Examples

Plane stress, plane strain and

axisymmetric cases
 y
4 3
Ex. Thin square
(thickness =0.1 mm)
plate of edge size 4 cm (2)

1N/cm
shown in figure. For the
load and boundary

4
conditions shown find (1)
out displacement
components and
reactions at the nodes.
T
[k ] = ∫ [B] [C ][B ]dΩ
e 1 2 x
Ω

[k ]e = [B ]T [C ][B ]t∆
 β1 0 β 2 0 β 3 0 
X 
Y  Tx  [B ] = 1  0 γ 1 0 γ 2 0 γ 3 
    2∆
t∆  X  t elij Ty  γ 1 β1 γ 2 β 2 γ 3 β 3 
{FB }e =   {FT }e =  
3 Y  2 Tx 
X  Ty 
Y 
 
 β1 = y2 − y3 , β 2 = y3 − y1 , β 3 = y1 − y2

Element 1
γ 1 = x3 − x 2 , γ 2 = x1 − x3 , γ 3 = x2 − x1
(x1, y1 ) = (0,0), (x2 , y2 ) = (4,0), (x3 , y3 ) = (4,4)
β1 = y2 − y3 = −4, β 2 = y3 − y1 = 4, β 3 = y1 − y2 = 0

γ 1 = x3 − x2 = 0, γ 2 = x1 − x3 = −4, γ 3 = x2 − x1 = 4
 −4 0 4 0 0 0 
[B ]1 = 1  0 0 0 − 4 0 4 
16
0 − 4 − 4 4 4 0
Element 2
(x1, y1 ) = (0,0), (x2 , y2 ) = (4,4), (x3 , y3 ) = (0,4)
β1 = y2 − y3 = 0, β 2 = y3 − y1 = 4, β 3 = y1 − y2 = −4

γ 1 = x3 − x2 = −4, γ 2 = x1 − x3 = 0, γ 3 = x2 − x1 = 4
  0 0 4 0 −4 0 
[B]2 = 1  0 − 4 0 0 0 4 
16
 − 4 0 0 4 4 − 4
1 ν 0 
E  
[C ] = ν 1 0 
1 −ν 
2
1 −ν 
 0 0
2 
E=2×107 N/cm2 ν=0.3
[k ]1 = [B]1T [C ][B]1 t∆1
 k11
1 1
k12 k131 k141 k151 k161 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
k21 k22 k23 k24 k25 k26 
 k 1 1
k32 1
k33 1
k34 1
k35 1
k36 
[k ]1 =  311 1 1 1 1 1 
k41 k42 k43 k44 k45 k46 
k511 1
k52 1
k53 1
k54 1
k55 1 
k56
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
k61 k62 k63 k64 k65 k66 
  k112 k122 k132 k142 k152 k162 
 2 
k21 k222 k232 k242 k252 k262 
k312 k322 k332 k342 k352 k362 
[k ] =  2
2
2 
k41 k422 k432 k442 k452 k46 
k512 k522 k532 k542 k552 k562 
 2 2 
k61 k622 k632 k642 k652 k66 
0 
0 
 
{F }1 = 20
 
2 
0 
 
Element connectivity:

Element No. Local Nodes Global Nodes Global DOFs

1 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2 1, 2, 3 1, 3, 4 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8
 Size of global stiffness matrix =(4×2) ×(4 ×2)=8 × 8
Size of force vector = (4 ×2) × 1=(8 ×1)
Assembling the stiffness matrix

 k11
1
+ k112 k12
1
+ k122 1
k13 1
k14 k151 + k132 k161 + k142 k152 k162 
 1 2 
k + k 2
 21 21 22 22k 1
+ k 2 1
k23 1
k24 1
k25 + k232 1
k26 + k242 k252 k26 
 k31 1 1
k32 1
k33 1
k34 1
k35 1
k36 0 0
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
k k k43 k44 k45 k46 0 0
[K ] =  1 41 2 1 42 2
k51 + k31 k52 + k32 1
k53 1
k54 1
k55 + k332 1
k56 + k34
1
k352 k362 
 1 2 
+ 2
 61 41 62 42
k k k 1
+ k 2 1
k63 1
k64 1
k65 + k43
2 1
k66 + k44
2
k452 k46 
 k2 k 2
0 0 k532 k542 k552 k562 
 512 52

 61
2
k k 62 0 0 k632 k642 k652 k66 
2
 0 
0 
  [K ]{U } = {F }  u1 
2  v 
   1
0  u2 
[F ] =    
2   v1 
0  {U } =  
  u3 
0   v3 
0   
u4 
u5 

Boundary conditions are u1 = 0, v1 = 0, u4 =0

Using above global equation unknown displacements can

be obtained
 To find the stress in the plate
{ε }e = [B]e {δ }e
{σ }e = [C ]{ε }e
Ex. In a long cylinder of inside diameter 80 mm and outside diameter
120 mm snugly fits in a hole over its length. The cylinder is then
subjected to an internal pressure of 2 MPa. Using two elements on
the 10 mm length shown find the displacements at the inner radius.
Take E=200 GPa and ν=0.3.
1 − ν ν ν 0   β1 0 β2 0 β3 0
 ν  2∆N1 
0 
2∆N 2 2∆N 3
1 −ν ν 1  0 0 0
[C ] = E   [B ] = r r r
1 −ν ∆  γ 3 
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )  ν ν 0  2
 0 γ1 0 γ2 0
 1 − 2ν   γ 1 β1 γ2 β2 γ3 β 3 
 0 0 0
2  

T
[k ]e = ∫∫ [B ] [C ][B ]dΩ
Ωe
dΩ = 2πrdrdz
 T
[k ] = ∫ [B] [C ][B]2πrdrdz
e

∆e

1
Ni = (αi + β i r + γ i z ) i = 1, 2, 3
2∆
1
r≈r = (r1 + r2 + r3 )
3
80
1
z ≈ z = (z1 + z2 + z3 ) 120
3
z
1 4 3
Ni = (αi + β i r + γ i z )
2∆ (2) 10
T
(1)
[k ]e = ∫ [B] [C ][B]2πr drdz
Ωe 1 2
= [B ] [C ][B ]2πr ∆
T r
40
60
(2ri + rj )Tr 
 
πlij (2ri + rj )Tz 
{FT }e =  
3 (ri + 2rj )Tr 
(ri + 2rj )Tz 
α1 = r2 z3 − r3 z2 , α 2 = r3 z1 − r1 z3 , α 3 = r1 z2 − r2 z1

β1 = r2 − r3 , β 2 = r3 − r1 , β 3 = r1 − r2

γ 1 = z3 − z2 , γ 2 = z1 − z3 , γ 3 = z2 − z1
For element 1
( r1 , z1 ) = (0.04,0), ( r2 , z2 ) = (0.06,0), ( r3,z3 ) = (0.06,0.01)
For element 2
( r1 , z1 ) = (0.04,0), ( r2 , z2 ) = (0.06,0.01), ( r3,z3 ) = (0.04,0.01)

From above data one can find the [B]1 and [B]2 matrices and
then
 k11
1 1
.. k16   k112 .. k162  Rest of the
  [k ]2 =  .. .. ..  steps are same
[k ] =  .. .. .. 
1
  as for plane
k 1 .. k 1  k61 .. k66 
2 2
 61 66 
  stress case.
 y
3
Q. Thin square plate 4
under uniform traction as
shown in fig.
i) Determine the nodal

1 N/cm
displacements
ii) Strain in the element
iii) Stress in the element

[k ] = [B] [C ][B]t e Ae
e T
x
T 1 2
{FT } = ∫ [N ] {FT }dA
e

 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0
x y xy [N ] = 
N 4 
N1 = 1 − − +
l h lh 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0
x xy
N2 = − [B] = [L][N ]
l lh
xy y xy
N3 = , N4 = −
lh h lh
Questions