibility by 7

 A number is divisible by 7 when the difference between twice the digit at ones place and the number formed
by the other digits is either zero or a multiple of 7
Example: (i) 672 (Double 2 is 4, 67-4=63, and 63÷7=9), i.e 672 is divisible by 7
(ii) 105 (Double 5 is 10, 10-10=0), i.e 105 is divisible by 7

Divisibility by 8

 When the number made by last three digits of a number is divisible by 8, then the number is also divisible by
8
 Example: Let the number: 5584 consider the last three digits i.e. 584. As 584 is divisible by 8, the original
number 5584 is also divisible by 8.

Divisibility by 9

 If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 9, then the number itself is divisible by 9.
 Example: 30555 3+0+5+5+5=18 which is divisible by 9, Therefore 30555 also divisible by 3

Divisibility by 10

 If a number has 0 in the one’s place then it is divisible by 10.

 Example: Let the number:500 (500/10=50)

Divisibility by 11

 If the difference of the sum of alternative digits of a number is divisible by 11 then that number is divisible by
11
 Example:217382
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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC & Railway Exams

Sum of digits at odd numbers (p) =2+7+8

Sum of digits at even numbers (q) =1+3+2
P-q=11
Clearly, 217382 is divisible by 11

UNITS DIGIT

 Unit’s digit of a number is the digit in the one’s place of the number
Example: Units digit of 20197 is 7
Units digit of 201 is 1

How to find unit digit?

 Find the unit digit in the product of 652*368*96*474

Take the unit digit of every number and then multiplying them
Product of unit digits=2*8*6*4
Required digit=4

If the given number is index form

 To identify the unit digit of a number with some power, we must know about cyclicity
Cyclicity of Numbers
Number Cyclicity of Numbers
1 1
2 4
3 4
4 2
5 1
6 1
7 4
8 4
9 2
0 1

Example:
Find the unit digit in the product: (2567)143 x (2513)85
In (2567)143, unit digit is 7.
The cyclicity of 7 is 4. Dividing 143 by 4, we get 3 as remainder.
73 = 3
So, the unit digit of 7143 is 3
In (2513)85, unit digit is 3.
The cyclicity of 3 is 4. Dividing 85 by 4, we get 1 as remainder.
31 = 3
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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas) for SSC & Railway Exams

So, the unit digit of 385 is 3

By multiplying the unit digits, we get=3*3=9
The unit digit of the expression (2567)143 x (2513)85 is 9

 If unit’s digit number is 0, 1, 5 and 6, then the resultant unit’s digit remains same
Example:
(i) Unit digit of (656)115 is?
Unit digit = 6
(ii) Unit digit of (275)116 is?
Unit digit = 5
(iii) Unit digit of (171)256 is?
Unit digit = 1
(iv) Unit digit of (1700)25 is?
Unit digit = 0
 If unit digit is 4 and if the power of 4 is even, then the unit’s digit will be 6 and if the power of 4 is odd, then
units digit will be 4
Example:
(i) Unit digit of (254)115 is?
Unit digit = 4
(ii) Unit digit of (254)126 is?
Unit digit = 6

 If unit digit is 9 and if the power of 9 is even, then the unit’s digit will be 1 and if the power of 9 is odd, then
units digit will be 9
Example:
(iii) Unit digit of (659)115 is?
Unit digit = 9
(iv) Unit digit of (659)118 is?
Unit digit = 1

IMPORTANT FORMULAS

 Sum of first n natural numbers=n (n+1)/2

 Sum of square of first n natural numbers=n (n+1)(2n+1)/6
 Sum of square of first n natural numbers=(n (n+1)/2)2
 Sum of first n even numbers=n (n+1)
 Sum of first n odd numbers=n2
 The formula for finding the n-th term of an Arithmetic Progression (AP) is: an=a+(n−1)d
 Sum of n terms in Arithmetic Progression (AP)= n/2[2a + (n − 1) × d]

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