836

Engineering Physics
Example 23.20
Tnd the energy of an electron moving in one -dimension in an infinitely high potential bOx of wianiA.
(Mass of the electron is 9.1 10 kg and h=6.63 x 10 Js.)
Solution
From the expression of energy of a particle in a deep potential box of width L, we have

nh
E 8ml2
where n=1,2,3, ...
Particle is generally found in the ground state, which occurs corresponding to n=

Hence,

E =
h
8mL
(6.63 x 1034)2
8x9.1x 10-3 x (1 x 10-102
43.96 x 10-68
72.8 x 10-51
= 6.038 x 10-13 J

6.038 x 10-18
eV
1.6 x
10-19

=37.74 eV

Example 23.21
A particle is in motion along a line between x = 0 and x = a with zero potential energy. At points for
which x <0 and x> a, the potential energy is infinite. The wave function for the particle in the nth state
is given by
nitx
A Sin -

Find the expression for the normalized wave function.

Solution
The wave function of a particle in deep potential box is given as

V Sin
where n represeens he h ondeT and a is the length of the line along which the particle is moving.

To find the value of 4. we will zse the condition of nomalization as given below.
 Uncertainty Principle and Quauiach
When we use this condition, we get

E
sin dx =1

or

Sin(Tnt/a)
or
(2.tnx/a)
Or a-1

a
Or =
as
function of the particle is given
Using this value of A in wave function, the normalized wave

Example 23.22
and
is represented by the function = A, sin in the range 0 Sx Sa
A particle of mass m wave
a

function.
y=0 elsewhere. Find the normalized form of the wave
Solution
Solution of this problem is same as the solution of Example 23.21

Example 23.23
has the width 2.5 x 10-0 m. Assuming the
An electron is bound in one-dimensional potential box which
lowest permitted energy values of the electron.
height of the box to be infinite, calculate the two

Solution and of
The energy of a particle of mass m moving in one-dimensional potential box of infinite height
width L is given as

n'h
E 8mL
where n= 1,2, 3, .

obtained by putting n= I and the second lowest energy level

The first lowest energy of the electron is
corresponds to n =2. Hence,

h
838
Engineering Physics
and
E4 SmL 4E

Now, E (663x10
Sx9.1x 103x (2.5 x
100
43.956 x 10
455 x 10-51
=
9.66 x
10-19 J
9.66 x 10-19
eV
1.6 x 10-19
= 6.04 eV

Since
E,-4E
E,-4x 6.04 eV 24.16 eV
Hence, the first two lowest energy levels of the electron are 6.04 eV and 24.16 eV, respectively.

Example 23.24
A particle confined to move along the X-axis has the wave function y= ar between x = 0 and x = 1.0,
and y= 0 elsewhere. Find the probability that the particle can be found between x = 0.35 to x = 0.45.
Also, find the expectation value <x> of particle's position.

Solution
The probability of finding the particle between x, and x, in nth state can be given as

P-Uv.fd
Given that y = ax between x = 0 and x = 1, and x, = 0.35 and x, = 0.45.

P - 0.45a r d
Now,

= a d
Jo.35
370.45
J0.35

a0.45) -0.35
0.09112 - 0.04287]

= 1.6083a? x 102

= 0.0161a
 We know that
the
Uncertainty Principle and Quannm echami
expectation value (average
(av value) of
<x V,x v , ) á
position can be gm
Since the
particle is confined in a
box havinsg ins limit x =0 to x 1 and v,
V
<x>=aIatdt a,

4
=0.25a
Example 23.25
Find the
probabilities
0.55L for the of finding a particle trapped in
ground state and the first a box of length L in the
excited state. region from 0.45L
to
Solution
If a
particle is trapped in a box of
length L, then the wave function can be
given as
nTx
Vsin
Now, the probability of finding the particle between 0.45L to 0.55L can
be given as
c0.55L

c0.55L Sin2 u
To45

Ls cos d
2Tn 7055L
Sin
L
Jo.45L
For n= 1, we have

-
055L-sin(.107)-0.45L 27t sin(0.90m)
-055sin198-045sin162
277

=
(0.55-0.45) (sin 198° -

sin162*)
840
Engineering Physics
0.10-(sin198-sin 1629)
2

0.10-(-0.0984)
0.1984
= 19.84

Similarly, for the first excited state (for n 2), the above calculation gives the value of probabi
as P 0.65%.

Example 23.26
Calculate the energy difference between the ground state and first excited state ofan electron in a

dimensional rigid box of length 10 cm.

Solution
The energy of a particle of mass m in a one-dimensional box of length L is given as

n'h2
E
8mL2
where n =1,2, 3, .

n (6.63 x 1034 2 x
10-18n2 J
E, 8 x9.1x10-3x
(10-1026.03

6.03x 10l8 ev
1.6x 10-19n*eV

= 37.68 n eV

For ground state, n=1

E =
37.68 eV
Hence,
n = 2
For first excited state,
37.68 x
22 150.72 eV
Hence, E, =

excited state and the ground state can be given as

Difference in energy between the first
150.72-37.68
AE=E, -E,
=

= 113.04 eV

Example 23.27
two rigid walls separated by
1 A. Find the de Broglie w.
An electron is confined to move between
states of the electron and their corresponding energ
length representing the first three allowed energy

Solution statioi
motions of the electron between
the ngid walls of the box form a
The backward and forward
walls will be a whole multipl
Hence, the distance berween the
wave pattern with nodes at
the wal

halfof the de Broglie wavelength Heoce, get

we
842 Engineering Physics

E-3.43x 10 eV
E-1.372x 10 eV
E,-3.08710 eV
and so on we cannot observe it.
levels is so small that
he energy difference between different energy

Example 23.29 the probability of fir

box of width 30 A. Calculate
a one-dimensional
A
particle is moving in centre of the box
when it is in its state of
least ener
particle within and at interval of 2 A at the

Solution as
deep potential box is given
The wave function of a particle trapped in a

V) Sin
state. Therefore,
1), particle will be at its lowest energy
In the ground state (n =

v)- sin
the particle in the unit inte

At the centre of the box, x =

L/2. The probability of finding

centre of the box is given as

Vc)P- sin

The probability P in the interval Ar is given as

P=l v) P Ar

P-7ar
Given that L =
30 A and Ax =
2A

P-x2
30
= 0.16

= 16%

Pample 23.30
The wave functaon of a tree particle in normalized state is represented by
Ne/2a) #9Ex
Vt)= Ne 2)4 jkr
Calculate the normalization factor N and the maximum probability of finding the particle
 Secha
Uncertainty Principle and Quantm

L-n
where n 1 , 2, 3,..

or A-2
Given that L=1 A =

10 m

Thus. corTesponding to n= 1, 2. 3.

22xIA-2 A, 1 A, 0.667 A.
n

The energy of the electron in the box can be given as

nh
E 8mL2

x (6.63 x 10")
8x9.1x 10-3 (10-102
= 6.04 x 10-18 2 J

6.04 x 10-18
eV
1 . 6 x 10-19
n
=n2 37.73 eV

E,-37.73 eV (For n = 1)
E, 150.92 eV (For n 2)
=
=

E 339.57 eV (For n= 3)
Example 23.28
100 g moving in a box of length 1 m?
Can you observe the energy states of a ball of mass

Solution
We know that the energy ofa particle moving in a box is given as

ash

Given that m= 100g=0.1 kg and L=l=Therefore

we-
es. E 6.63 1e ss
Sx0.1x1

= 2 4 9 x 10
ary 3432
of 1.6x 10-i9
 Uncertainty Principle and Qrua Mechatics 843
Solution

From the
normalization condition, we know that

vvdr-1
Putting the value of y and vin he abone
equuin, we g

=1

Since aT

Nava-1
O N=
an
The maximum probability P(x) can be given as
Px)=| y* () y)|
= Nel?

e
a TT

Eariple
Normalize the eigenfunction d(x)= ele within the region - a Sx Sa.
Solution
Given that O(x)=eler
In order to normalize the wave function o(r), let us multiply it by k. Thus,
OCr) = kea

To find out the value of c, we apply normalization condition as

OCr)o*(x)dr = 1

OCx)= keler and o*(x) = keier

Now, using these values in the above equation, we get
d t =1