Nama: Putri Rizkika Ramadhanti

NIM: 201910801011
Reservoir Mapping
 Petroleum Reservoir Maps
To demonstrate reservoir properties on a plan view projection in order to achieve optimal
field development. The map will be used for well placement, reserve calculations, and
reservoir performance monitoring. Mapping is one part of reservoir characterization,
therefore the results are highly dependent on the expertise of a geologist in applying the
geological model.
 Well Placement

The image depicts well placement. It is obtained from drilling perpendicular to the flow
of the channel system and the direction of flow of each sand body is perpendicular to the
diagram

 Type of Maps

There are 3 types of map:

 Top/Surface Map, consisting of structure map, fault map, and unconformity map.
 Thickness Map, consisting of Isopachous map in the form of gross & net.
 Other & Combined Maps, consisting of isoporosity map, pressure map, productivity
map, net to gross sand map, isopermeability map, saturation map, shale map, etc.
  Mapping Conceptual Workflow

DATA PROCESSING PRODUCTS

Regional
1. Geologic Model
Geology
(facies, stratification,
Seismic continuity, trends,
Interpretation tectonic)
Well Logs , Zonation,
2. Geological Map
Integration,
Core & Cutting Analysis Well Test & Pressure (structure, isopach,
Correlation,
faults/barrier,
Analysis &
unconformity)
Define Values
3. Reservoir Map (net
Fluid Analysis
pay, porosity,
Production Data permeability, pressure,
and productivity)

 Basic Knowledge For Reservoir Correlation & Mapping

There are several basic knowledge required to perform reservoir correlation and
mapping:
1. Log analysis (electrofacies, reservoir parameters, stratigraphy, structure, etc.)
2. Seismic interpretation (structure, reservoir continuity, hydrocarbon indications)
3. Sedimentary facies, depositional environments & sequence stratigraphy
4. Model of basins & reservoirs, and also regional geology of the mapped field (trends of
sedimentation & major tectonic and its ramifications)
5. Basic reservoir engineering (pressure regime, models, fluid properties, and production
performance)
6. Basic coordinate systems/geometry & stereometry (base map, well trajectory, lease
boundary, etc.)

 Basic Curve Shape of SP & GR

The following image shows the curve shape of Spontaneous Potential and Gamma Ray for
determining sedimentary environment phases.
  Genetic Sand Unit

 Dip Meter
The function of dip meter includes:
1. Determining structural dip and faults
2. Interpreting facies, sand types, and trends
3. Identifying faults
4. Identifying sedimentary structures

The following are the patterns of dip patterns along with their geological associations
This image is called as “red pattern”

While this image is called as “blue pattern”

The image can be used to determine the direction of stress and help explain log
responses. There is a drilling-induced fracture observed in the northwest and southwest
of the borehole and is parallel to the maximum in the surface direction.
 Seismic for Reservoir Geology
The things that need to be understood for reservoir geology are:
1) Reservoir facies mapping (reservoir distribution: lithology, isopach etc)
2) Reservoir properties mapping (porosity)
3) Locating/define fluid contacts
4) Monitoring fluid fronts (4D)
5) Structure&stratigraphic interpretations
There are 5 seismic methods, those are 2D seismic, 3D seismic, VSP, well to well
seismic, and time- lapse seismic monitoring.
 FLOW UNIT

The mappable portion of the total reservoir where geological and petrophysical properties that
affect fluid flow are consistent and predictably, different from other volumes of the reservoir
rock properties. A specific reservoir volume may consist of one or more lithologies and any
non-reservoir rock type. Zonation can be determined from wireline logs. Geological and
petrophysical data are used to determine the flow unit.
In seismic interpretation, the seismic lines of the prospect are flattened on the M3 horizon,
which is approximately a horizontal or nearly horizontal deposition surface. The protruding
reef face is formed by the initial accumulation of smaller sized deposits that merge to form a
large carbonate platform. Eventually, the relative sea level rises, submerging the
accumulation

 FLUID CONTACTS
i. Fluid contacts are determined based on the following:

ii. Production testing (the most reliable method)

iii. Logs (electrical logs combined with FDC and CNL)
iv. Pressure survey (pressure gradient from RFT)

v. Seismic (hydrocarbon indications)

 CORRELATION

Reservoir correlation is a part of the reservoir pre-mapping process to locate and trace the
lateral distribution, continuity, geometry of the reservoir, and its flow units. Correlation
must be based on all available data as well as sedimentological and stratigraphic models.
Some things to consider during the pre-correlation work are
 1. Wireline logs will be the basic data and will be calibrated and integrated with
the results of other data analysis, such as core analysis.
2. Vertical well data analysis should be conducted earlier to establish facies,
sequence, and sedimentary environment.
3. Lithology and flow unit zoning as well as marker identification should be
included in the scope of geology.
4. Determine the top and bottom of the zone, zone thickness, etc.

Some tips to consider when doing correlation are:

i. Stratigraphic Cross Section is the best demonstration for correlation results.

ii. The section should show lateral and vertical reservoir facies changes, marker continuity,
missing and repetition sections, completion and production testing nodes.
iii. Good markers can be organic shale, coal/lignite, limestone beds, glauconite, siderite,
etc., which have good continuity and are consistent with geological events such as
maximum flooding, emergence, etc.
iv. Start the correlation with the entire log section of each well, make zoning based on
electrofacies, then determine all markers and zones of interest. Then make detailed
correlation of the objective reservoir.
v. For reservoir connectivity indications, also use fluid contents and contacts, pressure
data, and production performance data.
vi. Prepare a good database for geological data, such as reservoir top and bottom depths,
net-to-gross thickness, fault depth, etc.

 MAPPING
Some tips that need to be considered for reservoir mapping are:

1. Prepare a good base map based on well coordinates and seismic shot points.
2. Plot the data accurately and start contouring from the higher positions for the
structure and refer to the seismic map.

3. Stop the structure contouring when it meets with a fault plane. Consider fault throws
and missing/repetition sections for contouring the next block.
4. For the isopach map, start by building a facies map and then followed by isopach
contouring.

5. Understand the principles of contouring, such as no contour lines should cross each
other.
6. Fault analysis can be based on log analysis, well test data, pressure build-up
analysis, interference tests, production data, radioactive tracer, core and rock
cutting, and correlation and stratigraphic analysis.