GEOLOGIC

HAZARDS
MODULE 7
 LET’S LEARN
a. identify the different geological hazards associated with
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides;

b. classify the geologic hazards associated with earthquakes,

volcanic eruptions and landslides;

c. use hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought

about by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides;
and

d. identify human activities that speed up or trigger

landslides.
 LET’S RECALL

Direction. Recall the concepts you have learned

in module 6.

Wikimedia Commons
Wikimedia Commons Free SGV

NCIPLEFOPRI G I C G O L O E
O F S I N DS I L SEX
TISIONPERPOSU S C M E E T I A L
 LET’S EXPLORE

HAZARD
OR
DISASTER?
 LET’S EXPLORE
(PERFORMANCE TASK NO.6)
QuickLab: “HOUSE-zard Mapping”
Materials: pen, notebook
Procedure:
1. Look around inside and outside your house.
2. Identify any hazard(s).
2. Take pictures of these hazards and describe them thru
captions.
LET’S EXPLORE (EXAMPLES)
Performance Task No.6
 LET’S EXPLORE
Performance Task No.6

• Why did you consider

them as hazards?
• How can you avoid
them from happening?
 LET’S ELABORATE

Geological hazards include internal Earth

processes such as:
•earthquakes
•volcanic activity and emissions and;
•related geophysical processes such as
mass movements, rockslides, landslides,
surface collapses and debris or mudflows.
 LET’S ELABORATE

Geological processes may cause the

following disasters:
•loss of life, injury or other health impacts
•property damage
•loss of livelihood and services
•social and economic disruption
•environmental damage
 LET’S ELABORATE

Geological hazards
are natural hazards,
they cannot be
avoided. However,
their impacts can be
mitigated.
 LET’S ELABORATE
Earthquake (Fault- Mass Volcanic Eruption

related/ Seismic) Movements • lava/debris/ pyroclastic

flow
• tsunami • subsidence • ash fall

• liquefaction • creep • lahar

• mudflow
• ground rupture • landslides
• tsunami
• ground shaking • volcanic gases
• landslides • volcanic earthquakes
 LET’S ELABORATE

EARTHQUAKES
 LET’S ELABORATE

A. ground rupture is a B. ground shaking is

displacement on the ground disruptive up-down and
sideways movement
due to movement of fault
 LET’S ELABORATE
C. liquefaction - transforms the D. landslides are failures in
behavior of a body of sediments steep or hilly slopes
from that of a solid to that of a
triggered by earthquakes
liquid
 LET’S ELABORATE

E. tsunami – a series of
giant sea waves
commonly generated by
under-the-sea
earthquakes and whose
heights can be greater
than 5 meters
LET’S ELABORATE

MASS
MOVEMENT
 LET’S ELABORATE

A. landslides
•fall
•topple
•slump
•slide
•spread
 LET’S ELABORATE
B. creep – slow, downward C. subsidence – sinking of the
progression of rock and soil ground because of
underground material
down a slope movement
LET’S ELABORATE

VOLCANIC
PROCESSES
 LET’S ELABORATE
A. lava / debris / pyroclastic B. lahar- rapidly flowing thick
flow mixture of volcanic sediments
 LET’S ELABORATE

C. ash fall- or tephra fall

are showers of airborne
volcanic particles
D. tsunami
E. mudflow
 LET’S ELABORATE

F. volcanic
gases
G. volcanic
earthquakes
 LET’S ELABORATE
• The Philippines is part of the circum-Pacific seismic belt, more
popularly known as Pacific Ring of fire
• The Pacific Ring of Fire has different subduction zones.
• The Philippines is a large archipelago consisting of more than
7,100 islands.
• It is located along the Western Pacific Basin.
• It lies between two tectonic plates whose interactions give rise to
geologic processes like tectonic earthquakes, volcanism, and mass
movement.
 LET’S ELABORATE
• A hazard map highlights areas that are prone to hazards
• This type of map is typically created for natural hazards such as
volcanoes, landslides, flooding, and tsunamis.
• Hazard maps provide important information to help people
understand the risks of natural hazards and to help them
mitigate disasters.
• They indicate the extent of expected risk areas, and can be
combined with disaster management information such as
evacuation sites and routes. They help prevent serious damage
LET’S ELABORATE

MISCONCEPTION ALERT!
The term Pacific Ring of Fire
is used in relation to
volcanoes because the
molten rocks that are being
ejected from them resemble
fire. The term is not in any
way related to earthquakes.
Since 1968, PHIVOLCS has recorded
12 destructive earthquakes in the
Philippines. This record includes the
infamous July 16, 1990 Luzon
earthquake which caused
innumerable injuries and at least
1,100 deaths. Seismicity is all over
the country except Palawan region.
La Union and Pangasinan are prone
to earthquakes due to the Manila
Trench while Surigao del Sur and
Davao Oriental have earthquake
hazards due to Philippine Trench and
nearby active faults. Frequency of
shallow and left-lateral strike-slip
earthquakes in Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva
Ecija,
The Philippines lies within the “ring of fire”, a
region of subduction zone volcanism
surrounding the Pacific Ocean. This explains
the distribution of most volcanoes in the
Philippines.

In 1991, Mount Pinatubo eruption was well

known to be the most violent eruption in the
20th century. Philippine volcanoes are
classified as active, inactive, and potentially
active. Twenty-two (22) historically active
volcanoes are distributed all over the
archipelago.

Camiguin has the highest risk because the

land area is so small such that a volcanic
eruption can affect the whole province.
Most of the provinces, except
Palawan, are susceptible to
landslide hazards. The top 5
provinces that are at risk to
earthquake – induced shallow
landslides are Ifugao, Lanao Del
Sur, Sarangani, Benguet and
Mountain Province. Ifugao, Lanao
del Sur and Sarangani ranked high
because of their high vulnerability
to disasters while Rizal ranked the
lowest. Benguet, despite its low
vulnerability, ranked four because
of its high exposure factor or
population density.
 LET’S ELABORATE

Human activities may worsen,

instead of mitigate impacts of
geological hazards. Can you
identify some of them?
 MINING QUARRYING
The use of explosives generates mini Excavation or pits where rocks are
earthquakes and landslide at obtained by cutting or blasting
Pantukan Mining site, Mindanao caused landslide in La Libertad,
Negros Oriental
 LAND POLLUTION MISUSE OF LAND
Haphazard disposal of urban Excessive use of land in
and industrial wastes causes Baguio City
landslides
 LET’S DIG IN (ASSIGNMENT NO.7)

A B Activity 1: “HAZARD-links”
C 1. tephra ____A. creep Directions. Column A provides
____2. fall, slump, flow ____B. lahar description for various
c C. ashfall geological hazards listed in
____3. seismic-free region in our country
column B. Column C presents
____4. rapidly flowing mixture of volcanic ____D. tsunami
the 3 types of geological events
sediments ____E. Palawan discussed in this module. Link
____5. failures in steep or hilly slopes ____F. landslides or match column A to B and
____6. displacement on the ground due to ____G. liquefaction column B to C. You can choose
fault movement
____H. ground
options from box C more than
____7. generated by earthquakes due to once. The first one is done for
rupture
movement of fault under the sea you.
____I. ground shaking
____8. transforms sediments from solid to C
liquid ____J. earthquake -
induced
a. MASS MOVEMENT
____9. up-down and side to side movements
landslide b. EARTHQUAKE
___10. slow, downward progression of rock
and soil c. VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
 LET’S DIG IN (ASSIGNMENT NO.8)

SCENARIO EARTH VOLCANIC MASS Activity 2: “HAZARD-scenes”

QUAKE ERUPTION MOVEMENT
In this activity, you are given
Example: mountain people N/A falling objects
different scenarios. Your task is to
climbers going up may be may hurt people
classify the geological hazards
the Treasure trapped in
Mountain in Tanay, rubble associated with earthquakes,
Rizal volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
family living in a 1-5 N/A N/A Choose from the list below.
high-rise 1. fire may start
condominium near 2. a tsunami may occur
Boracay shores 3. possible power outage
4. falling objects may hurt people
tourists trekking the N/A 6-7 N/A 5. people may be trapped in rubble
crater of Taal volcano 6. possible liquefaction of nearby ground
7. pyroclastic flow may bury the nearby houses
people residing at N/A N/A 8-9 8. houses might go down along with landslides
the foot of a 9. rockfall may hit cars travelling on the road
10. ashfall may cause eye or respiratory infection
denuded mountain 11. ground shaking causes concrete structures
in Baguio city to crack