Map India 2004 Proceedings

New approaches in GPS based location systems

Map India 2004

Anand Ramamoorthy
Senior Manager, Car Infotainment and Telematics Group
Renesas Technology America (formerly Hitachi Semiconductor)
450 Holger way, San Jose, CA 95134, USA

E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 1-408-382-7624/1-408-930-6717
Fax: 1-408-382-7600

Introduction

Since the completion of the global positioning systems (GPS) satellite network in the
early 1990’s, there has been a proliferation of applications developed utilizing this
technology. While military and defense related applications ruled the roost in the heydays
of GPS technology, the last few years have seen most of the applications in the consumer
and commercial space. The introduction of products with high volume potential such as
cell phone (referred to as ‘handset’ in the rest of this paper) have given GPS technology a
definite niche in terms of market economics. The E-911 mandate stipulated by FCC
(Federal Communications Commission, United States) requires every cellular phone to
be able to provide their location to assist in dispatching emergency help. This initiative
has fuelled the emergence of creative technologies that combine the use of GPS as well

Map India Conference 2004

© GISdevelopment.net, All rights reserved.
Map India 2004 Proceedings

as wireless carrier networks to provide high accuracy and reliable position information.
This technology is also referred to as A-GPS (Assisted GPS). This paper takes a close
look at some of these approaches from a technical standpoint and discusses their merits
and weaknesses.

Satellite-based conventional GPS receiver architecture

A GPS user positioning system can be broken into four primary functions:
(a) determining the code phases (pseudoranges) to the various GPS satellites,
(b) determining the time-of-applicability for the pseudoranges,
(c) demodulating the satellite navigation message, and
(d) computing the position of the receiving antenna using these pseudoranges, timing
and navigation message data.
Most conventional GPS receivers based on the above principles are often referred to as
“satellite-only” receivers. They do all these operations without any external assistance.
This approach faces many challenges including (a) low Time-To-First-Fix, (b) low
sensitivity, and (c) higher power dissipation. Traditional GPS receivers require from 30
seconds to several minutes to acquire and track satellites, depending upon how much
information they have previously gathered. In the case of a cold start, it could take the
receiver upto 10 minutes to acquire the first fix. The traditional GPS technology can also
have difficulty acquiring signals when the attenuation exceeds 5-10 dB. This makes GPS
unusable and unreliable in urban canyons and other areas involving physical obstructions.
Moreover, conventional GPS receivers tend to continuously process position data (even
when it is not required), thereby consuming more power. These challenges have forced
GPS researchers to look at network based solutions that rely on the signal transmitted
from the handset and received at multiple fixed base stations, using Angle of Arrival
(AOA) and Time of Arrival (TOA) to determine position. Having said that, network-
based solutions also face a number of difficulties, including multipath propagation,
diffraction, weak signal conditions, base station availability and expensive upgrades. A
combination of these two technologies, referred to as Assisted GPS, provides for
optimum performance.

Map India Conference

2 2004
© GISdevelopment.net, All rights reserved.
Map India 2004 Proceedings

Assisted GPS

Although individually inadequate in providing a real-world commercial location solution,

network and GPS solutions actually complement one another rather than competing
against each other. For example, in rural and suburban areas, not many base stations can
locate the handset, but a GPS receiver can often see four or more satellites. Conversely,
in dense areas and inside buildings, GPS receivers do not detect enough satellites, but the
wireless handset can detect two or more base stations.

A-GPS provides a user with the ability to obtain a location in places where standalone
GPS may not work. In these circumstances, the user’s position is calculated using
information provided by the network. The information can be in the form of time aiding
(to narrow the search range of GPS signals), approximate location information or GPS
ephemeris data. In most A-GPS systems, signals are collected at the receiver and sent to
the network server where a location is calculated using network provided aiding
information. The aiding information from the network augments the ambient GPS
signals, resulting in better location fixes in environments such as urban canyons and
inside buildings. While this technique provides the superior coverage needed for
applications such as E-911, it has two disadvantages. First, network assistance is required
to calculate a position, making it useless in areas where no aiding information is
available. This might include areas with no cellular coverage or even areas without
compatible aiding servers in roaming environments. Second, the user’s location is
calculated on the network, not at the receiver, creating potential privacy issues for
consumers. In addition, doing position calculations in network servers makes A-GPS
impractical for applications like continuous navigation, which requires position updates
once per second since data traffic would be excessive and loss of network connectivity
will cause consumer frustration.

One possible approach proposed by GPS researchers is to have a multimode location

technology which would allow a GPS receiver to intelligently switch between different
modes, ranging from a standalone mode through various aided modes to determine a

Map India Conference

3 2004
© GISdevelopment.net, All rights reserved.
Map India 2004 Proceedings

position based on the application and signal strength environment. This approach would
optimize the use of airtime and flexibility depending on the situation. A typical
multimodal platform is designed to work with any underlying network protocols,
including those where precise time is not available in the network. A multimodal location
technology typically offers the following:

(a) Enhanced sensitivity, standalone positioning mode, in which location is computed

and displayed locally on the handset. This method utilizes no assistance
information from a server or a network and no wireless network connectivity is
required. As a result, it is ideal for applications that require continuous or frequent
position data in the handset where wireless network connectivity is not available
or needed by the user (e.g. to protect the privacy).
(b) Network connected, high sensitivity autonomous positioning mode, whereby
location is computed on the handset and sent to a sever, which can provide
location sensitive content and services such as mapping information or location of
closest gas station. This is a flexible solution for many types of handheld devices
where no aiding server is available.
(c) Mobile centric, network-aided positioning mode, in which location is computed at
the handset utilizing aiding information from the wireless network or other
sources. This mode improves time to first fix and receiver sensitivity and is a
reliable solution for high-priority location assistance applications.
(d) Network-centric, aided positioning mode, in which location computation is
calculated completely by the server, based on information collected at the handset
and the aiding information received from the wireless network or other sources.
This mode extends GPS availability and is used in some E-911 implementations.

As carriers implement a range of location based services, location technology must move
beyond network resource-intensive applications such as A-GPS. The multimode location
technology which has been pioneered by SiRF (GPS chipset company based out of San
Jose, N.America) offers carriers the flexibility and scalability they need to offer a wide
range of LBS with minimal network impact.

Map India Conference

4 2004
© GISdevelopment.net, All rights reserved.
Map India 2004 Proceedings

Handset Architecture

Figure 1 (next page) is a typical “handset view” of a network assisted GPS system. The
conventional tracking loops are replaced by snapshot memory and fast convolution
processing.

At the request of either an external application, or the handset user, the server sends
information on satellites in view at the handset’s approximate location, including Doppler
predictions. After a snapshot of GPS satellite RF data has been stored in the handset
memory, the DSP processes the data and returns the pseudorange measurements to the
server, along with other statistical information. This snapshot approach allows the
handset to gather GPS data when it is not transmitting, thus eliminating potential self-
interference. Each of the messages between the handset and the location server is small
(50-100 bytes). This represents a significant reduction in required communications
bandwidth when compared to delivering differential corrections, almanac, ephemeris
and/or satellite trajectory data to the handset.

Map India Conference

5 2004
© GISdevelopment.net, All rights reserved.
Map India 2004 Proceedings

Figure 1 Block Diagram of a typical DSP based GPS processing system

In the system described in Figure 1, received data is down-converted to a suitably low (~

2MHz) intermediate frequency, digitized and stored in a buffer memory. This data is then
operated upon using a programmable DSP IC. Unlike continuously tracking hardware
correlator-based receivers, this snapshot processing technique is not subject to the
fluctuating levels and changing nature of the signal environment.

This server-aided GPS approach has been pioneered by Snaptrack (The company is now
a part of Qualcomm) and improved upon conventional GPS performance by sharing
processing and database functions between the mobile GPS receiver/processor (client)
and a remote infrastructure (the server and reference network). The result is a highly
sensitive, cost-effective, low-power, GPS receiving system that provides first fixes in a
few seconds from a cold start, even when conventional GPS is unworkable or unreliable.

Map India Conference

6 2004
© GISdevelopment.net, All rights reserved.
Map India 2004 Proceedings

Summary

Both network and standalone GPS location technologies have inherent weaknesses,
resulting in reduced accuracy, decreased availability and higher implementation costs.
Assisted GPS utilizes the complimentary nature of both approaches to overcome
situational weaknesses experienced by either network or GPS approaches working alone.
The benefits of Assisted GPS approach include maximum availability, increased
sensitivity, higher accuracy, lower complexity and a rapid time-to-first-fix. Apart from
United States, large-scale adoption of this approach is beginning to happen in Japan
where conventional GPS fails to perform in urban canyons like Tokyo. Attempts are
being made to ensure that this technology is supported on a multitude of wireless
networks deployed worldwide such as GSM, CDMA, TDMA, 3G etc. Successful
compliance of the E-911 mandate by the end of 2004 will give more tooth to these
advancements especially in United States. User experience and economics of
incorporating this approach in a client/server environment will eventually drive this
technology.

Mailing Address
Anand Ramamoorthy
34926 Sea Cliff Terrace
Fremont, CA 94555, USA

Phone: 1-510-791-2681 (Home)

1-408-382-7624 (Work)
1-408-930-6717 (Cell)
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]

Map India Conference

7 2004
© GISdevelopment.net, All rights reserved.