GEOLOGIC

TIME SCALE

MODULE 6
 O B E R M N E A D F

A R E V E R S E S O
THIS RESULTS WHEN ROCKS
DEFORM PLASTICALLY DUE TO
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
Q R G S V N E N A L
HANGING WALL MOVES UP,
FOOT WALL MOVES DOWN
U C L A S T I C R D
ROCKS OR MINERAL FRAGMENTS
THAT ARE CEMENTED TOGETHER X T E A N B P L A T

ROCK RETURNS TO ITS ORIGINAL Z Y O W A I F O R C

SHAPE WHEN STRESS IS REMOVED

ROCKS THAT FORM FROM E L A S T I C T H E

FOSSILS
 SKILL: Subject-Verb Agreement DIRECTION: Choose the correct verb that will agree with the subject.
1. Sedimentary rocks (form, forms) from compaction and cementation of sediments. Sandstone,
limestone and shale (is, are) the best (example, examples)* of stratified sedimentary
rocks.
2. Rocks deform plastically and may (crumple, crumples) into folds. They (do not, does not)
return to their original shapes.

3. Alfred Wegener suggested that the continents (use, used) to be part of a huge landmass called
Pangaea, which (was, were) surrounded by a single ocean, Panthalassa.

4. Deposits of glacial debris and plant fossils (was, were) evident in different continents. This is
one of the (evidence, evidences)* of the Continental Drift Theory.

5. The Plate Tectonics Theory (state, states) that the lithosphere (was, were) divided into several
plates that (glide, glides) over the moving asthenosphere.

6. What do you think (drive, drives) the movement of the tectonic plates? (Is, Was) it the convection
current in the mantle?
 LET’S LEARN

1.Describe the different methods (relative and

absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified
rocks.
2.Explain how relative and absolute dating were used
to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
3.Describe the history of the Earth through geologic
time.
 LET’S RECALL
Direction. Compare the two Guide Questions
pictures. 1.What happened to the earth from
the first image to the second
image?
2.What theory best describes it?
3.What are the evidences that
support this theory? Give at least
four evidences.
4.How do these evidences help to
explain the earth’s history?
 LET’S EXPLORE
How do they
know the age
of the earth?
How do they
What distinguish the
information old rock from
do fossils the young one?
provide?

How can the Earth’s What is the difference

history be interpreted between relative
from the geologic time dating and absolute
scale? dating?
 LET’S ELABORATE
• The earth has undergone evolutionary process throughout
the years. Its history has been recorded in the rocks of the
crust. Scientifically through the study of:
• petrology (rocks composition, structure and classification)
• stratigraphy (rock layer), and
• paleontology (fossils) scientists continuously reconstruct the
sequence of earth events which is known as….

geologic time scale

 LET’S ELABORATE
• To determine geologic time scientists used two methods:
• relative dating
• absolute dating

• Relative Dating is used to determine the rocks

chronological sequence of events. This help us to find out
which layer of rock is older than the other without
knowing the exact age of it.
 LET’S ELABORATE

1. Law of Superposition
states that in an
unreformed sequence of
sedimentary rock the
oldest strata or layer will
be found on the bottom
of the basin.
 LET’S ELABORATE

2. Principle of cross-
cutting relationships
when faults or igneous
intrusions that cut
through pre-existing
rock is always younger
than the rock cuts.
 LET’S ELABORATE

3. Principle of Original
Horizontality states
that layer of sediments
is deposited horizontal
or nearby horizontal
layers
 LET’S ELABORATE

4. Principle of
Inclusions are
pieces of rocks
contained within
another. Anything
that is enclosed in
rocks are older than
the rock unit
surrounding it.
 LET’S ELABORATE

• Absolute Dating entails Table 6.1 Useful radioactive isotopes, stable

daughter products and the respective half-lives
measuring the ratio of Radioactive Stable
Parent Daughter Half-life
radioactive isotopes to their
decay products which Rubidium 87 Strontium 87 48.8 billion years

estimating the actual age of Thorium 232 Lead 208 12 billion years

rock. Table 6.1 are some Uranium 238 Lead 206 4.47 billion years
useful radioactive isotopes,
Potassium 40 Argon 40 1.25 billion years
stable daughter products and
the respective half-lives. Uranium 235 Lead 207 704 million years

Carbon 14 Nitrogen 14 5730 years

 LET’S ELABORATE
• Fossil: Remains of the Past Fossils are used to determine the
possible age of formation of sedimentary rock. Fossil are trace
organisms or preserved remains. They are classified based on their
formation.
1.True form fossils- preserved organism trapped in ice, tar or other
material.
2.Cast fossils-formed a replica of the original fossil when filled with
mineral and get harden.
3.Mold fossils-hollow impressions of living things in rock.
4.Trace fossils or Ichnofossils-are impression that shows various
activities on rock. Examples are footprints, droppings, eggs and
animal’s nest.
LET’S ELABORATE

FOSSIL TYPES
TRUE FOSSILS

CAST FOSSILS

MOLD FOSSILS

TRACE FOSSILS
 LET’S ELABORATE

• Index fossils indicates the

boundaries in geologic
time. This another tool to
determine the age of the
rocks. It is easily
recognizable, abundant,
live shortly and widely
distributed geographically.
CRITERIA???
GASTROPOD AMMONITE BRACHIOPOD TRILOBITE
 LET’S ELABORATE

• Geologic Time Scale

The Geologic Time Scale (GTS) is a
hierarchical set of divisions describing Basis:
geological time. It is divided into five
rocks,fossils,
units: Eon, Era, Period, Epoch and
Age. radioactive or
absolute dating
• Eon is the biggest time division with
two major units: Precambrian and
Phanerozoic Eon.
 Chronological
measurement

Relates stratigraphy
to time

Stratigraphy is the
study of the rock
layers
Describe timing and
relationships
between events
 LET’S ELABORATE
1.Precambrian Eon- comprises the majority of earth event roughly 4.1
billion years.
a.Hadean-“chaotic eon”(4.6 to 3.8 BYA) earth surface was bombarded by
meteorites and magma in the mantle caused severe volcanism. Core
and crust were stabilized and formation of ocean and atmosphere take
place.
b.Archean-(3.8 billion to 2.5 BYA) the earth is covered with ocean. The
continent began to formed and the atmosphere contained mostly of
methane with little to no oxygen.
c. Proterozoic-(2.5 billion to 542 million years ago) longest period that
lasted almost half the age of Earth. Great changes on the planet
happened (oxygen in the atmosphere, diversified organisms and
continental drift)
 LET’S ELABORATE
2.Phanerozoic Eon- subdivided with three eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic and
Cenozoic.
a.Paleozoic Era (544 million to 300 million years ago). The rise of sea
level is evident and distributed worldwide which give rise marine life
forms. This is subdivided into six periods: Cambrian Period- existence
of almost all marine organisms. Development of organisms with calcium
carbonate and phosphate helps to the formation of shells. Ordovician
Period marks the earliest vertebrate’s appearance. Silurian Period
where emergence of terrestrial life. Devonian Period age of fishes.
Carboniferous Period lash vegetation and dense swampy forest,
evolution of insects and reptiles. Permian Period reptiles are well
suited in their environment
 PALEOZOIC means
“ancient life” in Greek

PERMIAN
CARBONIFEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
 LET’S ELABORATE

b. Mesozoic Era MESOZOIC means “middle life” in Greek

is made up of three Age of reptiles
periods: Triassic,
Jurassic and
Creataceous. This is
known as the age of
reptiles and the most
significant event was the
rise of the dinosaurs.
From the word CRETA
which means chalk,
excessive deposits of
carbonate rocks
 LET’S ELABORATE
c. Cenozoic Era it is the age of CENOZOIC means “new
mammals and flowering plants.It is life” in Greek
made up of two periods: Tertiary It is the current & most
and Quarternary. From the oldest recent era
to youngest epoch: Paleocene,
Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and
Pliocene for Teartiary Period.
Pleistocene and Holocene Epoch
for Quarternary Period. This era also
brought the advent of humans.
FORMATION OF HIMALAYAN
MOUNTAINS ICE AGE MELTDOWN

PRIMATES BEGAN TO INHABIT

THE TREETOPS EVOLUTION OF HOMINIDS
 LET’S DIG IN

Assignment No.4
“Which is Old or
Conglomerate Young?”
Slate Directions: Examine
limestone
the diagram on the
Sandstone
left and answer the
Schist guide questions.
 LET’S DIG IN
Guide Questions
1. Which of the following rock is the
youngest? Oldest?
2. Applying the law of superposition
arrange the rock from oldest to
Conglomerate youngest.
3. Applying the principle of cross-
Slate cutting relationships which of the
limestone following rock is the youngest?
Oldest?
Sandstone 4. What is the difference between Law of
Superposition and Principle of Cross-
Schist cutting relationship in determining
the age of the rock?
LET’S EXTEND

Assignment No. 5.
“Principles of Relative Dating”
Directions. Analyze and
examine the diagrams
below. Arrange the layers of
rock from youngest to
oldest and determine what
stratigraphic principle is
applied to the picture
LET’S EXTEND

Assignment No.6
“ Index fossil”
Directions. Examine the picture
and answer the following
questions.
1.Which fossil/s you can be
used as an index fossil?
2.What criteria is used to make
a fossil an index fossil?
3.How were index fossil used to
correlate rock layers and
determining the age of a rock?
 LET’S DIG IN
EON ERA PERIOD EPOCH Significant Event
Halocene

Activity 3. Geologic
Quarternary
Pleistocene
CENOZOIC

Paleocene

Tertiary
Eocene
Oligocene
Time Scale
Miocene
Directions: Write the
PHANEROZOIC

Pliocene

MESOZOIC
Triasic
Jurassic significant events
Creataceous
Permian that happened
during the different
Carboniferous
PALEOZOIC

Devonian

eons, era, periods

Silurian
Ordovician

and epoch.
Cambrian
Proterozoic
PRECAMBRIAN Archean
Hadean
 LET’S CONSOLIDATE

1.What
1.What arearethe
thetwo 3.Define Geologic
3.DefineTime
two
typestypes of
of dating? Scale. Geologic
dating? 4.How would youScale.
Time
describe an index
2.Enumerate
2.Enumerate the the fossil?
principles
principles of of 4.Describe the different
stratigraphy or 4.How would you
stratigraphy or periods of Paleozoic
describe an index
Relative Dating.
Relative Dating. era. fossil?
 LET’S CONSOLIDATE

What are your key

takeaways for today?
 Earth and Life Science
October 19, 2022 (Wednesday)
Cookery 1:10-2:30 PM (34 attendees)
Copernicus and Kepler 4:05-5:25 PM (70 attendees)
 Earth and Life Science
October 20, 2022 (Thursday)
EIM and PTOLEMY 2:45-4:05 PM (47 attendees)
SMITH and GALILEO 4:05-5:25 PM (50 attendees)