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DIFFERENTIABILITY
1. Differentiability of a function
A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at a point of its domain if it has a finite derivative at that point. Thus

f(x)  f(a)
f(x) is differentiable at x = a  lim exists finitely
x a x a

f(a  h)  f(a) f(a  h)  f(a)

 lim  lim
h0 h h  0 h

 f  (a – 0) = f  (a + 0)

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 Left derivative = Right derivative

f(x)  f(a)
Generally derivative of f(x) at x =a is denoted as f  (a) . So f '  a   xlim
a x a

Ex.1 Function f(x) = x2 is differentiable at x = 1 because

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2
lim f(x)  f(1)  lim x  1  2
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

Also f  (2) = 2
Ex.2 Function f(x) = x sin (1/x) is not differentiable at x = 0 because

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lim f(x)  f(0)  lim x sin (1/ x)  0  lim sin(1/ x) does not exist uniquely..
x 0 x 0 x 0 x x0

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2. Differentiability in an interval

(i) A function f(x) is said to be differentiable in an open interval (a , b) if it is differentiable at every point of the
interval.

(ii) A function f(x) is said to be differentiable in a closed interval [ a, b] if it is differentiable in (a, b) and has its right
and left derivatives at ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively.

3. Differentiable Function

A function is said to be a differentiable function if it is differentiable at every point of its domain.

Examples of some differentiable function

(i) Every polynomial function

(ii) Exponential function : ax, ex , e–x , ........

(iii) Logarithmic functions : loge x, loga x , .....

(iv) Trigonometrical functions : sin x , cos x

(v) Hyperbolic functions : sinh x , cosh x , ....

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Examples of some functions which are not differentiable :
(i) | x | at x = 0
(ii) x + | x | , x – | x | at x = 0
(iii) [x] , x – [x] at every n  z
(iv) x sin 1/x at x = 0
(v) cos 1/x at x = 0
4. Properties of differentiable functions
(i) The sum, difference, product, quotient (Dr  0) and composite of two differentiable function is always a,
differntiable function.
(ii) If a function is differentiable at some point, then it is necessarily continuous at that point, but its converse is not
true. Hence

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differentiability  continuity

continuity 
 differentiability

(iii) If a function is discontinuous at some point then it is not differentiable at that point.
5. Graphical Definition of Derivability

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The function y = f (x) is derivable if its graph is always smooth i.e., there should be no break or corner.

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(a)

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(Differentiable at x = x0)
(b)
( Non differentiable at x = x0 )
(m1  m2)

(c) (d)
( Non differentiable at x = x0 ) ( Non differentiable at x = x0 )
(m1  m2) (m1  m2)

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What is corner : If a curve has not unique tangent at a point then it is called its corner.
Ex.3 Examine the continuity and differentiability of f(x) = | x | at x = 0.
Sol. It is clear from the graph, the point circle at O has two tangents

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Hence y = |x| is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x = 0

Ex.4 Examine the continuity and differentiability of y = |sin |x| | at x = n , n  I

Sol. It is clear from the graph that y = | sin | x | | is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x = ....  2,  ,
0 i.e., x = n , n  I

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SOLVED EXAMPLE
  e1/ x  e1/ x 
x   ,x  0
Ex.1 If f  x     e1/ x  e 1/ x  then find differentiability at x = 0.

 0 ,x  0

(1) Differentiable (2) Notdifferentiable (3) Differentiable & Continuous (4) None of these
Sol.[2] We have,

f  x   f 0  f 0  h  f 0   e 2 / h  1 
LHD at x  0 ; f ' (0  0)  lim  lim  lim  2 / h   1
h 0 e  1
x 0 x0 h 0 0 h 0 

 1  e 2 / h 

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f  x   f 0  f 0  h  f 0  0
RHD at x  0 ; f ' (0  0)  lim  lim  lim    1
h 0 1  e 2 / h
x 0 x 0 h 0 h   1 0

 LHD at x  0  RHD at x  0 So, f  x  is not differentiable at x  0 .

 x for x 1


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Ex.2 If f  x    2x for 1  x  2 , then find differentiability at x = 2 and x = 1.
 2  3x  x 2 for x2


(1) differentiable at x = 2 and x = 1 (2) differentiable x = 2 and notdifferentiable at x = 1

(3) differentiability x = 2 and x = 1 are equal (4) None of these
Sol.[2] Differentiability at x  2

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 d   d 
LHD at x  2 ;   2  x    1
 dx x2
RHD at x  2 ; 
 dx

2  3x  x 2 
 x 2


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  3  2x  x  2  3  4  1

 (LHD at x = 2) = (RHD at x = 2)
So, f(x) is differentiable at x = 2.
Differentiability at x = 1

 d   d 
LHD at x = 1 ;  dx  x    1 RHD at x = 1 ;  dx  2  x    1
  x 1   x 1

Clearly, LHD at x = 1  RHD at x = 1 So, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

 x , x0
Ex.3 x 
If a function   is defined as f  x    x
f 2
, 0  x  1 , then
 x2  x  1 , x 1


(1) f  x  is differentiable at x  0 and x  1 (2) f  x  is differentiable at x  0 but not at x  1

(3) f  x  is differentiable at x  1 but not at x  0 (4) f  x  is not differentiable at x  0 and x  1

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Sol.[4] At x  0 ;

f  h  f  0  h2 f  h   f  0    h   0
Rf '  0   lim  lim 0 Lf '  0   lim  lim  1
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h

Rf '  0   Lf '  0  , so , f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

At x  1 :

1  h 2  1  h   1  1
f 1  h   f 1
Rf ' 1  lim  lim  
= lim  h  1  1
h 0 h h 0 h h 0

2
f 1  h   f 1 1  h  1
Lf ' 1  lim  lim  lim  2  h   2
h 0 1  h   1 h 0 h h 0

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Since Rf ' 1  Lf ' 1 ,  f ' 1 does not exist  f  x  is not differentiable at x  0 and x  1

 x logcos x
 , x0
Ex.4 If f  x    log 1  x 2  , then f  x  is

0 , x0

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

(1) continuous as well as differentiable at x  0 (2) continuous but not differentiable at x  0

(3) differentiable but not continuous at x  0 (4) neither continuous nor differentiable at x  0

Sol.[1] We have,

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f  0  h  f 0  logcosh 0 
 lim
Lf '  0   lim h 0

log 1  h2   0 form 
h 0 h  

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 tanh 1 f  0  h  f  0 
 lim  = Rf '  0   lim
h 0 2h 2 h 0 h

1  h2 

logcosh 0   tanh 1
 lim  lim 
h 0

log 1  h2   0 form  h 0 2h 2
 

1 h 2


Since Lf '  0   Rf '  0  , therefore f  x  is differentiable at x  0 .

Since differentiability  continuity, therefore f  x  is continuous at x=0

 p 1
 x cos , x0
Ex.5 If f  x    x , then at x  0,f  x  is
 0 , x0

(1) continuous if p  0 and differentiable if p  1 (2) continuous if p  1 and differentiable if p  0

(3) continuous and differentiable if p  0 (4) None of these

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Sol.[1] Continuity at x  0 ;

p 1
LHL  lim f  0  h   lim  h  cos  0 if p  0
h 0 h 0 h

1
RHL  lim f  0  h   limhp cos  0 if p  0 and f  0   0
h 0 h 0 h

 f  x  is continuous at x  0 if p  0

Differentiability at x  0 ;

p 1
f  0  h  f 0   h  cos  0
Lf '  0   lim h

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 lim
h 0 h h 0 h

p 1 1
 lim  h  cos  0 if p  1  0,i.e.,p  1 ;
h 0 h

1
f  0  h  f 0  hp cos  0
Rf '  0   lim  lim h

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h 0 h h 0 h

1
 limhp 1 cos  0 if p  1
h 0 h

 f  x  is differentiable at x  0 if p  1

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Ex.6 The left-hand derivative of f (x) = [x] sin (x) at x = k, k an integer, is

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(1) (–1)k (k – 1)  (2) (–1)k – 1 (k – 1)  (3) (–1)k k (4) (–1)k – 1 k

f ( k  h)  f ( k ) [ k  h) sin( ( k  h)) ( k  1)sin( k  h)

Sol.[1] L f ' (k) = lim  lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h

k (  sin  h)
= lim( k  1) ( 1)   = (–1)k (k – 1) 
h 0  h

Ex.7 Which of the following functions is differentiable at x = 0 ?

(1) cos (| x |) + | x | (2) cos (| x |) – | x | (3) sin (| x |) + | x | (4) sin (| x |) – | x |

Sol.[4] Let f (x) = sin (| x |) – | x |

f (0  h)  f ( 0) sin h  h  0 sin h
L f '(0) = lim  lim , h  0 =  lim + 1 = –1 + 1 = 0
h 0 h h  0 h h  0 h

f (0  h)  f (0) sin h  h
R f ' (0) = lim = lim =1–1=0
h 0 h h  0 h

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Ex.8 If f is twice differentiable function such that f '' (x) = – f (x), f '(x) = g (x), h (x) = (f (x))2 and h (5)=11, then find h (10)

(1) 9 (2) 11 (3) 7 (4) 13

Sol.[2] Differentiating h(x) = (f (x))2 + (g(x))2 w.r.t. x, we get

h'(x) = 2 f (x) f '(x) + 2g (x) g' (x) ......... (1)

But, f "(x) = – f (x) and f '(x) = g(x) so that f "(x) = g'(x)

 from (1), h'(x) = –2 f "(x) f '(x) + 2f '(x) f "(x) = 0

 h(x) = constant, c (say)

In particular, h(5) = c.

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But h(5) = 11

 h(x) = 11  x

 h (10) = 11

Ex.9 A function f : R  R satisfies the equation f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all values of x and y and for any x  R,

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f (x)  0. Suppose the function is differentiable at x = 0 and f '(0) = 2, then for all x  R find f '(x) and f (x).

(1) 2e2x , e2x (2) 2e –2x , e2x (3) 2e2x , e –2x (4) None of these

Sol.[1] f (x + y) = f (x) f (y)  x, y ............ (1)

Putting x = 0 = y, we get f (0) = f (0) f (0)

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 f (0) = 1 (f (0)  0) ............ (2)

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f ( x  h)  f ( x )
Now, f '(x) = lim
h 0 h

f ( x ) f ( h)  f ( x )
 lim
h 0 h

f ( h)  1 f ( h)  f ( 0)
= f (x) lim  f ( x ) lim
h 0 h h  0 h
= f (x) . f '(0) = f (x) . 2 (f '(0) = 2)
 f '(x) = 2 f (x),  x

f '( x )
 = 2 . Integrating, we get
f ( x)

log f (x) = 2x + log k

when x = 0, log f (0) = 0 + log k

 log 1 = log k  log k = 0

 log f (x) = 2x  f (x) = e2x

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Ex.10 Let f (x) = x | x |. The set of points where f (x) is twice differentiable is
(1) R (2) R – { 0 } (3) R+ (4) None of these

x 2 , if x  0
Sol.[2] f (x) = x | x |  f ( x )  0, if x  0
2
 x , if x  0
Clearly f (x) is differentiable for each real x except possible at x = 0. So, we discuss the differentiability at x = 0.
R f '(0) = 2x x 0  0, L f '(0)  2 x x  0  0
 f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 and f '(0) = 0

2 x , x  0
Now, F (x) = f '( x )  2 x , x  0
0, x  0

R F'(0) = 2, LF'(0) = –2

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 F'(0) does not exist.
 P(x) is not twice differentiable at x = 0.
Hence, f (x) is twice differentiable for R – {0}.
Ex.11 Let f be a function satisfying f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)  x, y and if f (x) = x2 g(x) where g(x) is a continuous function,
then f '(x) equals.

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(1) g'(x) (2) g(0) (3) g(0) + g'(x) (4) 0

f ( x  h)  f ( x ) f ( x )  f ( h)  f ( x ) f ( h) h 2 g (h )
Sol.[4] f'(x)= lim  lim  lim  lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h h 0

hg(h) = 0 ; g(0) = 0

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Ex.12 If f (x) = | x – a |  (x), where  (x) is continuous function, then

(1) f '(a+) =  (a) (2) f ' (a–) = –  (a) (3) f '(a+) = f '(a–) (4) None of these

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f ( x )  f (a ) | x  a | ( x ) ( x  a)  ( x )
Sol.[2] f '(a+) = lim  lim  lim  lim ( x )  (a )
xa xa xa xa x a xa xa

Similarly f '(a ) = – (a)

–

Ex.13 If f (x) = | [x] x |, – 1 < x  2, then

(1) f is continuous at x = 0 (2) discontinuous at x = 1
(3) not differentiable at x = 2 (4) differentiable at x = 0

 x,  1  x  0
0, 0  x  1
Sol.[2] f (x) = | [x] x |, – 1 < x  2  f ( x ) 
x, 1  x  2
2 x, x  2
Clearly, it is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0. Also, it is discontinuous at x = 1 and non-differentiable at
x = 2.

Ex.14 If f (x) = min. {tan x, cot x}, then

 5  3
(1) f is not differentiable at x = 0, , (2) f is discontinuous at x = 0, ,
4 4 2 2
(3) f is periodic with period  (4) All of these

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
tan x , 0  x 
4
 
cot x , x
Sol.[4] f ( x )  4 2
 3
tan x , x
2 4
3
cot x ,  x
4
Since tan x and cot x are periodic with period ,
 f (x) is periodic with period 
f (x) is clearly not continuous at x = 
Since f is periodic with period ,
 3
 It is not continuous at x = 0, ± , ± , ±
2 2

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 3 5
Also, f is not differentiable at x = , , etc.
4 4 4

Ex.15 If f (x) = [x sin x], then f is

(1) continuous at x = 0 (2) continuous in (–1, 0) (3) differentiable in (–1, 1) (4) All of these
Sol.[4] For – 1  x  1, 0  x sin x < 1  f (x) = [x sin  x] = 0

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 f (x) = 0 when – 1  x  1
If 1 < x < 1 + h (where h is a small possible real number),
then  <  x <  + h  – 1 < sin x < 0
 – 1 < x sin x < 0  f (x) = [x sin x] = – 1 in the right neighbourhood of x = 1.
Thus, f (x) is constant and equal to zero in [– 1, 1] and hence f (x) is differentiable and hence continuous on

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(– 1, 1). At x = 1, f (x) is discontinuous because lim f (x) = 0 and lim f (x) = – 1

x1 x1

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Ex.16 If f (x) = x3 sgn x, then
(1) f is differentiable at x = 0 (2) f is continous but not differentiable at x = 0
–
(3) f '(0 ) = 1 (4) None of these
3
x , x0
Sol.[1] Result follows from f (x) = 0, x  0
 x3 , x  0

Ex.17 Consider the following statements : If f and g be two function such that f (x)  0, g (x)  f '(x)  0 and g'(x)  0
for all x, then
 ( f g)  f  g 
f f ( fg )  f  g  ( f  g) f  g 
(1)  (2)   (3)   (4)  
g g fg f g f g f g f g f g
Which of these statements are correct ?
(1) 1 & 2 (2) 2 & 3 (3) 2 & 4 (4) 3 & 4

f gf   f g
Sol.[3]
( fg )  fg   f g g  f   g g2 gf   fg  f  g 
      
fg fg g f f g f g fg f g

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