Final Research for Design 8:

The Future of CBDs: Shaping the Urban Fabric through Connectivity, Sustainability and Resiliency

Holy Angel University

School of Engineering and Architecture

The Future of CBDs:

Shaping the Urban Fabric through Connectivity,

Sustainability and Resiliency
Architectural Design 8 Research

Submitted by:
Group 6: AR-402

Yban Kriznan Aranas

Rosemarie Capulong
Maynard Galang
Mary Alexien Gamuac
Loius Kenneth Santos
Mark Nikko Tesado

Submitted to:
Ar. Shalla Gayle Billano

This research contains detailed information that would aid in the development of the mixed used
towers in a Central Business District in Mabalacat City, Pampanga, which would and could
generally consist of multiple allocated areas for business, residential and transportation.

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The Future of CBDs: Shaping the Urban Fabric through Connectivity, Sustainability and Resiliency

Table of Content:
• I. Iconic Towers/Skyscrapers ………………………………………………………… 3-6
• II. Structural design used among skyscrapers ……………………………………… 7-10
• III. Building technologies and innovation ……………………………………..…… 11-15
• IV. Sky Lobbies and Express Elevators………………………………………………….16
• V. Sky courts and Sky gardens……………………………………………….………17-19
• VI. Space Programming………………………………………………………….…. 20-30
• VII. Benchmarked Projects …………………………………………………….……31-34
• VIII. Building Laws: ……………………………………………………………..….35-46
➢ NBC PD957
➢ Mabalacat City Zoning Ordinance
➢ BP344
➢ RA9514
➢ RA1378
• Reference: …………………………………………………..………………………..47

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I. ICONIC TOWERS/SKYSCRAPERS

1.1 Background

• A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable building having multiple floors.

• Modern sources currently define skyscrapers as being at least 100 metres or 150 metres
in height,
• Historically, the term first referred to buildings with between 10 and 20 stories when
these types of buildings began to be constructed in the 1880s.
• Skyscrapers may host offices, hotels, residential spaces, and retail spaces
• One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain
walls.
• Some early skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the construction of load-bearing
walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete

1.2 First skyscraper ever built: The Home Insurance Building

• Built in 1885 and located on the corner of

Adams and LaSalle Streets in Chicago, Illinois
• Designed by engineer William LeBaron Jenney
• The building was supported by a revolutionary
steel frame, which allowed for much greater
height and stability without the greater weight of
traditional masonry construction.
• Instead of wood, the new buildings going up in
Chicago were made largely of stone, iron and
steel, a relatively new material.
• The Home Insurance Building became a leading
example of this era of new construction.
• Revolutionary design utilized an inner skeleton of
Figure 1: The home Insurance Building
vertical columns and horizontal beams made out of
steel, which were supported by heavy masonry walls.
• Buildings with this type of frame could also have more windows, as the steel frame
supported the building’s weight and the stone or brick exterior merely acted as a “skin” to
protect against weather.

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1.3 Examples of skyscrapers / towers: Eiffel Tower

• The Eiffel Tower was built to be one the main attractions at the Paris World's Fair in
1889
• World's Fair covered the entire Champ de Mars in Paris and its focus was the vast
constructions in iron and steel that were the
great industrial advancement of that time.
• First called the 300-meter Tower, it soon took
the name of the man who built it, Gustave Eiffel.
• For 130 years, the Eiffel Tower has been a
powerful and distinctive symbol of the city of
Paris, and by extension, of France.
• At first, when it was built for the 1889 World's
Fair, it impressed the entire world by its stature
and daring design and symbolized French know- Figure 2: The Eiffel Tower

how and industrial genius.

• Rising to a height of 330 meters, it can be seen from all over Paris
• Its beacon that reaches out to 80 km, at 360 degrees.
• The tower's destiny is also intimately linked to technical advancements in radio and
television.
• The Eiffel Tower height is 300 m, 330 m to tip and the weighs approximately 10,100
tons.
• The metal framework alone weighs 7,300 tons while the paint that protects the structure
• Its construction cost about $1.5 million
• The Eiffel Tower is 1,063 feet (324 meters) tall, including the antenna at the top.

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1.4 Examples of skyscrapers / towers: Burj, Khalifa

• The Burj Khalifa, known as the Burj Dubai is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab
Emirates.
• With a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft) and a
roof height (excluding antenna, but including a 244
m spire [2]) of 828 m (2,717 ft)
• the Burj Khalifa has been the tallest structure and
building in the world since its topping out in 2009
• Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004,
with the exterior completed five years later in
2009.
• The primary structure is reinforced concrete and
some of the structural steel for the building.
• It was designed to be the centerpiece of large-
Figure 3: Burj, Khalifa
scale, mixed-use development.
• The decision to construct the building was based on Figure 3: The Burj Khalifa
the government's decision to gain international
recognition.
• A symbolic beacon of progress, and an emblem of the new, dynamic and prosperous
Middle East.
• Reserves of human talent, ingenuity and initiative. Burj Khalifa embodies that vision.
• With 900 residences including studios, one-, two-, three- and four-bedroom suites.
• Total cost of construction: $1.5 billion

1.5 Example of Skyscaper / Towers: Jin Mao Tower

• The Jin Mao Tower, also known as the Jinmao Building or Jinmao Tower.
• A 420.5-meter-tall (1,380 ft), 88-story (93 if counting the floors in the spire) landmark
skyscraper in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai, China.
• It contains a shopping mall, offices and the Grand Hyatt Shanghai hotel which starts
from the 53rd floor.
• It was the tallest building in China from its completion in 1999 until 2007.
• Beginning with a square base of 16 floors, the building’s 88 occupied floors rise in a
series of 16 tiers.

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• Each of the first 11 of these tiers above the base

has the manner of a pagoda-style roof.
• The exterior is sheathed in a glass curtain wall,
over which is a lattice of metal pipes.
• The building is designed to withstand both
earthquakes and the high winds of typhoons
• The lower stories up to the 50th floor is devoted
to office space, and above that a hotel occupies
35 more floors.
• There is an observation deck on the 88th floor. Figure 4: Jin Mao Tower

• An adjacent six-story structure called the Podium

Building houses shops, restaurants, an art exhibition space, and a 395-seat concert hall.
• The architect of Jin Mao Tower is Adrian D. Smith.
• Names are originated from the Chinese Pinyin of the tower's Chinese name("金茂大厦"),
"jīn mào dà shà", Chinese name by its meaning, "The Golden Prosperity Building".
• The 53th floor to 87th floor are occupied by a Grand Hyatt hotel
• it's the building's anchor tenant, the hotel has 555 suites, a club, and some bars, cafes and
restaurants.
• Office spaces start from 3rd floor and end at 50 floor, the 51st and 52nd floor between
the office floors and the hotel are two mechanical floors.
• The first six floors of the building also include a shopping mall, some restaurants, and
clubs,
• There are three basement floors, being occupied by a parking area that capable of
holding 993 cars and 1000 bicycles.
• It has a total construction cost of US$530 million (1999).

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II. STRUCTURAL DESIGN USED AMONG SKYSCRAPERS

• High-rise buildings are exposed to both static and dynamic loads.

• Dynamic effects such as resonance frequencies and accelerations are considered.

2.1. High-rise Buildings

• A building is defined as high-rise when it is considerably higher than the surrounding

buildings.
• The construction of high-rise buildings started at the end of the 19th century in Chicago,
• In addition, the building materials changed as they went from wood and masonry to using
steel frames with lighter masonry walls.
• With steel frames the masonry could be thinner and act only as façade for weather
protection and taller buildings could be constructed.
• During the industrial revolution in Europe the need for warehouses, factories and multi-
storey buildings were huge.

2.2. Stabilization

• Vertical loads increase with the height of the building. There is also the large effect
from horizontal wind-load on the building.
• The buildings behavior under the lateral loading can be seen as a cantilever fixed at the
ground.
• If the wind is assumed to have a uniform distribution the base-moment increases
quadratic with the height.
• However, the real shape of the wind pressure is increasing with the height, which gives
even greater base-moment.
• One of the main tasks when designing high-rise buildings is its ability to absorb the
horizontal forces and to transmit the resulting moment into the foundation.
• In order to minimize these stresses, self-weight of slabs etc. are placed on the walls to get
compressive stresses.

2.3 Concrete buildings

• Concrete buildings can either be cast in-situ, composed with precast elements or a
combination of both.
• Preparation for scaffolding and molding can start as soon as the contract.
• When using precast elements, it is of importance to industrialize the manufacturing.
• When a building is cast in-situ the elements are created in molds on site and are
constantly checked to have the correct height.

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• But when a building is constructed with precast elements the elements are created in a
factory.

2.4 Connections

• When designing a precast building it is important to consider the connections between

elements, which are part of the assembly procedure and should not interfere.
• Connections can be divided in wet and dry connections.
• The difference between these is the use of concrete or mortar.
• Wet connections are for example, mortar joints, cast in-situ blocks or cast in-situ slabs
that are more fire resistant, less sensitive for tolerance criteria and more ductile than dry
connections.
• Dry connections are free supports, welded connections and cold joints which are quick
to assemble.

2.5 Loads

• Loads when designing a building are vertical loads from self-weight, imposed loads,
snow loads and horizontal loads from both wind and unintended inclinations.
• The vertical loads are the self-weights, finishing loads and live loads and they are
transferred to the foundation through columns, load-bearing walls, or towers.
• The live load depends on the type of usage in the building and on the standard used for
designing.
• The horizontal load from wind working as a distributed load on the facade, which
transfers the load to the slabs.
• The horizontal loads are transferred from the slabs to the beams through welded
studs.
• When designing vertical walls in a building both shear and bending deformation
may occur.
• For low robust walls the bending is negligible and for tall slender structures shear is
negligible, walls in each plane are low and robust making it susceptible to both shear and
bending.
• For a tall building the deformation shapes from bending and shear.

2.6 Structural System

• All of the different systems have evolved from the traditional rigidly jointed structural
frame.
• The fundamental design for the load-carrying material as possible around the buildings
external fringe to maximize its flexural rigidity.

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• For all structural systems, advantage can be taken by locating the main vertical
members and, with the compressive stresses from self-weight, suppress the lateral
load tensile stresses.
• For some structural systems it is necessary to have self-weight at the outer vertical
members in order to achieve this.

2.7 Frame Tube Structures

• For framed tube structures the lateral resistance is resisting frames that form a tube
around the perimeter of the building.
• The frames consist of closely spaced columns, 2–4 meters between centres, connected
by girders.
• The tube carries all the lateral load, and the self-weight is distributed between the
outer tube and the interior columns or walls.
• For the lateral loading the perimeter frames aligned in the load direction acts.
• For the aesthetics of the tube structure the enthusiasm is mixed, criticize the grid-like
façade as small windowed and repetitious.
• A disadvantage with the tube structure is the efficiency for the flange frames, for
lateral loading, which tend to suffer from shear lag with the result that the mid
columns are less stressed than the corner columns and therefore not contributing as much
as they could.

2.8 Bundled Tube

• The bundled tube structure consists of four parallel rigid frames in each orthogonal
direction, interconnected to form nine bundled tubes.
• Horizontal load direction acts as webs and the perpendicular frames acts as flanges.
• The stresses in the columns are more evenly distributed and their contribution to the
lateral stiffness is more significant.

2.9 Tube in Tube

• Outer framed tube (hull) is working together with an internal tube (core), usually
elevator shafts and stairs, to resist both the lateral and vertical loading.
• This provides increased lateral stiffness and can be seen as the shear and flexural
components of a wall-frame structure.

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2.10 Diagonalized- and rigid frame

• Bracing systems are highly efficient of resisting lateral loads.

• This due to the horizontal shear in the building is resisted by the horizontal
components resulting in tensile and compressive actions in the web members.
• Braced systems are able to produce a very stiff lateral structure for a minimum of
additional material which makes it economically efficient for any height.
• The major disadvantage with diagonal bracing is that it is limiting the internal planning
and the location of windows.
• The connections to the diagonals are expensive to fabricate and erect.

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III. BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION

3.1.0. Technology for Skyscraper

3.1.1. Raising Elevator Expectations

• To reach the upper floors of a mile-high building with current technology, passengers
might have to change elevators several times.
• Elevator runs are limited to about 1,600 feet because traditional wire suspension ropes
can't support their own weight and the weight of the cabin beyond that length.
• That means building multiple elevator lobbies in supertall buildings that take up
valuable floor space for mechanical systems.
• Finnish elevator company Kone developed an ultra-lightweight carbon fiber cable,
Ultra Rope, that could double the distance of an elevator's ride.
• Each cabin in the MULTI elevator design is outfitted with a stack of permanent
magnets that interact with electric coils on the hoist way.
• The coils pulse on and off to push the car in the right direction.
• Without cables confining one elevator cabin per shaft to vertical movements, multiple
cabins could move through a building in a loop like a bus system.
• The system can be built with fewer and smaller shafts than conventional elevators,
increasing a building's useable area by up to 25 percent.
• These elevator cabins could also move faster than unpressurized versions, reducing
elevator-waiting time.

3.1.2. Battling Building Sway

• Movement from wind can also make occupants queasy from motion sickness.
• AEC professionals calculate estimated building sway from wind as a function of height
and incorporate that into the plan.
• Buildings are usually over-designed to withstand 500- to 1,000-year weather events.
• Aside from noise, the biggest problem from building sway is occupant comfort.
• A light breeze at ground level may feel like a hurricane 150 floors above, whipping
the building enough to make people feel ill.
• There are two basic approaches to battling the wind: dampen it or confuse it.
• Many modern tall buildings incorporate a tuned mass dampener, helps balance the force
of movement on the building's exterior.
• The size and weight of the damper are customized based on the mass and height of the
building.
• Buildings incorporate aerodynamic features to ensure the wind can build up
dangerous levels of pressure.
• The main enemy is vortex shedding when wind passes the sharp edges of buildings.

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• Air currents can tune into the building's resonant frequency leading to vibrations or
cyclic swaying that can worsen until the structure collapses.

3.1.3. Hacking Modern Materials

• High-tech concrete reinforced with microfibers in a complex recipe of super materials

could rival the compressive strength of structural steel.
• Engineers are looking at aerospace materials like carbon fiber. It's very light, very
strong, and also very expensive.

3.1.4. The Rock Factor

• Hubris always ends in a hard-won lesson, and in a mile-high building that comeuppance
could be massive.
• Highlights that ensuring the safety of people a mile above the ground would also
require new approaches to fire monitoring and mitigation and evacuation procedures.

3.2.0. Innovation for Skyscraper

3.2.1. BSB Prefabricated Construction Process

• Construction Process captured the industry’s attention

when Broad Group constructed T30, a 30-story hotel
building in 15 days in Changsha, China, using pre-
assembled components.
• The process uses a factory-fabricated steel structure
system and on-site installation, using flanges and
high-strength bolts to join the construction
members.
• It also incorporates integrated, installable floor slabs, Figure 5: BSB Prefabricated Construction Process

light wallboard, and other prefabricated materials.

• It has the advantages of magnitude-9 earthquake resistance, five times the energy
efficiency of a conventionally built structure, at between 10 and 30 percent lower
cost.

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• “This is a clear and innovative way of looking at tall building

construction," said Jeanne Gang, awards jury chair and principal of
Studio Gang Architects. "Fundamentally rethinking how we build a
tall building is fascinating, and this serves as a great platform for
the next stage of development”.

Figure 6: BSB Prefabricated Construction Process

connection

3.2.2. KONE Ultra Rope for high rise buildings

• KONE Ultra Rope is a new carbon-fiber hoisting technology, the

weight and bending advantages of which effectively double the
distance an elevator can travel in a single shaft – to 1,000 m (1
km).
• Comprised of a carbon fiber core and an epoxy-based high-
friction coating.
• KONE Ultra Rope is extremely light, meaning elevator Figure 7: KONE Ultra Rope for high rise buildings

energy consumption and machine room size in high-rise

buildings can be cut significantly.
• The drop in rope weight means a reduction in elevator moving masses – the weight of
everything that moves when an elevator travels up or down, including the hoisting
ropes, compensating ropes, counterweight, elevator car, and passenger load.
• With Ultra Rope, elevators can travel up to 1,000 meters without the need for transfer
lobbies.
• “This is finally a breakthrough on one of the ‘holy grail’ limiting factors of tall buildings
– that is, the height to which a single elevator could operate before the weight of the steel
rope becomes unsupportable over that height," said awards juror and CTBUH Executive
Director Antony Wood.

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3.2.3. Mega truss Seismic Isolation Structure

• The designers of the multi-purpose

high-rise in seismically active Japan were
able to resolve two very different
requirements in one building through
the use of an intermediate structural
solution that transfers forces safely
through the transition.
• One part of the program was a
concert hall, constructed out of
reinforced concrete walls to form a
rigid frame that supports sound isolation
and acoustic performance.
• The intermediate seismic isolation,
comprised of a mega truss with
diagonals, mega columns, a belt truss,
lead rubber bearings, and oil dampers,
enables these contrasting requirements to
Figure 8: Mega Truss Seismic Isolation Structure
coexist in the same building.
• “This innovative structural system allowed
the designers to construct an unprecedentedly tall seismically isolated building," said
awards juror David Scott, Lead Structural Director of the Engineering Excellence Group
at Laing O’Rourke. "It deserves recognition for integrating base isolation and transfer
systems into isolated systems in a high seismic area

3.2.4. Raster Façade Precast Concrete System

• The raster façade is a load-bearing precast

concrete frame that eliminates interior
columns, allowing floor-to-ceiling glass by way
of triple-glazing with exterior retractable
protective louvers.
• It also generates more usable floor area than
other systems.
• The precast façade generates a ratio of 60
percent glazed to 40 percent closed surfaces,
improving insulation values. Figure 9: Raster Façade Precast Concrete System
• Heating and cooling systems are integrated into
suspended ceiling panels, which is more efficient than installing those systems in the
floor.

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• Precast concrete is also an inherently fireproof building material, eliminating the need
for additional fire protection.
• “This innovation shows that load-bearing precast concrete offers an alternative to the
glass curtain wall for tall building construction,” said awards juror Richard Cook,
Partner, CookFox Architects.

5. Rocker Façade Support System

• A rocker façade support system in the

Poly Corporation headquarters high rise
building in Beijing.
• The Poly Corporation Headquarters
features a unique design component that
was created specifically for this
building – The Rocker, which supports the world's Figure 10: Rocker Façade Support System

largest cable-net glass wall while actively releasing the effects of earthquakes and heavy
winds.
• It facilitates the suspension of an eight-story, lantern-like museum structure within
the office building’s atrium.
• A cable-stayed system was introduced by using two large-diameter parallel strand
bridge cables in diagonal fold lines while anchoring to the eight-story suspended
lantern-like museum structure.
• The museum structure acts as a counterweight for the cables, introducing pre-stress and
providing the required stiffness to resist out-of-plane loads caused by wind on the cable-
net.
• Diagonal cables used at the atrium glass wall, two additional cables and a Rocker were
introduced at the rear of the museum structure to assist in its suspension.
• “This innovation could be adapted for use in other situations that might be
encountered in unique high-rise buildings, where brace-like members might need to be
freed from participation in the lateral systems of the structures,” said Laing O’Rourke's
Scott.

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IV. SKY LOBBIES AND EXPRESS ELEVATORS

• A sky lobby is used in supertall buildings, such as

skyscrapers.
• These are intermediate floors used to section off the
building.
• Most such buildings have one elevator, called an express
elevator, which only travels between the different sky
lobby floors.
• This lobby acts as a sectioning device that separates
the entire building into several zones.
• In each lobby, there are separate elevators that only take
travelers to a floor in that zone.
• Aside from the local elevators that serve each lobby’s
zone, there also is an express elevator.
• This elevator or set of elevators only travels between
the lobby zones.
• In this case, even if the traveler needs the top lobby zone
and the elevator stops at every other lobby, the traveler
still will only experience a few stops.
• These local elevators are usually placed on opposite ends
of the lobby, so the area does not become congested.
• Each local elevator will only serve several floors in the
lobby zone, so those who need one of the bottom floors
will not impede people who need a top floor
• A unique elevator system that essentially emulates
motorways.
• Understanding the sky lobby Imagine you have to get to
the other side of a city.
• Once passengers arrive at the sky lobby, they board a
‘local’ elevator which serves a specific set of floors
around the sky lobby.

Figure 11: Example of Sky Lobbies

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V. SKY COURTS AND SKY GARDENS

5.1.1. Example of Sky Courts and Sky Garden: Park royal Hotel on Pickering

• This stunningly beautiful hotel resembles a natural

formation but is actually a cutting-edge luxury
hotel incorporating the latest in green technology.
• The building’s architects, WOHA, are famous
throughout the world for their lavishly green
buildings.
• Located next to a large existing park, the building
actually has a more planted area than the park
itself.
Figure 12: Park royal Hotel on Pickering
• Most incredible hanging garden since Babylon, as seen
in this incredible visualization.

5.1.2. Example of Sky Courts and Sky Garden: Marina

Bay Sands Skypark

• An engineering marvel, this enormous curved

skygarden spans across the top of three massive hotel
towers at almost 200 meters above the ground.
• It features the longest cantilevered observation
deck in the world
• One of the largest and highest infinity pools on
earth, amidst a lush tropical garden setting and a
Figure 13: Marina Bay Sands Sky park
stunning skyline backdrop

5.1.3. Example of Sky Courts and Sky Garden:

Reflections at Keppel Bay

• This curvaceous clump of skyscrapers by starchitect

Daniel Libeskind are crowned with dramatic
rooftop terraced gardens which can be seen for
miles- perhaps some of the most dramatic sky
gardens on the planet.
Figure 14: Reflection at Keppel Bay

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5.1.4. Example Of Sky Courts and Sky Garden: School Of

The Arts

• This school in downtown Singapore is filled with

plants- the open corridors are lined with planters
which allow creeping vines to spread across the entire
facade.
• Additional gardens are spread throughout the
building, and it’s topped off with a massive green
roof. Figure 15: School of Arts

5.1.5. Example Of Sky Courts and Sky Garden: Vertical

Farm

• As the densest country on earth, Singapore relies

heavily on imported food to feed the country.
• Enter the world’s first commercial farm which
brings farming into the skies!
• The high-tech farm achieves high productivity with
an innovative hydraulic rotating mechanism within
Figure 16: Vertical Garden Farm
an extremely small footprint

5.1.6. Example Of Sky Courts and Sky Garden: San

Gimignano, Siena:

• a lush and steeply terraced hill in Italy with public

spaces at multiple levels that was built by two
brothers Muzio and Silvio in 63 B.C according to
legend.

Figure 16: San Gimignano Siena

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5.1.7. Example Of Sky Courts and Sky Garden: Unite’d

Habitation Marseilles:
• a recreational space on the roof to supplement open
space on the ground

Figure 17: United Habitation Marseilles

5.1.8. Example Of Sky Courts and Sky Garden:

Commerzbank Frankfurt:
• an exemplary environmentally responsive building
that incorporates sky courts to from a vertical
working village.

Figure 18: Commerzbank Frankfurt

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VI. SPACE PROGRAMMING

6.1. Residential Condominium

Selection of Location
• Site selection and decisions on Residential facilities are
largely dictated by town and country planning and other
conditions, market feasibility and investment appraisal.

Amenities
• Generally high standard with extensive leisure facilities
plus large meeting rooms for out-of-season conventions
and banquets. (see Figure 1)
• Locations are associated golf courses, sports, and equestrian
facilities.

Functional Relation Figure 19: Amenities sample Plan

• Four distinct types of areas are involved: guest rooms, public areas, administration offices
and ‘back-of-house’ facilities.
• Relationships between these areas must be planned to provide separation of customer
and back-of-house areas but also allow efficient service without cross-circulation or
distraction (see Figure 2 and Figure 3).

Figure 21: Three Basic arrangement for

Figure 20: Flow Diagram of Typical Residential relationship of bedroom block to public areas
Condominium

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• Layouts depend on the location and surroundings, the area, contours and cost of site,
plot ratios and other planning conditions, and the required size (number of guest
rooms) and sophistication of hotel.
• Three examples of conceptual approaches are shown in 4. Public areas are sited to take
advantage of the best views and orientation while minimizing noise and disturbance in
which daylight is essential: from restaurants, small meeting rooms and foyers or lounge
areas to larger convention halls.

High Grade Class: consist of 280 pax

• Public Areas includes Lobby lounge, theme bar, mini

restaurant, coffee shop, banquet mall with adjacent foyer
and meeting room, large leisure club back of house
services are on the ground and
basement levels with access to
service lifts

Legend: Figure 22: Sample layout of High Grade Class

Condominium

Sub-urban class: consist of 144 standard guest room

• It occupies 3 floors over the extended ground

floor, which provides public areas. Back of
house and 14 guestroom (total of 159 rooms)
one restaurant area with adjacent and lounge.

Figure 23: Sample layout of Sub-urban Class

Condominium

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Budget Class:
• Using standard, system-built units and designed
for minimum service, this may have 52 rooms (2
floors), or 79 rooms (3 floors) guest room have
and ensuite shower rooms

Figure 24: Sample layout of Budget Class

Condominium

Structural Design
• designed to standard repetitive modules facilitating system building and
prefabrication,
• rapid construction, bulk purchasing and efficient housekeeping and maintenance.
• Public areas generally require larger spans and may extend into podium or atrium
spaces.
• Ballrooms used for conventions must have large column-free areas and are often
divisible with movable, sound-proofed partitions.

Typical Built-In areas

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Space Allocation

Guest room

• Twin beds (1000x2000mm) or one double (1500x2000mm, for single or double

occupancy) are most common
• with queen size (1650x2000mm)
• king size (2000x2000mm) or double used in higher grade hotels
• In studio rooms, a convertible settee provides a third bed for family use.
• Floor-to-ceiling heights are usually 2.5 m (minimum 2.3m)
• Lowered to 2.0m in the room lobby to allow for mechanical services.
• The most critical plan dimension is room width: 3.6m (12ft)
• Room length is usually more flexible and may extend to a balcony or angled window
for directional view
• Executive rooms have a workstation lounge near the window.
• Larger and multi-room suites are usually limited to corner areas and the top
residential floor, where changes in the module are practical.

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Figure 25: Guest room dimension

• standard twin guest room: 3.6m (1 2ft) optimum width for efficiency; wardrobe in
lobby
• double bed (single/double occupancy) allows shorter room or space for work area
• narrow frontage: minimum width 3.0m
• increased width 4.0m: allows bed rearrangement and separate dressing area
• central bathroom: one with natural light
• high-class room with separate WC and bidet areas; in any scheme, an angled window
gives less light but extra sitting area and directional view
• spacious room with external balcony; separate washbasin

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• minimum dimensions far twin rooms with staggered

wardrobes and furniture

Furniture of Guestroom:

• minimum dressing table unit

• combined unit: firmly cantilevered to facilitate
cleaning or frame supported; durable, scratch/stain
proof surfaces with back upstand; balanced wall
lighting
• bed head with side table (may be splayed far bed
movement): telephone, radio and lighting controls
installed; individual reading lamps Figure 26: Guest room fittings

Ensuite rooms:

• Bathrooms are mainly sited on interior walls, using

mechanical ventilation.
• For minimum building width, bathrooms may be one
behind the other between rooms.
• Luxury bathrooms or economy shower rooms may be
against external walls.
• Adjacent pairs of rooms are arranged mirror image to
share common vertical ducts and isolate bathroom
noise transmission. (See figure 8)

Typical fitments:
Figure 27: Typical arrangements of bathrooms

•
and ducts: (a) is best for access to duct but (b)
500mm bath, with grab bars, shower spray, retractable and (c) provide more space for vanity top
clothesline and curtain/screen; WC and washbasin.
• High-grade condominium use 1700mm bath, twin basins set, WC and bidet.
• Luxury units include separate dressing area and shower.
• Requirements: non-slip, drained surfaces; tiled walls; acoustic ceiling; mirror over
basin; screened, moisture-proof lighting; panel access to services; controlled warmed air
inflow/extraction; mixer valve and thermostat control of hot water; shelf space, towel
racks, toilet roll holder, coat hanger, electric shaver point, lidded waste bin, tissue
dispenser, toiletry tray/basket. In higher grade hotels: telephone, music relay.

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Condominium Units

• Studio apartments usually max out at a total of 600 square feet but can get as small as
300 square feet.
• For the average size of the condominium is less than 50 square meters. Within the
limited space available, getting to the living room, kitchen, bedroom, or comfort room
won't take as much time compared to living in large homes.

Entrances

• The main entrance must be conspicuous and attractive.

• Forecourt space should allow for: pedestrians; persons alighting from vehicles, vehicles
waiting and passing without hazard; coach waiting and baggage storage for large tourist
groups.
• Revolving doors or a draught lobby with automatic doors are used in larger hotels.
• Alternative baggage entrance, disabled access and fire escape routes need to be
considered.
• Car parking space depends on the location, transport modes and the availability of
public parking close by.

Lobbies

• The main lobby is the hub of circulation, a place for assembly, waiting, registration,
account settling and information services.
• Ranging from high-grade city condominium (about l.0m2 per room), often spectacular
in design, to budget designs (about 0.3m2 per room or less), the lobby includes a front
desk, lounge-waiting area, public telephones, cloakrooms and facilities for luggage
handling and safe deposit.
• In larger condominium, this may extend to
individual or arcades of shops, concierge,
currency changing, telephone exchange, bell-
captain, group registration and other services.
• The front desk is set back at least 1.2m from
circulation routes and is supported by a front
office.
• Planned around 1.5-1.8m workstations, it has
reception, cashier, and information
(concierge) sections and is adjacent to the
Figure 28: Typical reception desk for 300-400 rooms
telephone switchboard, meter, and alarm indicator
panels.

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• Working space behind the desk: 1.2-1.5m.

• Desk lengths: 50 rooms, 3m; 100/150 rooms, 4.5m; 200/250 rooms, 7.5m; 300/400
rooms, 10.5m.
• A separate area for convention reception information may be required.

Breakdown of Public Areas

Leisure facilities

• Enclosed leisure areas range from a fitness room to a fully equipped health club with pool
and spa facilities attracting local fee members.
• In resorts, leisure facilities are crucial, and buildings are planned around landscaped pools
and attractions.
• Built area: high (urban), 1.3 m2/room; mid-grade, 0.3 m2/room; resort, 0.3-0.5 m2/room
(+ large external areas).

Laundry and Housekeeping

• A standard laundry room for a 200-room hotel takes up about 160mZ, plus separate
linen storage and housekeeping areas of 80m2.

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• Requirements include ventilation giving rates of 15 to 20 air changes/hour, separate

extracts from steam and dry-cleaning equipment, high lighting (160 lux), moisture- and
fireproof electrical systems, non-slip flooring and drainage, and storage for chemicals.

Employee Facilities

• Employees per room: luxury, 1.5; high-grade, 0.8-1.0; mid-grade, 0.5-0.6; budget, 0.2-
0.3.
• Requirements: controlled entry with time recording; personnel offices; lockers (one per
employee); changing rooms, showers and toilets with separate facilities for men and
women.
• Staff canteen: to accommodate about one-third of
staff numbers in shifts.. Area: luxury, 1.8
m2/room; high-mid-grade, 1.1 m2/room; budget,
0.5 m2/room

Administration

• Include the front office (located adjacent to the

reception desk), executive, accounting, sales and
catering offices, and personnel and engineer’s
offices (the last two being near the work areas).
• Group administration may be largely centralized
• Area: high-grade, 1.6 m2/room; mid-grade, 1.2
m2/ room; budget, 0.4 m2/room.

Figure 29: Sample layout for admin office for bigger

Residential Condominium

Property Management Office

• A home office can vary greatly in size, but an average sized home office is 50 to 150
square feet.
• Home office space as small as 30 square feet while others would prefer upwards of 200
square feet for storage and work space.

CCTV Room

• A minimum of 100 square feet should be provided, with larger units being 400 to
500 square feet.
• The security control room should have proper thermostatic and ventilation conditions, as
this improves the concentration of the officers on duty.

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Technical Areas

• Space provisions depend on the extent of workshops on site: most phased maintenance
and specialist repair work is contracted out.
• Technical equipment may be sited in back of-house, on higher technical floors, roof or
ceiling mounted or/and external to the building.
• Requirements in high-grade condominium: engineers’ offices; security office;
computer rooms; meter and switchgear room; electrical transformers; standby generators;
telephone exchange equipment room; public address system; water storage, treatment,
and pumping equipment; boiler plant and calorifiers; air-conditioning plant and coolers;
swimming pool treatment plant; workshops and equipment stores.
• Total built areas: high-grade, 1.8 m2/room; mid-grade, 1.2 m2/ room; budget, 0.6
m2/room.

6.2. OFFICE CONDOMINIUM

Space Function of Zoning Furniture and End users
requirements spaces fixture equipment

Main lobby and Main Public Lobby desk, seating Receptioners, manager,
reception receiving areas & information & desk guard
counter area/ boards
inquiries

Cctv room Monitoring Semi Cctv screens, Personels, & i.t. experts
for all areas private monitoring area,
of building detaining room
Public toilets Restroom Public Lavatory, water Offices workers
closet, bidet &
cleaning equipments
Lower zone Providing Semi _ Office workers
elevator access for private
lower
offices
Lower zone Exclusive Semi Office tables, Office workers
offices for lower private computer, and other

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offices office related

workers equipment
Terrace garden Recreationa Semi Outdoor benches, Office workers
l area for private tress and other
lower recreational
offices equipment
Mid zone Providing Semi - Office workers
elevator access for private
mid offices
Mid zone offices Exclusive Semi Office tables, Office workers
for mid private computer, and other
zone office office related
workers equipment
Mid zone garden Recreationa Semi Outdoor benches, Office workers
l area for private tress and other
mid zone recreational
offices equipment
Mid zone Restroom Semi Lavatory, water Office workers
restrooms private closet, bidet &
cleaning equipment
Upper zone Exclusive Semi Office tables, Office workers
offices for upper private computer, and other
zone office office related
workers equipment
Upper zone Providing Semi - Office workers
elevator access for private
upper
offices
Upper zone Recreationa Semi Outdoor benches, Office workers
garden l area for private tress and other
upper zone recreational
offices equipment
Roof deck Adding a Semi Solar panels, satellite Authorized personals
space for private and other green
viewing and technology
sustainable equipment
green
technologie
s

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VIII. BENCHMARKED PROJECTS

8.1.1. Hotels Condominium: Manila Hotel
• Manila Hotel is known for its far history that dates back
to the time of World War 2, starting from the past until
the present, it serves a timeless elegance and ambient
prestige, with the perfect mix of European, American and
Filipino Influences in the design. The interior aesthetics
of the hotel, might also be incorporated with the design
of the hotel condominium/s of the CBD, however the
exterior would be more modern and less dated.

8.1.2. Hotels Condominium: Mariott Hotel

• Marriott Hotel is known for its high end and luxurious
facilities, with a generally modern
• And sleek design. The general mood and aesthetic could
and would be applied to the current project.

8.1.3. Hotels Condominium: Azure Hotel

• Azure hotel condominiums are one of the famous names
that would circulate within the tourist and hotel
businesses in the Philippines. Similar to azure hotel, the
structure of the project would be a high rise condotel as
well, with roof gardens and balconies to not only add
ventilation but also add an aesthetic value to the exterior
of the building.

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8.2.1. Office Condominium: Base Line HQ office

condominium
• The different levels of this office condominium
shall serve as an inspiration for the office
condominium in the cbd, which would basically
make use of green roof gardens and so forth.

8.2.2. Office Condominium: City Soho office

condominium
• The color scheme and modern formality of the
structure shall also be incorporated in the project
design for the office condominium within the cbd

8.2.1. Office Condominium: Park Centrale office

condominium
• This office condominium is another possible
inspiration for the exterior ambiance of the CBS
condos since it would align more with the
project’s concept as a whole.

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8.3.1. Residential Condominium: The Veranda

Condominium

• The white roof and color scheme including the large

green scape in the middle would also be incorporated
for the residential towers in the cbd, for the purpose
of aesthetics and heat control.

8.3.2. Residential Condominium: One Serendra

Condominium
• The one serendra condominium are a mix of low rise
and high rise buildings that also has a common
center which contains facilities and a small private
park for the users and customers, which would be
applied on the project development as well.

8.3.3. Residential Condominium: Arbor Lanes at Arca

South

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8.4.1. Shopping Mall: Mall of Qatar

• The unique indoor gathering area of MOQ, shall be
used as an inspiration for certain parts of the mall
inside the CBD, to add as an aesthetic and ambient
value inside the structure.

8.4.2. Shopping Mall: Mall of Asia

• Similar to the Mall of Asia, the CBD mall shall also
contain indoor areas or strips which would contain
open and natural ventilation as a change of pace
compared to the most common take of mall design in
multiple structures in the country.

8.4.3. Shopping Mall: Marquee Mall

• The exterior design of marquee mall is quite attractive
even for its size, the modern look shall of course be
applied as well to the mall of the CBS, while also
incorporating the newly renovated food court of
marquee mall as an inspiration for a modern food
court for the CBD mall.

8.5.1. Vertical Farm: Verticrop

• Verticrop is one of the existing indoor farming of the
present day, such designs shall
• be taken into consideration for the planning of ceiling
height and overall space allocation and so forth.

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XI: BUILDING LAWS

9.1.The National Building Code
Presidential Decree No. 1096
RULE VII – CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF ALL
BUILDINGS BY USE OR OCCUPANCY
Group B – Residential (Buildings/ Structures, Hotels and Apartments)
Division B-1
✓ Residential (R-5) very high-density residential use; condominium dwelling (with no
firewalls)
Group E – Business and Mercantile (Commercial)
Division E-1
✓ Commercial 3 (Com-3) metropolitan commercial use
Forms of Occupancy Separation – occupancy separations are both
vertically and horizontally allowed.
Section 703. Mixed Types of Occupancy Separation
Occupancy a. Two-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation – all
opening shall be provided with 2-hour fire-resistive
construction.
General
a. No building shall be established when it has no direct access to
Section 704. an open area.
Location on b. Eaves over required windows shall not be less than 750mm.
Property Buildings on the Same Property and Buildings that have Courts
a. Buildings and courts that are on the same property shall have an
assumed property line between them.
Building Height Limit (BHL) x Allowable Maximum Building
Footprint (AMBF) of the Total Lot Area (TLA)
Residential 5 (R-5) /Condominiums:
Section 705. ✓ BHL x 80% of TLA
Allowable Floor Commercial 3 (Com-3):
Area With Sprinkler System
✓ BHL x 85% / 90% / 95% of TLA
Maximum of sixty (60) storeys (180.00 meters) BHL for inland areas
not close to airports.
The floor area may be increased in certain specific instances and under
Section 706.
appropriate conditions, based on the existence of public space, streets
Allowable Floor
or yards extending along and adjoining two or more sides of the
Area Increase
building or structure.

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Building Height Limit (BHL)

Residential 5 (R-5) /Condominiums:
✓ 12 – 18 floors above established grade
✓ 36.00 – 54.00 meters above highest grade
Commercial 3 (Com-3):
With Sprinkler System
✓ 16 – 60 floors above established grade
✓ 48.00 – 180.00 meters above highest grade
On-Site Parking Slot, Parking Area and Loading/Unloading Space
Requirements
1. Average parking slot: 2.50m by 5.00m (perpendicular)
2. Average parking slot: 2.15m by 6.00m (parallel)
3. Standard truck or bus: 3.60m by 12.00m
4. Unloading slot must be at least 3.00m by 9.00m
Residential 5 (R-5) /Condominiums:
✓ Units with a gross floor area of from 18.00 to 22.00 sq.
meters - provide one (1) pooled parking slot* for every eight
(8) units
Section 707. ✓ Units with a gross floor area up to 50.00 sq. meters - provide
Maximum Height of one (1) pooled parking slot* for every six (6) medium cost units
Buildings ✓ Units with a gross floor area above 50.00 sq. meters up to
100.00 sq. meters - provide one (1) pooled parking slot* for
every four (4) medium cost units, or provide one (1) parking
slot* for each open market unit
✓ Units with a gross floor area of more than 100.00 sq. meters
– one (1) parking slot* for each unit.
Hotels
✓ One (1) car parking slot for every three (3) rooms for highly
urbanized areas
✓ One (1) car parking slot for every seven (7) rooms for all other
areas
✓ Two (2) tourist bus parking slots for each hotel; provide at least
one (1) loading slot for articulated truck
Residential hotels and apartels
✓ One (1) car slot for every five (5) units
✓ One (1) bus parking slot for every sixty (60) units
Commercial 3 (Com-3):
✓ Unit with a gross floor area of from 41. 00 to 70. 00 sq.
meters – provide one (1) parking slot for each unit

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✓ Unit with a gross floor area of more than 70.00 sq. meters –
provide one (1) parking slot for every 70.00 sq. meters

RULE VIII – LIGHT AND VENTILATION

Section 801.
General a. No building shall be altered to reduce the size of the windows.
Requirements of b. No building shall be enlarged so that the dimensions of courts and
Light and yards would be less than what is prescribed.
Ventilation
a. Measurement of lot or site occupancy shall be taken at ground
Section 802. level and shall be exclusive of courts, yards, and light wells.
Measurement of b. Courts, yards, and light wells shall be free from all projections
Site Occupancy except roof leaders, wall copings, sills, or fire escapes not
exceeding 1.20m.
Maximum Allowable Percentage of Site Occupancy (PSO), Maximum
Allowable Impervious Surface Area (ISA), Maximum Allowable
Construction Area (MACA), Minimum Unpaved Surface Area (USA),
and the Total Open Space within Lot (TOSL) with reference to Type of
Land Use Zoning per Lot.
Maximum Minimum
Section 803.
Maximum Allowable USA TOSL
Percentage of Site
Allowable ISA (Paved (Unpaved (ISA +
Occupancy
PSO Open Open USA)
Spaces) Spaces)
R-5 70 20 10 30
Com-3 80 15 5 20
✓ PSO + ISA = MACA (Maximum Allowable Construction Area)
✓ PSO + TOSL = TLA (Total Lot Area)
✓ Minimum sizes of courts and yards depend on use, type of
construction and building height but shall not be less than 2.00m.
Inner courts shall be connected to a street by a 1.20m passageway.
✓ Open space shall be distributed within the lot for natural
Section 804.
ventilation and light.
Sizes and
Minimum Setbacks
Dimensions of
Residential 5 (R-5) /Condominiums:
Courts
✓ Front – 6.00 meters
✓ Side – 3.00 meters
✓ Rear – 3.00 meters
Commercial 3 (Com-3):

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Road Right-
of-Way
Front Side Rear
(RROW)
(meters) (meters) (meters)
Width
(meters)
30.00 &
8.00 5.00 5.00
above 25.00
6.00 3.00 3.00
to 29.00 20.00
5.00 3.00 3.00
to 24.00 10.00
5.00 2.00 2.00
to 19.00
5.00 2.00 2.00
Below 10.00

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1. Ceiling heights shall not be less than 2.40m (artificial ventilation)

Section 805.
for not more than 1 storey.
Ceiling Heights
2. Mezzanine floors shall have a minimum of 1.80m ceiling height.
✓ Rooms for Human Habitations – 6.00 sq. meters with a least
Section 806.
dimension of 2.00 meters
Sizes and
✓ Kitchen – 3.00 sq. meters with a least dimension of 1.50 meters
Dimensions of
✓ Bath and toilet – 1.20 sq. meters with a least dimension of 900
Rooms
millimeters
Section 807. Air
Space
✓ Offices – 12.00 cu. meters of air space per person
Requirements in
✓ Habitable Rooms – 14.00 cu. meters of air space per person
Determining the
Size of Rooms
✓ Rooms shall be provided of an opening equal to 10% of the floor
area of the room.
✓ For bathrooms, laundry rooms and other rooms alike, openings
Section 808.
shall not be less than 1/20 of the total floor area of the room
Window
✓ For safety purposes – windows shall serve as an egress in case of
Openings
emergencies therefore; windows can be opened from the inside;
opening shall not be less than 0.82m by 1.00m; and the bottom
opening should not be more than 0.82m.
Minimum Requirements for Air Changes
✓ Hotel Rooms - minimum of 0.29 Cubic Meter per Minute per
Person.
Section 811.
✓ Office - minimum of 0.29 Cubic Meter per Minute per Person.
Artificial
✓ Restaurant Kitchen - minimum of 0.34 Cubic Meter per Minute
Ventilation
per Person.
✓ Shop, Retail - minimum of 0.22 Cubic Meter per Minute per
Person.

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9.2. The Fire Code of the Philippines

Republic Act No. 9514
Swing and Force to Open
✓ Doors should use a side-hinge to be able to swing both ways.
Section 10.2.5.3
✓ Doors should not swing 178mm into the required width of the
corridor.
Emergency Evacuation Plan
✓ Evacuation plans should be posted along corridors and hallways
inflicted with photoluminescent background.
✓ Dimensions: 8 ½ in. height, 11 in. width.
Minimum Corridor Width
✓ Corridors should have a minimum width of 1.50m for single storey
buildings and 2.00m for multiple storey buildings.
Section 10.2.5.13 Fire Detection and Alarm System
✓ Each classroom shall be provided with fire detection systems and
alarms.
Extinguishing Requirements
✓ Each corridor shall be provided by extinguishers to address small
fires that occur within the area
✓ Sprinkler systems shall also be provided within classrooms to cater
the safety of the students.
Interior Finish
✓ Exits – Class A or B
Section 10.2.6.3 ✓ Lobbies and Corridors – Class A or B
✓ Individual guest rooms – Class B or C
✓ Places of assembly – Class C
Heating, Ventilating and Airconditioning
Section 10.2.7.2 ✓ Installation of these building services shall follow the Philippine
Mechanical Code.

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9.3. Accessibility Law

Batas Pambansa Blg. 344
Minimum requirements for Accessibility
Dropped curbs
✓ Provided in changes in levels of walkways
✓ Provided at pedestrian crossings and at the end of walkways
✓ Minimum width is 0.90 m
✓ Gradient not more than 1:12
✓ Sloped towards the road with a maximum cross gradient of 1:20
✓ Lowest point of a dropped curb should not exceed 25 mm from the
road or gutter
Curb Cut-Outs
✓ Minimum width is 0.90 m
✓ Gradient not more than 1:12
Walkways and Passageways
✓ Gradient not more than 1:12
✓ Maximum cross gradient of 1:100
✓ Minimum width of 1.20 meters
✓ For busy walkways, provide recesses or turnabout spaces for
wheelchairs with a minimum area of 1.50 m x 1.50 m spaced at
maximum distance of 12.00 m between stops
A. Outside and
✓ Headroom should not be less than 2.0 m
around buildings
Handrails
✓ Installed at both sides of ramps and stairs and at the outer edges of
dropped curbs
✓ Installed at 0.90 m and 0.70 m above steps or ramps
✓ At great heights may be installed at 1.0 m to 1.06 m
✓ A 0.30 m long extension of the handrail should be provided at the
start and end of ramps and stairs
Signages
✓ The international symbol for access should be used to designate
routes and facilities that are accessible
✓ Signs on walls and doors should be located at a maximum height
of 1.60 M. and a minimum height of 1.40 meters
Crossings
✓ Near perpendicular to the carriageway, located at the narrowest,
most convenient part of the carriageway
✓ Central refuges of at least 1.5 m – 2 m in depth, provided as a
midcrossing shelter, where the width of carriageway to be crossed
exceeds 10 m

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✓ Provide tactile blocks in the immediate vicinity of crossings as an

aid to the blind
Accessible Parking Areas
✓ Should be located as close as possible to building entrances
✓ Should be perpendicular or to an angle to the road
B. Parking
✓ Minimum width of 3.70 m
✓ Provide dropped curbs or curb cut-outs to the parking level
✓ Provide pavement markings, signs
Entrances
✓ Entrances with vestibules shall be provided a level area with at
least a 1.80 m. depth and a 1.50 m. width
✓ Should be accessible from arrival and departure points to the
interior lobby
✓ One (1) entrance level should be provided where elevators are
accessible
✓ Ramps should be provided as access to the entrance level, if
entrances are not on the same level of the site arrival grade
Ramps
✓ Minimum clear width of 1.20 m
✓ Maximum gradient shall be 1:12
✓ Length of a ramp should not exceed 6:00 m
✓ Longer ramps whose gradient is 1:12 shall be provided with
landings not less than 1.50 m
C. Inside Buildings ✓ A level area not less than 1.80 m on top and bottom of any ramp
and Structures Doors
✓ Minimum clear width of 0.80 m
✓ Provide a minimum clear level space of 1.50 m x 1.50 m before
and extending beyond a door
✓ Out swinging doors should be provided at storage rooms, closets
and accessible restroom stalls
✓ Doorknobs and other hardware should be located 0.90 m. above
the floor
✓ Vertical pull handles, centered at 1.06 m. above the floor
✓ Doors along major circulation routes should be provided with kick
plates at a height of 0.30 m. to 0.40 m
Switches
✓ Manual switches shall be positioned within 1.20 m to 1.30 m
above the floor
✓ Manual switches should be located no further than 0.20 from the
latch side of the door

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Corridors
✓ Minimum clear width of 1.20 m.
✓ Provide recesses or turnabout spaces for wheelchairs with a
minimum area of 1.50 m x 1.50 m spaced at maximum distance of
12.00 m
✓ Turnabout spaces at or within 3.50 m. of every dead end
Washroom and Toilets
✓ Water closet stalls shall have a minimum area of 1.70 x 1.80 mts
✓ A turning space of 2.25 sq.m. with a minimum dimension of 1.50
m
✓ Provied a minimum of one (1) water closet per 20 water closets;
Two (2) water closet exceeding 20 water closet on each floor level
✓ Maximum height of water closets should be 0.45 m.
✓ Flush control should have a maximum height of 1.20 mts
✓ Maximum height of lavatories should be 0.80 m. with a knee
recess of 0.60 - 0.70 m. vertical clearance and a 0.50 m. depth
✓ Urinals should have an elongated lip or through type; the
maximum height of the lip should be 0.48 m
Elevators
✓ Should be located not more than 30.00 m. from the entrance
✓ Minimum dimension of 1.10 m. x 1.40 m
✓

9.4. PD957
PD957
A. Site Criteria
✓ Location
Conformity with Zoning Ordinance/Comprehensive Land Use Plan
✓ Physical Suitability
The site shall be stable enough to accommodate foundation load without
excessive earthmoving, grading or cutting and filling
RULE 1
✓ Accessibility
MINIMUM
The site must be served by a road that is readily accessible to public
DESIGN
transportation lines.
STANDARDS
B. Planning Considerations
✓ Area Planning
✓ Site Preservation
✓ Easements
✓ Circulations
C. Design Parameters

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✓ Road
a) Major Road -a street or road linking the site and serves as the main
traffic artery
b) Collector Road -a street or a road that services pedestrian / vehicular
traffic from minor roads leading to major roads.
c) Minor Road -a road which main function is to provide direct access to
lots and other activity centers.
d) Motor Courts -shall have a right-of-way of not less than 6 meters in
width
e) Service Roads -roads which provide for the distribution of traffic
among individual lots and activity centers.
f) Alley -a 2-meter wide walkway which shall be used to break a block
and to serve pedestrians and for emergency purposes.
✓ Board or HLURB -shall mean the Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board..
✓ Block a parcel of land bounded on the sides by streets or alleys or
pathways or other natural or man-made features,
✓ Commercial Condominium a building, or group of buildings, used
for office, businesses, professional services and other commercial
enterprise organized,
✓ Common Areas -means the entire project excepting all units
separately granted, held or reserved.
✓ Community Facilities -facilities or structures intended to serve
common needs and for the benefit of the community
✓ Condominium shall mean an interest in real property consisting of
RULE VI a separate interest in a unit in a residential, industrial or
MISCELLANEOUS commercial building and an undivided interest in common
PROVISIONS directly or indirectly, in the land on which it is located and in
other common areas of the building.
Dwelling Types:
✓ Single Detached -a dwelling unit completely surrounded by
yards.
✓ Single Attached -a dwelling unit with one side attached to a
firewall.
✓ Duplex -a dwelling unit containing 2 separate living units
each of which is separated from another by a firewall
✓ Rowhouse dwelling units containing 3 or more living units
designed in such a way that they a but each other and are
separated from each other by a firewall each unit provided with
independent access.

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 Final Research for Design 8:
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Water Supply System

a. Specific Rules:
The subdivision water supply shall be mandatory or obligatorily
connected to an appropriate public water system or community
system provided that the water supply is enough to meet the total
daily requirements of the anticipated population.
When neither a public water system, nor an acceptable community
system is available, a centralized water supply system shall be
accepted, provided that:
✓ The technical consultant of the developer shall determine the
location and discharge capacity of the water source(s) within
the subdivision;
✓ The permit to drill well(s) or tap water lines from the
appropriate government agencies shall be obtained;
✓ The water source shall be sufficient to meet the daily water
requirements of every household in the subdivision;
✓ No hazards shall exist in the immediate vicinity of the water
source that might reduce or pollute the supply;
✓ Water distribution shall be assured.
✓ Each subdivision shall have at least an operational deep well
and pump sets with sufficient capacity to provide Average
Daily Demand (ADD) to all homeowners.
b. Water Requirement –
Every dwelling unit shall be served by an individual
supply of water sufficient to meet the total hourly domestic needs
of every household for any 8 hour period. The Average Daily
Demand (ADD) for both open market and medium cost housing
projects is 150 liters per capita per day (LCPD) household
connection. (Per Board Resolution No. 506, series of 1992)
c. Fire Protection Demand
-Provision for fire protection shall comply with the
requirements of the National Fire Protection Code.
d. Water Tank Capacity –
20% ADD plus fire reserve.
e. Pipes –
Pipes shall conform to the standards required by
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) and/or
Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA).

Sewage Disposal System

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 Final Research for Design 8:
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The sewage disposal system for open market and medium cost
subdivision projects shall either be any of the following:
✓ . Connection to Community Sewer System Connections shall be
made to an approved public or community sewer system
✓ Septic Tanks Where community sewer system is not available,
sewage shall be disposed of and treated in individual septic tanks.
Drainage System
The drainage system of the subdivision shall conform to the natural
drainage pattern of the subdivision site In no case shall drainage outfalls
drain into a private lot.
For both open market and medium cost subdivision projects,
underground drainage system shall be properly engineered and
environmentally sound and shall be provided with adequate Reinforced
Concrete Pipes (RCP), catch basins manholes, inlets and cross drain for
efficient maintenance. Minimum drainage pipes diameter shall be 30
centimeters.

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 Final Research for Design 8:
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References:
• The Architects Handbook. Quentin Picard. RIBA

• Burj Khalifa. Emaar.com retrieve from https://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-

tower/vision/#:~:text=More%20than%20just%20the%20world's,role%20in%20a%20changing%2
0world

• Hallerbrand, E and Jakobsson, W. (n/a). Structural Design of Highrise Building retrieve from
https://www.byggmek.lth.se/fileadmin/byggnadsmekanik/publications/tvsm5000/web5213.pdf

• Jin Mao Tower facts and information. The tower Info retrieve from
https://thetowerinfo.com/buildings-list/jin-mao-tower/

• Pletcher, K. (n/a). Jin Mao Tower retrieve from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jin-Mao-Tower

• The sky court and sky garden: Greening the urban habitat: https://www.routledge.com/The-
Skycourt-and-Skygarden-Greening-the-urban-habitat/Pomeroy/p/book/9780415636995

• The sky courts and sky gardens: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC26771.pdf

• Where we answer 15 of the most popular and fascinating questions about the Eiffel Tower.
TourEffel.Paris retrieved from https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/news/history-and-culture/15-
essential-things-know-about-eiffel
tower#:~:text=Why%20was%20the%20Eiffel%20Tower,industrial%20advancement%20of%20t
hat%20time.

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