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Q Value PDF

1) The document discusses nuclear reactions and structure, including radioactive decay processes and dating techniques. 2) It provides examples of nuclear reactions such as bombarding beryllium with alpha particles to produce neutrons, and bombarding deuterium with deuterons. 3) Questions are provided about calculating kinetic energies, mass values, decay rates, and other quantitative nuclear properties.

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karim adel
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87 views

Q Value PDF

1) The document discusses nuclear reactions and structure, including radioactive decay processes and dating techniques. 2) It provides examples of nuclear reactions such as bombarding beryllium with alpha particles to produce neutrons, and bombarding deuterium with deuterons. 3) Questions are provided about calculating kinetic energies, mass values, decay rates, and other quantitative nuclear properties.

Uploaded by

karim adel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1414

Chapter 44  Nuclear Structure

activities in enclosed spaces, sometimes reaching


Ignoring any recoil of the product nucleus, determine
4.00 pCi/L. If the radon radioactivity exceeds the kinetic energy of the emerging neutrons.
4.00 pCi/L, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
suggests taking action to reduce it such as by reducing 48. (a) One method of producing neutrons for experimen-
infiltration of air from the ground. (a) Convert the tal use is bombardment of light nuclei with alpha par-
activity 4.00 pCi/L to units of becquerels per cubic ticles. In the method used by James Chadwick in 1932,
meter. (b) How many 222Rn atoms are in 1 m3 of air alpha particles emitted by polonium are incident on
displaying this activity? (c) What fraction of the mass beryllium nuclei:
of the air does the radon constitute? 4 He
2 1 94Be S 12 C
6 1 10n
44. The most common isotope of radon is 222Rn, which has
What is the Q value of this reaction? (b) Neutrons are
Q/C half-life 3.82 days. (a) What fraction of the nuclei that
also often produced by small-particle accelerators. In
were on the Earth one week ago are now undecayed? one design, deuterons accelerated in a Van de Graaff
(b)  Of those that existed one year ago? (c) In view of generator bombard other deuterium nuclei and cause
these results, explain why radon remains a problem, the reaction
contributing significantly to our background radiation
2H 1 21H S 3 He 1 10n
exposure. 1 2

45. Enter the correct nuclide symbol in each open tan


Calculate the Q value of the reaction. (c) Is the reac-
rectangle in Figure P44.45, which shows the sequences tion in part (b) exothermic or endothermic?
of decays in the natural radioactive series starting with
49. Identify the unknown nuclides and particles X and
the long-lived isotope uranium-235 and ending with
X9 in the nuclear reactions (a) X 1 42He S 24 1
12Mg 1 0n,
the stable nucleus lead-207.
(b) 235
92 U 1 1 n S 90 Sr 1 X 1 2(1 n), and (c) 2(1H) S
0 38 0 1
2H 1 X 1 X9.
N 1

145 50. Natural gold has only one isotope, 197 79 Au. If natural
235 U
92
gold is irradiated by a flux of slow neutrons, electrons
are emitted. (a) Write the reaction equation. (b) Cal-
culate the maximum energy of the emitted electrons.
140
51. The following reactions are observed:
9 Be 1n S 10 Be 1 g Q 5 6.812 MeV
4 4

135 9 Be 1g S 8 Be 1 n Q 5 21.665 MeV


4 4


Calculate the masses of 8Be
and 10Be in unified mass
units to four decimal places from these data.
130
Alpha decay Section 44.8 ​Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Beta () decay and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
125 52. Construct a diagram like that of Figure 44.19 for the
207 Pb
82
Z
cases when I equals (a) 52 and (b) 4.
80 85 90 95
53. The radio frequency at which a nucleus having a mag-
Figure P44.45 netic moment of magnitude m displays resonance
absorption between spin states is called the Larmor
46. A rock sample contains traces of 238U, 235U, 232Th, 208Pb, frequency and is given by
207 Pb, and 206Pb. Analysis shows that the ratio of the
W
amount of 238U to 206Pb is 1.164. (a) Assuming the rock DE 2mB
originally contained no lead, determine the age of the f5 5
h h
rock. (b) What should be the ratios of 235U to 207Pb and
of 232Th to 208Pb so that they would yield the same age
Calculate the Larmor frequency for (a) free neutrons
for the rock? Ignore the minute amounts of the inter- in a magnetic field of 1.00 T, (b) free protons in a mag-
mediate decay products in the decay chains. Note: This netic field of 1.00 T, and (c) free protons in the Earth’s
form of multiple dating gives reliable geological dates. magnetic field at a location where the magnitude of
the field is 50.0 mT.

Section 44.7 ​Nuclear Reactions


Additional Problems
47. A beam of 6.61-MeV protons is incident on a target of
27 5 4. A wooden artifact is found in an ancient tomb. Its
W 13 Al. Those that collide produce the reaction M carbon-14 (14 C) activity is measured to be 60.0% of
6
p 1 27
13 Al S
27 Si
14 1n that in a fresh sample of wood from the same region.

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