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Lecture Slide Tunnel - 2

This document discusses water conveyance tunnels. It classifies tunnels based on their function and flow characteristics. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of tunnels, factors to consider in tunnel alignment and sizing, hydraulic design considerations, tunnel construction methods, rock support, and lining options. The key points are that tunnels provide an efficient water conveyance route but with higher initial costs than other options. Proper sizing, alignment, construction method, support and lining choice are important to optimize costs and performance over the lifetime of the tunnel system.

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Anish Pokharel
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
319 views33 pages

Lecture Slide Tunnel - 2

This document discusses water conveyance tunnels. It classifies tunnels based on their function and flow characteristics. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of tunnels, factors to consider in tunnel alignment and sizing, hydraulic design considerations, tunnel construction methods, rock support, and lining options. The key points are that tunnels provide an efficient water conveyance route but with higher initial costs than other options. Proper sizing, alignment, construction method, support and lining choice are important to optimize costs and performance over the lifetime of the tunnel system.

Uploaded by

Anish Pokharel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Water Conveyance system

Tunnel
Introduction
• Structures constructed for the conveyance of
flow or for the transportation or to store food
or radioactive
Classification of tunnel
• Based on function of tunnel, it can be
classified under two types
i. Service tunnel- Dry tunnel for accessibility to
powerhouse or other tunnels(access tunnel)
ii. Water carrying tunnels- headrace tunnel,
tailrace tunnel or diversion tunnel
• Hydro-technical tunnel classified into 2 types

• Pressurized flow
Pressure • Used in Headrace tunnel

tunnel

Non- • Open channel flow


• Used in spillway tunnel,
Pressure diversion tunnel, tailrace
tunnel, etc
tunnel
Advantages of tunnel

• Shortest route and


optimum space
utilization
• Less environmental
effect
• Low maintenance cost
• Advantage to get more
head
• Less seismic effect
Disadvantages of tunnel

• Normally high initial cost


• Construction duration is more
• High cost for investigations
• High construction risk
• Chance of large variation cost. For e.g. At
Chameliya Hydro Electric Project ( variation
cost is around NRs. 1.43 Billion)
Tunnel alignment
• Position of inlet, outlet, surge chamber usually
determines the tunnel alignment
• Tunnel alignment should be shortest,
economical and structurally stable.
• Tunnel alignment should be more or less
perpendicular to the direction of strike of
rock( bedding plane)
Points to be considered during tunnel
alignment
• Should be shortest as far as possible- ensure
minimum loss and economically cheapest
• Should be straight as bends increase losses
• Should be easily accessible

However it is not always possible to follow a straight


alignment because of following parameters
• Topography
• Geological section
• Ground or rock water load
• Rock mechanics properties
• Creep or tectonic movement along the tunnel
Tunnel alignment
Size of tunnel
• Minimum diameter of the tunnel is fixed with
consideration of the transportation, excavation
and hauling during tunneling
• should be greater than 2 m in circular section
• For other shapes should be greater than 1.9 m
in width and 2.1 m in height
• Other sizes are fixed based on the functional
requirements.
Shape of tunnel

• The shape of
tunnel are
determined
Circular section Horse-shoe section according the
geological
condition
present and
judgment of the
designer
D-shaped section Elliptical section
Types of Bracings
Loads and stress in tunnel
• Following are the loads acting in tunnels
1. Lateral active earth pressure
2. Reaction pressure due to elastic deformation
of the beneath medium
3. Over burden pressure
4. Hydrostatic pressure
5. Earthquake pressure
Hydraulic design of the tunnel
1. Free flow tunnel- hydraulic design is executed as
the hydraulic design of canal and Manning’s
friction factors are used to calculate head loss in
length
2. Pressure flow tunnel- computed as the pipe flow
and the head loss is computed using Darcy
Weisbach formula
Q= V x A, where Q is discharge (m3/s)
V is velocity (m/s)
A is area (m2)
Limiting velocities in the tunnel

Very rough rock surface 1 - 2 m/s

Trimmed rock surface 1.5 - 3 m/s

Concrete surface 2 - 4 m/s

Steel lining 2.5 – 7 m/s


Head loss in tunnel

Major • Friction loss in length

head loss
• Local and transition losses
Minor • Include trash-rack loss, entrance
loss, transition loss, bend loss,
head loss gate loss and exit loss
Major head loss
• Using Manning’s Formula
𝑉 2 𝑛2 𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 4
𝑅3
where, ℎ𝑓 = friction loss
V = velocity of water in the tunnel in m/s
L =length of the tunnel in m
R= hydraulic radius
n= Rougosity coefficient
Major head loss
• Using Darcy Weisbach formula
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝐷
Where, ℎ𝑓 = friction loss
f= friction coefficient
L= length of the tunnel in m
D= diameter of tunnel in m
V= velocity of water in the tunnel in m/s
Minor head loss
1. Trash-rack loss
𝑉2
ht= Kt
2𝑔
Where, ht= trash rack loss
V= velocity of flow (m/s)
Kt= loss coefficient for trash-rack given by
𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛 2
=1.45-0.45 −
𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡

where , an= net area through the trash rack bars


at= gross area of the opening
2. Entrance loss
𝑉2
he= Ke
2𝑔
where, ke= loss coefficient for entrance
V= velocity of flow (m/s)

3. Transition loss

i. For expanding transition


𝑉12 𝑉22
ht= Ke −
2𝑔 2𝑔
Where, ht= head loss in expanding transition in m
V1=average velocity at the beginning of transition
V2=average velocity at the end of transition
Ke=loss coefficient for expansion given by
α 1.22
= 3.50 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
Where, α = angle of the tunnel wall surface with respect to its center
line
ii. For contractions
𝑉22 𝑉12
hc= Kc −
2𝑔 2𝑔
Where, hc=head loss in contracting transition in m
V1= velocity in the normal section (m/s)
V2= velocity in the contracted section (m/s)
Kc= loss coefficient for contraction
Note: value of Kc varies from 0.1 to 0.5 for gradual
contraction
4. Bend loss
𝑉2
hb= Kb
2𝑔
where, Kb= loss coefficient for bending
5. Gate loss
𝑉2
hg= Kg
2𝑔
where, Kg= loss coefficient for gate
6. Exit loss
𝑉2
hex= Kex
2𝑔
Where, Kex= loss coefficient for exit
Tunnel optimization
• The factors considered for tunnel optimization
are
-velocity requirement,
-head loss in tunnel,
-interest of capital cost of tunnel,
- annual operation and maintenance charge,
- whether lined or unlined,
- cost of gates and their hoisting equipment
90.00

• Tunnel cost is directly Total Annual cost

proportional to the size of 80.00 Energy Lost Cost

tunnel 70.00
Total Cost

• Larger the tunnel 60.00

Cost in million(NRs)
diameter, lesser will be 50.00
head loss and higher
power and energy 40.00
production
30.00

• Therefore, a size that will 20.00


give the least capital cost
over the lifetime of the 10.00

plant is considered to be
the optimum diameter/ 0.00
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
sectional area. Diameter(m)
Rock support design
• Designed mainly based on the Norwegian
Method of Tunneling and experience shared
from different tunnels of Nepal
• The rock support shall be divided into
different classes according to the rock mass
properties and size of a tunnel to suit local
ground condition
Geotechnical investigation of tunnel
• It involves
-Regional geological study
-Surface geological exploration survey and
mapping
-Electric Resistivity Test (ERT)
- Ground Pentrating Radar (GPR)
-Pit sample, core drilling
-Pilot tunneling
• Detail study during feasibility stage can save time
and cost of the project
Methods of tunnel construction
• Mechanical drilling/cutting

Photo: Roadheader
• Cut-and-cover
• Drill and blast ( mostly used method in
Nepal)
• Shields and tunnel boring machines (TBMs)
( Planned to use TBM in tunneling of Bheri
Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project)

Photo: TBM
• New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM)
• Immersed tunnels
Tunnel support
• Need for tunnel support depends upon the
stand-up time of rock.
• If stand-up time is more , support is not
required
• Immediately after excavation, tunnel support
is done either scaling the excavated area or by
rock bolting
Tunnel lining
• Tunnel lining is done to increase hydraulic
capacity of tunnel, to reduce resistance, to
increase strength and to reduce the losses from
tunnel
• Types of tunnel lining
1. Shotcrete lining
2. Plain concrete lining
3. Reinforced concrete lining
4. Steel lining

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