Chapter 7

WELDED
CONNECTIONS
Welded Connections;

➢ BasicProcess;
• processofjoiningmetalpiecesbyheatingthemtoasuitabletemperaturetoproducea
plasticorfluidstatesuchthatthematerialscoalesce intoonematerial
• heatingmetaltofusiontemperature withorwithout addition ofweldmetals
➢ Weldability of Structural Steel;
• measureoftheeaseofproducing acrack–free andsoundstructural joint
Welded Connections;

➢ ForgeWelding;
• consists of simply heating the pieces above certain temperature and hammering
themtogether
➢ Resistance Welding;
• metalpartsarejoinedbymeansofheatandpressure whichcausesfusionofparts
• heat is generated by electrical resistance to a current of high amperage and low
voltage passingthrough smallareaofcontactbetweenpartstobeconnected
➢ FusionWelding;
• metalisheatedtofusiontemperature withorwithoutaddition ofweldmetal
• methodofconnecting piecesbymoltenmetal
▪ oxyacetylene welding
▪ electric arcwelding
Welded Connections;

➢ MetalArcWelding;
• ShieldedMetalArcWelding(SMAW)
• Submerged ArcWelding(SAW)
➢ FluxCoredArcWelding(FCAW)
➢ Metal–Arc InertGas(MIG)Welding
➢ Tungsten–Arc InertGas(TIG)Welding
Welded Connections;
➢ FactorsAffectingtheQualityofWeldedConnections;
• obtaining a satisfactory welded connection requires the combination of many
individual skills, beginning with the actual design of the weld and ending with the
weldingoperation
▪ properelectrodes, weldingapparatus andprocedures
Welded Connections;
➢ FactorsAffectingtheQualityofWeldedConnections;
• obtaining a satisfactory welded connection requires the combination of many
individual skills, beginning with the actual design of the weld and ending with the
weldingoperation
▪ properelectrodes, weldingapparatus andprocedures
▪ properedgepreparation
Welded Connections;
➢ FactorsAffectingtheQualityofWeldedConnections;
• obtaining a satisfactory welded connection requires the combination of many
individual skills, beginning with the actual design of the weld and ending with the
weldingoperation
▪ properelectrodes, weldingapparatus andprocedures
▪ properedgepreparation
▪ control ofdistortion
Welded Connections;
➢ Possible Defects inWelding;
• unless good techniques and procedures are used, possible defects may result within
theweld.Somecommon defectsare;

▪ undercut ▪ excessive convexity

▪ porosity ▪ excessive concavity
▪ incompletefusion ▪ excessive weldreinforcement
▪ overlap ▪ incomplete penetration
▪ underfill ▪ excessive penetration
▪ spatter ▪ unacceptable weldprofile

overlap
undercut
Welded Connections;

➢ Inspection andControl;
• since such close supervision is not possible on every weld made, the following items
willserve asaguideline toachievegoodstructural welds
▪ establishgoodweldingprocedures
▪ useonlyprequalified welders
▪ usequalifiedinspectors andhavethempresent
▪ usespecialinspectiontechniques whennecessary
Welded Connections;

➢ Economics of WeldedBuilt-Up MembersandConnections;

• welded connections offer the designer more freedom to be innovative in his design
concepts as designer is not bound to use standard sections but may use built-up
sections deemedtobemostadvantageous
• welded connections eliminate generally the use of holes in members except possibly
for erection purposes. Since it is usuallythe holes located at the ends that governs the
design of a bolted tension members, a welded connection will generally results in a
memberwithasmallercross-section
Welded Connections;

➢ Economics of WeldedBuilt-Up MembersandConnections;

• welded connections can sometimes reduce field construction costs by the fact that
members may be shifted slightly to accommodate minor errors in fabrication or
erection. Also, members may be shortened by cutting and rejoined by suitable
welding, aswellaslengthenedbysplicingapieceofthesamecross-section
• welded connectionsare usuallyneaterin appearance, providing a less cluttered effect
incontrast toboltedconnections
Welded Connections;

➢ Typesof Joints;
• the type of joint depends on factors
suchassizeandshapeofthemembers
coming into the joint, the type of
loading, the amount of joint area
available and the relative costs for
various typesofwelds.
Welded Connections;

➢ LapJoint;
• lap joint is the most common type of welding process due toits principal advantages,
namely;
❖ DifferenceinThickness;
▪ anadvantage oflap joints istheeasein whichplatesofdifferent thickness can
bejoined
❖ EaseofFitting;
▪ pieces being joined do not require preciseness in fabricating. The pieces can
be slightly shifted to accommodate minor errors in fabrication or to make
adjustments inlength.
❖ EaseofJoining;
▪ edges ofthe pieces beingjoined does not need specialpreparation. Lap joints
utilizefilletweldandarethereforeequallywellsuitedtoshoporfieldwelding
• lapjointisfillet–welded
Welded Connections;
➢ ButtJoint;
• butt joint is used mainly to join the ends of flat plates of the same or nearly the same
thickness
• principal advantage ofthis type is to eliminate the eccentricity developed in single lap
joints
• when used properly, butt joints minimize the size of a connection and are usually
moreaesthetically pleasingthanbuilt-up joints
• principal disadvantage lies in the fact that the edges to be connected must usually be
speciallyprepared(beveled orgroundflat)andverycarefully alignedpriortowelding
• littleadjustment ispossibleandthepiecesmustbecarefully detailedandfabricated
• buttjointisgroove–welded
Welded Connections;
➢ TeeJoints;
• used to fabricate built-up sections such as tees, I-shapes, plate girders, bearing
stiffeners, hangers, brackets andingeneral, piecesframingatrightangles
➢ CornerJoints;
• corner joints are used principally to form built-up rectangular box sections such as
thoseusedforcolumns andforbeamsrequiredtoresisthightorsionalforces
• canbefillet–welded orgroove–welded
➢ EdgeJoints;
• edge joints are generally not considered as structural but are most frequently used to
keeptwoormoreplatesinagivenplaneortomaintaininitialalignment
Welded Connections;
➢ WeldingRods;
• to specify the proper type of welding rod or electrode, design engineer should be
familiar with the electrode numbering system established by the American Welding
Society(AWS)andtheAmerican SocietyforTestingandMaterials(ASTM)asfollows;
Eaaabc
where: E – electrode
aaa – two–orthree–digit numberspecifying ultimate
tensilestrength ofweldmaterial
b – digitindicating suitability ofweldingposition

1 – suitable forallpositions
2 – suitable forhorizontalfillets andflatpositioning

c – digitindicating currentsupply

for the design engineer, the information that must be indicated in the design is
whethertheelectrode isE60,E70orwhatever
Welded Connections;
➢ WeldingRods;
EXAMPLE: E7018 means
Tensilestrength = 70ksi
1 meanscanbeusedinallpositions
8 meansitisiron-powder, low-hydrogen electrode used
withA.CorD.Cbutonlyinreverse polarity
Welded Connections;
➢ TypesofWelds;
• weldsareclassified according totheirshapeandmethodofdeposition into:
❖ Groove Weld;
▪ ismadeinopeningbetweentwopartsbeingjoined
Welded Connections;
➢ TypesofWelds;
• weldsareclassified according totheirshapeandmethodofdeposition into:
❖ FilletWeld;
▪ triangular inshape,joinssurfaces whichareatananglewithoneanother
Welded Connections;
➢ Types of Welds;

• welds are classified according to their shape and method of deposition into:

❖ Plug Weld;

▪ made by depositing weld metal in a circular hole in one of two lapped places
Welded Connections;
➢ TypesofWelds;
• weldsareclassified according totheirshapeandmethodofdeposition into:
❖ SlotWeld;
▪ similartoplugbuttheholeiselongated
Welded Connections;
➢ Classification ofWelds;
• Flat ; executed fromabove, weldfaceapproximately horizontal
• Horizontal ; similartoflatweldbutweldishardertomake
• Vertical ; longitudinal axisofweldisvertical
• Overhead ; weldingisdonefromunderside ofthejoint
Welded Connections;
➢ Nomenclature ofWelds;
• thepartofweldassumedtobeeffective intransferring stress is “throat”
• facesofweldincontact with thepartsjoinediscalledits “legs”
• forequal–legged filletweldthroatis “0.707s”, wheresislegsize
Welded Connections;

➢ StandardWeldingSymbols
• FilletWeld
Welded Connections;

➢ StandardWeldingSymbols
• Groove Weld
Welded Connections;

➢ StandardWeldingSymbols
• PlugandSlotWeld
Welded Connections;

➢ StressesinWelds
• welds may be stressed in tension, compression, shear, or a combination of tension,
compression and shear, depending upon the direction and position of load relative to
weld
• loadinfigureisresistedbyshearingforceonthethroatofeachfilletweld
• customary to take the force on a fillet weld as a shear on the throat irrespective of the
direction ofloadrelativetothroat
• tests have shown that a fillet weld transverse to the load is much stronger than a fillet
weldofsamesizeparalleltotheload
Welded Connections;

➢ StressesinWelds
• loadsharingbetweenlongitudinal andtransverse filletweldsdepend eitheron:
▪ proportional totheirlengthifweldsareofsamesize
▪ proportional totheareafordifferentsizeweld
Welded Connections;

➢ StressesinWelds
• any abrupt discontinuity or change in section of member such as notch or a sharp
reentrantcorner, interrupts thetransmission ofstressalongsmoothlines
▪ jointiselongated indirection ofloadtoproduce amoreuniformtransferofstress
▪ these concentrations are of no consequence for static loads, but they are
significant wherefatigueisinvolved
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• Groove Welds;
▪ Effective Area;

❖ effectiveareaofagrooveweldshallbeconsideredastheeffectivelengthofthe
weldtimestheeffective throatthickness
❖ effective lengthofagroove weldshallbethewidthofthepartsjoined
❖ effective throat thickness of a complete penetration groove weld shall be the
thickness ofthethinnerpartjoined
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• Groove Welds;
▪ Effective Area;
❖ effective throat thickness of a partial penetration groove weld shall be as
shown inTable510-1
❖ effective thickness of a partial penetration groove weld shall be as shown in
Table510-1

Effective Throat Thickness of Partial Penetration Groove Welds

Included Angle at Root of Effective Throat
Welding Process Welding Position
Groove Thickness
Shielded Metal Arc
J or U joint
Submerged Arc
depth of chamfer
Bevel or
Gas Metal Arc all
V joint ≥ 600
Bevel or depth of chamfer minus
Flux Cored Arc
450 ≤ V joint < 600 3.0 mm
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• Groove Welds;
▪ Effective Area;
❖ effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld when flush to the surface of
thebaror90o bendinaformedsectionshallbeasshowninTable510-2
❖ larger effective throat thickness than those in Table 510-2 are permitted,
provided that such larger effective throat thickness could be consistently
provided

Effective Throat Thickness of Flare Groove Welds

Type of Weld Radius (R) of Bar or Bend Effective Throat Thickness

Flare bevel groove all 5/16 R

Flare V-groove all 1/2 Ra

a use (3/8)R for Gas Metal Arc Welding (except short circuiting transfer process) when R ≥ 12 mm
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• Groove Welds;
▪ Effective Area;
❖ minimum effective thickness of a partial penetration groove weld shall be as
shown inTable510-3

Minimum Effective Throat Thickness of Partial Penetration Groove Welds

Material Thickness of Thicker Part Joined Minimum Effective Throat Thickness
(mm) (mm)
to 6 inclusive 3
over 6 to 12 5
over 12 to 20 6
over 20 to 38 8
over 38 to 57 10
over 57 to 150 12
over 150 16
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• Groove Welds;
▪ Effective Area;
❖ minimum effective throat thickness is determined by the thicker of the two
parts joined, except the weld size need not exceed thickness of thinnest part
joined
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• FilletWelds;
▪ Effective Area;
❖ effective area a fillet weld shall be taken as the effective length times the
effective throatthickness
❖ effective lengthoffillet welds,except fillet weldsin holesand slots, shall be the
overalllengthofthefull-size fillets,including returns
❖ effectivethroatthicknessofafilletweldshallbetheshortestdistancefromthe
root of the joint to the face of the diagrammatic weld, except for fillet welds
made by the submerged arc process, the effective throat thickness shall be
taken equalto the legsize for10 mmand smallerfillet weldsandequaltothe
theoreticalthroatplus3.0mmforfilletsweldslargerthan10mm
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• FilletWelds;
▪ Effective Area;
❖ for fillet welds in holes and slots, the effective length shall be the length of the
centerline of the weld along the center of the plane through the throat. In the
case of overlapping fillets, the effective area shall not exceed the nominal
cross–sectional areaoftheholeslotintheplaneofthefayingsurface
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• FilletWelds;
▪ Limitations;
❖ minimumsizeoffilletweldsshallbeasshowninTable510-4.Minimumweld
size is dependent upon the thicker of the two parts joined, except that the
weldsizeneednotexceedthethickness ofthethinnerpart

Minimum Size of Fillet Welds

Material Thickness of Thicker Part Joined Minimum Size of Fillet Weld
(mm) (mm)
to 6 inclusive 3
over 6 to 12 5
over 12 to 20 6
over 20 8
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• FilletWelds;
▪ Limitations;
❖ sizeoffilletweldsthatispermittedalongedgesofconnectedpartsshallbe;
o material less than 6 mm thick, not greater than the thickness of the
material
o material 6 mm or morein thickness,not greaterthanthe thicknessofthe
material minus 1.6 mm, unless the weld is especially designated on the
drawings tobebuiltouttoobtainfull–throat thickness
o minimum effective length of fillet welds designated on the basis of
strength shall not be less than 4 times the nominal size, or else the size of
theweldshallbeconsidered nottoexceed¼ofitseffective length
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• FilletWelds;
▪ Limitations;
❖ sizeoffilletweldsthatispermittedalongedgesofconnectedpartsshallbe;
o if longitudinal fillet welds are used alone in end connections of flat bar
tension members, the length of each fillet weld shall not be less than the
perpendicular distance betweenthem
o transverse spacing of longitudinal fillet welds used in end connections of
tension members shall not exceed 200 mm, unless the member is
designed onthebasisoftheeffective netarea
o effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall not be
lessthan4timestheweldsize,withaminimumof38mm
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• FilletWelds;
▪ Limitations;
❖ sizeoffilletweldsthatispermittedalongedgesofconnectedpartsshallbe;
o inlapjoints,theminimumlapshallbe5timesthethicknessofthethinner
partjoined,butnotlessthan25mm
o slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts
or members shall, wherever practicable, be returned continuously
aroundthecornersforadistancenotlessthan2timesthenominalsizeof
theweld
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• PlugandSlotWelds;
▪ Effective Area;
❖ the effective shearing area of plug and slot welds shall be considered as the
nominal cross–sectional area of the hole or slot in the plane of the faying
surface
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• PlugandSlotWelds;
▪ Limitations;
❖ plug or slot welds are permitted to transmit shear in lap joints or to prevent
buckling oflappedpartsandtojoincomponent partsofbuilt-upmembers
❖ diameterforthe holeforaplugweldshallnotbelessthanthethicknessofthe
part containing it plus 8 mm, rounded to the next larger odd 1.6 mm, nor
greaterthan the minimum diameterplus 3 mmor 2½ timesthe thickness of
theweld
❖ minimum center–to–center spacing of plug welds shall be 4 times the
diameterofthehole
❖ minimumspacingoflinesofslotweldsinadirectiontransversetotheirlength
shallbe4timesthewidthoftheslot
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• PlugandSlotWelds;

▪ Limitations;

❖ minimumcenter-to-centerspacinginalongitudinaldirectiononanylineshall
be2timesthelengthoftheslot
❖ length of the slot for a slot weld shall not exceed 10 timesthe thickness ofthe
weld
❖ width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it
plus8mm,norshallitbelargerthan2¼timesthethicknessoftheweld
❖ ends of the slot shall be semicircular or shall have the corners rounded to a
radius not less than the thickness of the part containing it, except those ends,
whichextendtotheedgeofthepart
Welded Connections;

➢ Effective AreaandLimitationof Welds;

• PlugandSlotWelds;
▪ Limitations;
❖ thickness ofplugorslot weldsin material 16mmorlessinthickness, shall be
equaltothicknessofmaterial.Inmaterialover16mmthick,thicknessofweld
shallbeatleast½thethickness ofmaterialbutnotlessthan16mm
Welded Connections;

➢ NominalStrengthofWelds;
• weldsmustbesizedaccordingly andbeformedfromthecorrect electrode material
• filletweldsareassumedtotransmitloadsthroughshearstressontheeffectiveareano
matterhowfilletsareorientedonthestructural connection
➢ Groove Welds;
Pcap = teFy – foraxialforce
Pcap = te(0.40Fy ) – forshear
where: Pcap – nominalstrength ofweld
te – effective throatthickness
Fy – yieldstressofthebasemetal
Welded Connections;

➢ FilletWelds;
• forSMAWProcess;
te = 0.707a a a
te te
ab
te = a b
a2+b2

• forSAWProcess;
when t ≤ 10mm, when t > 10mm,
te = t te = 0.707t +3mm
Pcap = Ag(0.60Fy) – forbasemetal
Pcap = Aw(0.30Fu ) – forweldmetal
Welded Connections;

➢ BalancedConnection;
• inthedesignofweldsconnecting tensionorcompression members
❖ weldsshould beasstrongas the members they connect
❖ connection should not introduce significant eccentricity of loading
❖ however, in some cases, members subject to direct axial forces are
unsymmetrical and causeeccentricities
❖ designingconnection toeliminateeccentricity is“balancingtheweld”

F1

F2 T

F3
EX. Determine the allowable tensile capacity of the
connectionshownusing 12–mm weld, E70 electrodes,

200 mm
300 mm
P
A36steelplates.UseSMAWandSAWprocess.

12 mm

200 mm

➢ tensilecapacityofplate,
12 200 0.6 248
Pcap = Ag(0.60Fy) = = 357.12kN
1000
forE70electrodes, Fu = 485.0MPa
➢ usingSMAWprocess,
0.707(12)[2 200 +200] 0.3 485
Pcap = Aw(0.30Fu) = = 740.65kN
1000
2(0.707)(12) 200 0.4 248
Pcap = As(0.40Fy) = = 336.65kN
1000
 designcapacity, Pcap = 336.65kN
EX. Determine the allowable tensile capacity of the
connectionshownusing 12–mm weld, E70 electrodes,

200 mm
300 mm
P
A36steelplates.UseSMAWandSAWprocess.

12 mm

200 mm

➢ usingSAWprocess,

since, t > 10mm,

te = 0.707t+3mm = 0.707(12) +3 = 11.48mm

(11.484)[2 200 +200] 0.3 485
Pcap = Aw(0.30Fu) = = 1002.55 kN
1000
2(11.484) 200 0.4 248
Pcap = As(0.40Fy) = = 455.69kN
1000
 designcapacity, Pcap = 357.12kN
EX.Aweldedconnectionissubjectedtoatensileloadof800kN.

200 mm
Both plates are 15 mm thick. Using E70 electrodes, SMAW 800 kN
processandA36steel,findthelengthrequiredtoresisttheload.

L 15 mm

forE70electrodes, Fu = 485.0MPa

usingSMAWprocess,

Pcap = Aw(0.30Fu )
0.707 15 2L+200 0.3 485
800 = ; L = 159.23mm
1000
Pcap = As(0.40Fy )
0.707 15 2L 0.4 248
800 = ; L = 220.32mm
1000
 req’dlength, L = 220.32mm
EX.Designthefillet weldsforthelapjointshown.UseE60electrodes andA36steel.UseSMAWprocess.

12 mm

400 mm
250 mm
400 kN 400 kN

16 mm

since, t > 6.0mm,

te = t –1.6 = 12–1.6 = 10.4mm

forE60electrodes, Fu = 415.0MPa
Pcap = As(0.40Fy )
10.4 2L 0.4 248
400 = ; L = 193.86mm
1000
 adapt, L = 200.0mm
EX.Designthefillet weldsforthelapjointshown.UseE60electrodes andA36steel.UseSMAWprocess.

12 mm

400 mm
250 mm
400 kN 400 kN

16 mm

5tmin = 5(12) = 60.0mm

since, 25mm < L > 5tmin ,  ok

L1 = 2te = 2(10.4) = 20.80mm

 adapt, 200–mmweldoneachsidewith21–mmendreturns

D =10.4 mm

2D =20.8 mm
200 mm
EX.Onelegofan8 x 8x ½angle is to beconnected withside a
welds and a weld at the end of the angle to a plate behind, to
developaloadof600kN.UsingE60electrodesandA36steel, F2
F3
determine thelengthofweldsusing;
600 kN
a. staticloading
600 kN F1
b. dynamicloading
b
Properties ofL8xL8x½;

A = 5000mm2 d = 200mm bf = 200mm

t = 12.5mm yҧ = 55.63mm

forE60electrodes, Fu = 415.0MPa
fortheangle,
5000 0.60 (248)
Pcap = Ag(0.60Fy) = = 744.0kN
1000
since, Pcap > Pact ,  sectionisok

since, t > 6.0mm,

EX.Onelegofan8 x 8x ½angle is to beconnected withside a
welds and a weld at the end of the angle to a plate behind, to
developaloadof600kN.UsingE60electrodesandA36steel, F2
F3
determine thelengthofweldsusing;
600 kN
a. staticloading
600 kN F1
b. dynamicloading
b
Properties ofL8xL8x½;

A = 5000mm2 d = 200mm bf = 200mm

t = 12.5mm yҧ = 55.63mm

➢ fromstaticloading,
Pcap = Aw(0.30Fu )
10.9 L 0.3 415
600 = ; L = 442.14mm
1000
442.136−200
a=b = = 121.07mm
2
 adapt, a = b = 130mm
EX.Onelegofan8 x 8x ½angle is to beconnected withside a
welds and a weld at the end of the angle to a plate behind, to
developaloadof600kN.UsingE60electrodesandA36steel, F2
F3
determine thelengthofweldsusing;
600 kN
a. staticloading
600 kN F1
b. dynamicloading
b
Properties ofL8xL8x½;

A = 5000mm2 d = 200mm bf = 200mm

t = 12.5mm yҧ = 55.63mm

➢ fromdynamicloading,
L = 2(125)+200 = 450.0mm

a+b+200 = 450;
a+b = 250 – eqn.1
10.9 0.3 415
Pweld = = 1.36kN/mm
1000
EX.Onelegofan8 x 8x ½angle is to beconnected withside a
welds and a weld at the end of the angle to a plate behind, to
developaloadof600kN.UsingE60electrodesandA36steel, F2
F3
determine thelengthofweldsusing;
600 kN
a. staticloading
600 kN F1
b. dynamicloading
b
Properties ofL8xL8x½;

A = 5000mm2 d = 200mm bf = 200mm

t = 12.5mm yҧ = 55.63mm

➢ fromdynamicloading,
σ MNA = 0;

a(1.36)(200 –55.63)+200(1.36)(100 –55.63)–b(1.36)(55.63) = 0

195.91a –75.49b = –12042.02 – eqn.2

solvingeqns.1and2simultaneously,
a = 25.17 mm, b = 224.83 mm
Ex. A 200 mm wide plate is to be used in a lap joint to carry a
tensileloadof580kN.Inordertoinsureatighterjoint,aplugweld

200 mm
580 kN
was used. Using A36 steel and E60 electrodes, design the welded
connection.

tp
L

➢ fortheplate,

P = Ag(0.60Fy)
200 tp 0.60 248
580 = ; tp = 19.49mm
1000
 adapt, tp = 20.0mm

since, tp > 6.0mm,

te = tp –1.6 = 20–1.6 = 18.40mm

 adapt, te = 18.0mm
forE60electrodes, Fu = 415.0MPa
Ex. A 200 mm wide plate is to be used in a lap joint to carry a
tensileloadof580kN.Inordertoinsureatighterjoint,aplugweld

200 mm
580 kN
was used. Using A36 steel and E60 electrodes, design the welded
connection.

tp
L

since, tp > 16mm,

tp 20
tw = = = 10.0mm
2 2
since, tw < 16mm,

 adapt, tw = 16mm

D = tp + 8 = 20+8 = 28.0mm

2.25tw = 2.25(16) = 36.0mm

since, D < 2.25tw ,  adapt, D = 28.0mm

Pcap = Aw(0.30Fu)
0.30 415
580 = (28)+(2L+200) (16) ; L = 1.60mm
1000
 L
EX. An C10 x 20 channel is to be connected by E70 fillet welds. Clearance
limitations permit the two members to overlap by150 mmonly.Calculate the
distance,L,requiredsothatthemaximumtensioninthechannelis500 kNifit
500 kN
consistofA36steel. y

TryofC10x20; A = 3794mm2 d = 254mm

bf = 69.57mm tf = 11.07mm
tw = 9.63mm
150 mm

since, t > 6.0mm,

te = t –1.6 = 9.63–1.6 = 8.03mm

 adapt, te = 8.0mm,

y ≥ tw + 8 ≥ 9.63+8 = 17.63mm

y ≤ 2.25te ≤ 2.25(8) = 18.0mm

 adapt, y = 18.0mm

Pcap = Aw(0.30Fu)
8 [2 L+150 +200] 0.30 485
500 = ; L = 93.643mm
1000
Eccentric ShearConnections;
➢ suchcasesarecomplicatedbythefactthatload–deformationbehaviourisafunctionofan
anglebetweendirection ofresistance andaxis
P
f’ = – stressduetodirectshear
A
Tr
f” = J – stressduetotorsional moment

where: r – radialdistancefromthecentroidtopointofstress
J – polarmomentofinertia

shear and torsion pure torsion shear and bending

ex
Py
Py
Px
Px
ey
d
effective
connection Lw cross-section
EX. A bracket shown on the figure is welded by a fillet weld to a 50 kN
column section. It carries an eccentric load of 50 kN acting at 100 100 mm
mmfromthefilletweld.Determinethesizeofthefilletweldtocarry
theloadusingA36steelandE60electrode.

200 mm
fx

fy

assumea1.0-mm filletweld,

M = Pe = 50(0.10) = 5.0kN–m

bh3 (1)(200)3
I = = = 666666.7 mm4
12 12
Mc (5.0x106)(100)
fx = = = 750.0N/mm2
I 666666.667
V 50x103
fy = = = 250.0N/mm2
A (1)(200)
EX. A bracket shown on the figure is welded by a fillet weld to a 50 kN
column section. It carries an eccentric load of 50 kN acting at 100 100 mm
mmfromthefilletweld.Determinethesizeofthefilletweldtocarry
theloadusingA36steelandE60electrode.

200 mm
fx

fy

R = (fx)2+(fy)2 = (750)2+(250)2 = 790.6N/mm2

Pcap = Aw(0.30Fu ) = 0.707(1.0)(0.30)(415) = 88.02N/mm

R 790.569
treqd = = = 8.98mm
Pcap 88.022

 adapt, tweld = 10.0mm

EX.AbracketisweldedtoacolumnflangebyusingE70 150 100
electrodes. The fillet welds are laid out in two line each
80 kN d y
with 10-mm fillet weld size. It carries a load of 80 kN cg

150 mm
located at a distance of 100 mm from edge of flange. x
Checkadequacyofconnection.

A = 2(10)(150) = 3000.0mm2

(2)(150)(10)3
Ix = +2(150)(10)(75)2 = 1.7x107 mm4
12
(2)(10)(150)3
Iy = = 5.6x106 mm4
12
J = Ix + Iy = (16.90 +5.625)(1 x106) = 2.3x107 mm4
M = Pe = 80(0.175) = 14.0kN–m
EX.AbracketisweldedtoacolumnflangebyusingE70 150 100
electrodes. The fillet welds are laid out in two line each
80 kN d y
with 10-mm fillet weld size. It carries a load of 80 kN cg

150 mm
located at a distance of 100 mm from edge of flange. x
Checkadequacyofconnection.

➢ fromtorsion,

My (14x106) 75
fx1 = = = 46.62N/mm2
J 22.525x106
Mx (14x106) 75
fy1 = = = 46.62N/mm2
J 22.525x106
➢ fromshear,
Px 0
fx2 = = = 0
A 2(10 150
Py 80x103
fy2 = = = 26.667N/mm2
A 2(10 150
EX.AbracketisweldedtoacolumnflangebyusingE70 150 100
electrodes. The fillet welds are laid out in two line each
80 kN d y
with 10-mm fillet weld size. It carries a load of 80 kN cg

150 mm
located at a distance of 100 mm from edge of flange. x
Checkadequacyofconnection.

fres = (fx)2+(fy)2 = (46.615+0)2+(46.615+26.667)2

= 86.85N/mm2
2 10 150 86.852
P = Afres = = 260.56kN
10000
2 10 150 0.30 485
Pcap = Aw(0.30Fu) = = 436.50 kN
1000
since, P < Pcap ,  connectionisadequate
EX. Determine the fillet weld size for the 300 mm 100 kN
bracket shown,usingE70electrodes. 2 d y
1 x

250 mm
12 mm plate

100 mm

assume, 1.0–mmthickweld,

A = 2(100)+250 = 450.0mm2
2 100 50
xҧ = = 22.22mm
450
3
(1)(250)3 100 1
Ix = +2 +(1)(100)(125)2 = 4.4x106 mm4
12 12
3
(250)(1)3 1 100
Iy = + (1)(250)(22.22)2 + 2 +(1)(100)(27.78)2
12 12
= 0.4x106 mm4

J = Ix + Iy = (4.43+0.44)(1 x106) = 4.9x106 mm4

EX. Determine the fillet weld size for the 300 mm 100 kN
bracket shown,usingE70electrodes. 2 d y
1 x

250 mm
12 mm plate

100 mm

➢ fromshear,
1
Px = (100) = 44.72kN
5
2
Py = (100) = 89.44kN
5
Pv (89.44x103)
fy1 = = = 198.76N/mm2
A 450
Ph (44.72x103)
fx1 = = = 99.38N/mm2
A 450
EX. Determine the fillet weld size for the 300 mm 100 kN
bracket shown,usingE70electrodes. 2 d y
1 x

250 mm
12 mm plate

100 mm

➢ fromtorsion,

T = Pe = 89.442(377.78)–44.721(125) = 28199.4 kN–m

Ty (28199.40x103) 125
fx2 = = = 723.51N/mm2
J 4.872x106
Tx (28199.40x103) 77.78
fy2 = = = 450.19/mm2
J 4.872x106
EX. Determine the fillet weld size for the 300 mm 100 kN
bracket shown,usingE70electrodes. 2 d y
1 x

250 mm
12 mm plate

100 mm

fres = (fx1+fx2)2+(fy1+fy2)2

= (99.38+723.51)2+(198.76+450.19)2 = 1047.30 N/mm2

Pcap = Aw (0.30Fu) = (1.0)(0.30)(485) = 145.50N/mm

fres 1047.30
treqd = = = 7.198mm
Pcap 145.50

 adapt, tweld = 7.50mm

EX.Specifytheweldsizeandtheangularsectionsupporting 50 mm
an eccentric load of 50 kN as shown. Use E70 electrodes
withSMAWprocessandA50steelforbasematerial. 50kN 20 mm

250 mm
y

200 mm

M = 50(0.05) = 2.50kN–m

Fb = 0.75Fy = 0.75(345) = 258.75MPa

6M 6 2.50x106
tf = = = 17.03mm
bFb 200 258.75

 adapt, tf > 17.03mm

EX.Specifytheweldsizeandtheangularsectionsupporting 50 mm
an eccentric load of 50 kN as shown. Use E70 electrodes
withSMAWprocessandA50steelforbasematerial. 50kN 20 mm

250 mm
y

200 mm

consider1.0–mm widthoffilletwelds,

At = 2(250+20)(1.0) = 540.0mm2
2 1 250 125 + 2 1 20 250.5
yҧ = = 134.30mm
540
3 3
1.0 250 20 1
Ix = (2) 12 +(1)(250)(9.30)2 +(2) 12 +(1)(20)(116.20)2

= 3187513mm4
EX.Specifytheweldsizeandtheangularsectionsupporting 50 mm
an eccentric load of 50 kN as shown. Use E70 electrodes
withSMAWprocessandA50steelforbasematerial. 50kN 20 mm

250 mm
y

200 mm

➢ frombending,

Mc 2.50x106 116.20
fx = = = 91.14N/mm2
I 3187512.593
➢ fromshear,

Pv 50x103
fy = A = 540 = 92.59N/mm2

fres = (fx)2+(fy)2 = (91.14)2+(92.59)2 = 129.92N/mm

Pcap = Aw (0.30Fu)
0.707 tw 540 0.30 485
129.92 = ; tw = 2.34mm
1000
THANK
YOU!