Lecture Slide Tunnel - 2
Lecture Slide Tunnel - 2
Tunnel
Introduction
• Structures constructed for the conveyance of
flow or for the transportation or to store food
or radioactive
Classification of tunnel
• Based on function of tunnel, it can be
classified under two types
i. Service tunnel- Dry tunnel for accessibility to
powerhouse or other tunnels(access tunnel)
ii. Water carrying tunnels- headrace tunnel,
tailrace tunnel or diversion tunnel
• Hydro-technical tunnel classified into 2 types
• Pressurized flow
Pressure • Used in Headrace tunnel
tunnel
• The shape of
tunnel are
determined
Circular section Horse-shoe section according the
geological
condition
present and
judgment of the
designer
D-shaped section Elliptical section
Types of Bracings
Loads and stress in tunnel
• Following are the loads acting in tunnels
1. Lateral active earth pressure
2. Reaction pressure due to elastic deformation
of the beneath medium
3. Over burden pressure
4. Hydrostatic pressure
5. Earthquake pressure
Hydraulic design of the tunnel
1. Free flow tunnel- hydraulic design is executed as
the hydraulic design of canal and Manning’s
friction factors are used to calculate head loss in
length
2. Pressure flow tunnel- computed as the pipe flow
and the head loss is computed using Darcy
Weisbach formula
Q= V x A, where Q is discharge (m3/s)
V is velocity (m/s)
A is area (m2)
Limiting velocities in the tunnel
head loss
• Local and transition losses
Minor • Include trash-rack loss, entrance
loss, transition loss, bend loss,
head loss gate loss and exit loss
Major head loss
• Using Manning’s Formula
𝑉 2 𝑛2 𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 4
𝑅3
where, ℎ𝑓 = friction loss
V = velocity of water in the tunnel in m/s
L =length of the tunnel in m
R= hydraulic radius
n= Rougosity coefficient
Major head loss
• Using Darcy Weisbach formula
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝐷
Where, ℎ𝑓 = friction loss
f= friction coefficient
L= length of the tunnel in m
D= diameter of tunnel in m
V= velocity of water in the tunnel in m/s
Minor head loss
1. Trash-rack loss
𝑉2
ht= Kt
2𝑔
Where, ht= trash rack loss
V= velocity of flow (m/s)
Kt= loss coefficient for trash-rack given by
𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛 2
=1.45-0.45 −
𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡
3. Transition loss
tunnel 70.00
Total Cost
Cost in million(NRs)
diameter, lesser will be 50.00
head loss and higher
power and energy 40.00
production
30.00
plant is considered to be
the optimum diameter/ 0.00
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
sectional area. Diameter(m)
Rock support design
• Designed mainly based on the Norwegian
Method of Tunneling and experience shared
from different tunnels of Nepal
• The rock support shall be divided into
different classes according to the rock mass
properties and size of a tunnel to suit local
ground condition
Geotechnical investigation of tunnel
• It involves
-Regional geological study
-Surface geological exploration survey and
mapping
-Electric Resistivity Test (ERT)
- Ground Pentrating Radar (GPR)
-Pit sample, core drilling
-Pilot tunneling
• Detail study during feasibility stage can save time
and cost of the project
Methods of tunnel construction
• Mechanical drilling/cutting
Photo: Roadheader
• Cut-and-cover
• Drill and blast ( mostly used method in
Nepal)
• Shields and tunnel boring machines (TBMs)
( Planned to use TBM in tunneling of Bheri
Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project)
Photo: TBM
• New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM)
• Immersed tunnels
Tunnel support
• Need for tunnel support depends upon the
stand-up time of rock.
• If stand-up time is more , support is not
required
• Immediately after excavation, tunnel support
is done either scaling the excavated area or by
rock bolting
Tunnel lining
• Tunnel lining is done to increase hydraulic
capacity of tunnel, to reduce resistance, to
increase strength and to reduce the losses from
tunnel
• Types of tunnel lining
1. Shotcrete lining
2. Plain concrete lining
3. Reinforced concrete lining
4. Steel lining