124 GAS TURBINE

P 0.528 P,
Subsonic

T 0.833 T,

Supersonic

FIGURE 3-8
in isentropic flow.
Subsonic and supersonic state points an

Figure 3-8 delineates the subsonic, sonic, and supersonic portions of path t
a.
The thermodynamic properties at the state point where M =1 ono
are
denoted by P*, T*, V*, etc. (read as P star, etc.). In addition, the crogs
sectional flow area at the M =1 point is indicated by A*. The magnitudeofA
is determined by the relation

m
A*= (3-11)
p*V*

Mass Flow Parameter (MFP)

The stream properties at any general station of a calorically perfect gas are
related by Eqs. (2-30), (2-44), (3-2), (3-7), (3-9), (3-10), and the one
dimensional mass flow equation
m = pAVV

For convenience, we define the following grouping of terms which are

function only of M, R, and y:

MFP
PV7 (3-12)

PA
noting that

V
Vyg.RT VRT
PYB M
138 GAS TURBINE

Normal shock

Vi V2
P
42
MI M2 FIGURE 3-18
P Pa Normal shock wave in o with
steady fo
through a.

3-3 NORMAL SHOCK WAVE

Let us investigate this problem: For given inlet conditions to the

control
volume enclosing the normal shock wave of Fig. 3-18, we are interested in
determining the exit conditionso and this requires simultaneous solution of
seven equations, one for each exit stream property of the figure. These
equations are obtained by application of the mass, momentum, energy, and
entropy control volume equations; the state equations for a perfect gas; the
speed of sound equation for a perfect gas; and the definition of Mach number

1. Mass control volume equation

2. Momentum control volume equation normal to wave
3. Energy control volume equation
4. Thermal state equation
5. Entropy control volume equation
6. Speed of sound in perfect gas
7. Definition of Mach number

The seven equations derived from these are as follows:

Mass (3-18)
PVi pzV

Momentum PtpVi_PtpaV (3-19)

8

Energy CpT+ViGh+V (3-20)

28 28c

State (3-21)
P T P2T
 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 139

Entropy -P P 1/(y-1)
from Eq.(2-40)] (3-22)
P2 Pa
Sound
TT (3-23)
MTM7
Mach
V (3-24)
Some algebra is required to solve Eqs. (3-18) through (3-24) and obtain
the five functions listed below. These five functions and the equations
-YRe,T and V=a,M, determine the seven exit properties listed in Fig.
3-18 and tabulated in App. F for y 1.4.
=

fM,) YtI
M Y+1
(3-25)

M
P2=f(M)
P1
-1 2
(3-26)
Y y+1

h O M ) - M - 1 / ( 1 + M

(3-27)
T
(y+1M
2(y-1)
y/(y-1)

M-)-1/(Y-1)
2
3-28)
P=f(M,) = \y+l
1+M
M+2 2

Y-1 (3-29)
M, (M,)
Mi-
above versus M
Figure 3-19
3-19 presents
prese a of the five functions listed
plot
y=1.4
atios ne static property ratios of the figure may
be interpreted as the
observer
from the point of view of an
at rest urring across a normal shock
relative to the wave or at rest relative to the gas into which the wave is
to the
propagateveli
Sea-le . From the latter's point of view, a
shock wave advancing through
air at Mach 2.1 produces a pressure rise of 5:1. The air immediately
behindThe4
suchnas Shock wave would have apressure of approximately
75 psia.
The that the higher the inlet
curves of M, and PalP,
Mach numbe of the figure show
CS the lower the exit
Mach number and the
to a normal shock,
140 GAS TURBINE

T/T
6
Pa/P
6.0

PP

M2
Pr2/P
FIGURE 3-19
Property variations across a nom
Mach number shock (y= 14).

total pressure ratio across the shock

Contrary to the static property ra
wave.
curves which, by definition, are independent of an observer's reíeren:
velocity, these two curves depend upon the observer's reference velocity
cannot be used directly a
by an observer not riding on the wave.

Normal Shock Wave

Propagation Speed
Equation (3-25) gives the relationship for the normal shock
as
wave pressure

HM)-
From the point of view of a normal shock
M (3-25

wave advancing into gas

(in this equation) is the ratio of the wave at re
of sound in the
propagation speed V, and the
gas in advance of the wave. Consequently, by solving
(3-25) for V,, we obtain the speed of propagation of a normal shockk
a gas at rest. The'result can
be put in the form
wa

2y P
This verifies that the d supo

the
propagating speed of a normal shock wave depeC
wave strength and equals the speed of a sound pulse as AP app
zero.
 COMPRESSIBLE FLLOW 141

- Inlet
Sreamt u b ec o n t a i n i n g

(1) (2) (Engine)

e n g i n e

e n t e r i n g

air
all
2.0
M
Altitude = 12 km

PGURE3-20

of engine inlet.
shock
in front
mal

Example
3.3. A steady stream of air passes through a normal shock which stands
d of the engine inlet of a supersonic airplane ffying at Mach 2 at 12 km (see
h -20). Find the properties of the air at the inlet and exit of the normal shock
wave

tables (App. A) give for 12 kmn

Solution. Standard atmosphere

8 0.1915 0.7519 and =0.8671

a ref

Thus P 8Pret= 0.1915 x 101,300 19,400 Pa =

T= 0Tret-0.7519 x 288.2 216.7 K

a a,et =0.8671 x 340.3 =295.1 m/sec

aref

Plots (Fig. 3-10), tabulations (App. E), or equations [Eqs. (3-9) and (3-10)]
ofP/P, and T/T, versus Mach number give, for M, =2.0 and y=1.

= 0.1278 = 0.5556

From these data, we obtain

19,400 = 151,800 Pa
P(PIP 0.1278
T 216.7390.0 K
T =
(T/T) 0.5556

V, M,a, =2(295.1) = 590.2 m/sec

We have
determined, at the shock inlet,
now

T 216.7K
M 2.0 V 590.2 m/sec

T=390.0K P 19,400 Pa =Pa-151,800Pa

From tabulations in of Fig. 3-19, at M,
=
2.0
App. F (for higher accuracy)
.
142 GAS TURBINE

we find the normal shock property ratios (note that our station 11 is
is tahle . tation table station
and our station 2 is table station y)

PP4500 P-0.7209

=1.6875 P2-2.667
V P
(from pV= const)

and the exit Mach number

M = 0.5774

These numbers may be checked, grossly, by Fig. 3-19. The normal shock exit
stream properties are

P =19,400 x 4.500 = 87,300 Pa

Pa P=151,800 x 0.7209 = 109,430 Pa

P
T = T=216.7 x 1.6875 =365.7K

V V
V/V
L

590.2221.3 m/sec
2.667

The results are summarized in Fig. 3-21. Notice that there is a 28 percen
decrease in total pressure through the normal shock. Supersonic inlets a
designed to keep this total pressure loss to a minimum.

stream

Example 3-4. This example vill illustrate a procedure for determining

Shock wave

Ti =216.7K T2 365.7K
Mi = 2.0
VI = 590.2 m/sec M2 0.577
P = 19.4 kPa V2 = 221.3 m/sec (engine)
P= 151.8 kPa P2 = 87.3 kPa
Pi2 = 109.4 kPa

T 390K Ti2

FIGURE 3-21
Flow properties' variation across normal shock.
 COMPRESsIBLE FLOw 143

Blast wave Undisturbed air

Pi = 1 atm, Ti = 519°R

Vgas
(Pgas, (T)gas Vy 10,000 fUsec

FIGURE 3-22

Blast wave propagating into air at rest.

properties in the wake of a normal shock wave advancing into gas at rest. The
property ratios in Eqs. (3-25) through (3-28) were derived from the point of view
of an observer riding on the shock wave. Since total pressure and total
temperature depend upon stream velocity, the ratios developed for these two
properties apply only to a velocity reference system that rides on the wave. Static
properties of a flowing gas do not depend upon the stream's velocity. As a result,
the static property ratios developed for a stationary shock front are also
applicable across a shock wave propagating into a gas at rest.
Suppose a blast wave, perhaps created by a bomb explosion, is traveling
through air at standard sea-level conditions with a speed of 10,000 ft/sec (see Fig.
3-22). Let us treat the spherical portion of the wave adjacent to the ground as a
normal shock wave in order to estimate the state of the air in the blast wave's
wake.
Estimate the value of the following stream properties in the wake of the
blast wave
a. Pressure Pz
b. Temperature 72
c. Velocity Vas
d. Mach number
Mga
e. Total temperature Prgas
f. Total pressure 11gas
Oution. We first reduce the problem to one of steady-state flow (see Fig. 3-23).
For the flow in the steady-state reference frame, we have

P=1 atmn T 518.7°R a=1116ft/sec V=10,000 ft/sec

Thus M.= 10,0009.01116

"w4
Lwwwwwy
V2 Vgas Vi = 10,000 fusec

P2 Pi= I atm FIGURE 3-23

Ti 519°R Blast wave reduced to steady-
77777777 777777777 state flow.
144 GAS TURBINE

find immedias
With the inlet Mach number to the normal shock known, we find immediately, vin
tabulations in normal shock tables (App. F),

2=94.33
P
=1669

P2 5.65 (from pV = const)

V P
These data give the static pressure and temperature in either frame of referen.
ence
whence

= 94.33 atm

b. TT=518.7(16.69)=8658'R
T
The velocity V, in the steady-state reference frame is

10,000
. =1770 ft/sec
VV/V 5.65
in the wake of the blast, we
To determine the velocity of the gas Vss
obtain
algebraically add 10,000 ft/sec to V2 and
8230ft/sec Vgas in direction of wave
movement
VRAs10,000- 1770
=

C.

thus far. The values of Mg

Figure 3-24 illustrates the solution of the problem
Trgass and Prgas Temain to be found.
wake is
The Mach number of the gas in the blast wave's
8230 8230
1.8
d. Mga a2
a,VT/T 1116V16.69 4559
Determine the total temperature and total pressure now, based on you
ae
ratios of these two properties
knowledge of the fact that the static/total
functions of the flow Mach number. From

V = 10,000 fusec

gAs8230 fUsec
P=1 atm (air atrest)
94.33 atm
Pa =

T = 519°R FIGURE 3-24 ac

T2=8650°R Flow properties' variation

777777777777777777777777777777 ross blast wave.

 COMPRESsIBLE FLOw 145

Mgas=1.8
we
find for
T 0.6068 (by calculation or tables)
T
whence

T 8658
TTIT 0.6068 14,270°R

-v/(y-1)

From

find for Mas =

1.8
we

0.1740 (by calculation of tables)

whence
P2 94.33
Pg PIP 0.1740
= 542 atm

The total temperature and total pressure are felt by a stationary structure in
the path of the blast wave. Obviously. a stationary structure exposed to a blast
wave of this strength would not be stationary long. Some estimates indicate that a
nuclear shock wave travels at specds on the order of 200,000 ft/sece (20 times the
wave speed of the example) and produces a total pressure in its wake on the
order of 40,000 atm!

3-4 OBLIQUE SHOCk WAVE

When a wedge-shaped object is placed in a two-dimensional supersonic flow, a
plane-attached shock wave may emanate from the nose of the body, or a
detached shock wave may arise. The latter is curved and stands in front of the
number and the wedge angle 6 together
t(ig 3-25). The flow Mach
determine which of these two types of shocks will occur.

Attached plane shock Detached shock

FIGURE 3-25
Attached and detached shocks
in supersonic flow.
 146 GAS TURBINE

Oblique shock
L
Li

N
N

FIGURE 3-26
Control volume for oblique shock analysis.

Consider the analysis of oblique shock waves with the following purpose
in mind:

1. To determine the exit conditions from an attached oblique shock wave

given the inlet conditions and either the stream deflection angle or the
shock angle B
2. To determine the limitations on upstream Mach M, and 0 for an attached
shock to occur
3. To show that the normal shock wave is a special case of the oblique shock
with 0

througha
In Fig. 3-26, a flow is deflected through an angle e as it passes
shock wave which makes an angle B with the upstream flow velocity. A prop
control volume, indicated by the dashed lines, will have its upper and low
Sides coincident with the flow streamlines and its ends parallel to the sho
and
fluid enters
front. For convenience, assumethe area through which the c flow ow
laws and definitions below to tne
be unity, and apply the physical
leaves to for normal snoe
through the control volume. The list is the same given a

except for added items 3 and 6.

1. Mass control volume equation

2. Momentum control volume equation normal to wave

to wave
3, Momentum control volume equation parallel
4. Energy control volume equation
5. Thermal state equation
6. Geometry of figure
 146 GAS TURBINE
Oblique shock
L
FIGURE 3-26
Control volu ne for oblique shock analysis.
Consider the analysis of oblique shock waves with the followino
in mind:
1. To determine the exit conditions from an attached
oblique shoct
given the inlet conditions and either the stream deflection angle a
shock angle B
2. To determine the limitations Mach M, and for
on upstream an atta
shock to occur
3. To show that the normal shock wave is a special case of the oblique shos
with 6 0
In Fig. 3-26, a flow is deflected through an
angle 6 as it passes through a
shock wave which makes an angle ß with the upstream flow velocity. A proper
control volume, indicated by the dashed lines, will have its upper and
sides coincident with the flow streamlines and its ends lower
front. For convenience, assume the area
parallel to the shock
through which the fiuid enters and
leaves to be unity, and apply the
physical laws and definitions below to the fow
through the control volume. The list is the same given for a normal shock wave
except for added items 3 and 6.
1. Mass control volume
equation
2. Momentum control volume
equation normal to wave
3. Momentum control volume
equation parallel to wave
4. Energy control volume
equation
5. Thermal state
equation
6. Geometry of figure
 COMPRESsIBLE FLOw 147
7. Entropy control volume equation
8. Speed of sound
9, Definition of Mach number
These equations follow from application of the above nine conditions:
Mass P p2N (3-31a)
Nmomentum P+p1Ni= Pa+ pzN (3-31b)
momentum PNL pzN,L2 (3-31c)
Energy
G.T, ++Li-T
e,T -N+L/ (3-31d)
28 2g
State (3-31e)
Pil1 P2T2
Geometry tan (B 0) =
(3-31f)
1/(y-1) (P\(Y-1)
Entropy (3-31g)
pi
PaPa
Sound (3-31h)
M,VT, sinß M,VT, sin (B 6) (3-31i)
Mach
N
Solution of this set of equations gives the following relationships:
-f(M, sin 8) (3-32a)
P
P2-f(M,sin B) (3-32b)
P
(M sin 3)
(3-32c)
 148 GAS TURBINE
-fM, sin8)
P (3-32d
-
A(M, sin B)
M, sin (B0)
=-
2/(y +1) +[(y-1)/(y+ )]Mjs1ng (3-32e
an(B e) Mi sin B cos B
Here the functions f. f. etc.. are identical with those for a normal
(3-32
when B=90° and =0.
shock wave
It is convenient to present the last equation, Eq. (3-32f), aTank
plotting B versus 0 for values of Mi,
as shown in Fig. 3-27. E
When a solution does not evi
(3 Equation hically2/)iby
given in tabular form in App. G.
combination of Mach number M, and wedge angle 6, the maximu that
the wedge angle max and the corresponding shock angle B are piven due of
The functions f. f, f, and fs are given graphically inn Figs. 3-28
3-31. hrough
Observe from the graph of Fig. 3-27 that there exist three
three possible
solutions for a given wedge angle 6:
1. Two values of B for a given M. For example, 0= 20°, M, = 40 .
B 32° or B 84°. Either value of ß may occur
depending upongives
=
boundary conditions of the flow. Usualiy, the wave with the the
smaller shock
angle occurs. However, a proper adjustment of the downstream
willproduce the wave with the
pressur
larger shock angle.
2. One value of B for given M1. For
a
example, 6 =
23, M, 2.0, B 65°
=
=
3. No value of B for a given M. For
example, 8 =
20, M = 1.5. When
this
condition exists, a detached shock wave results.
Figures 3-28 through 3-31 give the oblique shock stream
and exit Mach numbers for various property ratios
values of the stream deflection
(half
angle &fory= 1.4. The
family of curves on each graph is bounded by a wedge)
normal
shock curve and a MMach line curve.
Thus these
graphs include the curves for the normal shock relations
excluding T/T, which may be found from
7,/T
The normal shock
conditions correspond to the
=
(P/P)/(P2/lp:)) of Fig. 5-1
solutions of Figs. 3-28 limiting strong oblique shock
The Mach through 3-31 as the stream deflection angle goes to
line, or Mach wave, conditions are the ie
solutions of Figs. 3-28 limiting weak oblique snovs
through 3-31 as the
Notice that the stream properties do not stream deflection angle goes to e
keeping with the concept of
change through a Mach line, this
a Mach line being formed from
produce infinitesimally small sound puses which
nere are changes in stream
properties.
oDlique and numerous references that present the shock relations
19, 20, and normal shocks in either graphical or tabular
the
(see Refs. 15.
In the
21). form (sce
analysis of the
oblique shock, series o
we have developeu
oped a
 COMPRESSIBLE FLOw 149
Weak shock wave
Strong shock wave
Sonic Imit (M2 1)
Deflection angle 6, degrees
FIGURE 3-27
1.4).
between M,, B, and e for oblique shock (y
=
elation
shock eXit conditions,
find the oblique
cqua from which it is possible to that each of the equations
We have seen
the inlet conditions and B or 0. approaches 90° and 0
counterpart as 5
to its normal shock
STies reduces B, 6. and M (Fig. 3-27)
approaches 0°. Moreover, the expression relatingand d lor an attached shock
enables
Cs us to determine the limiting values
of M
when a wedge is placed in a supersonic flow.
Shock-wave angle B. degrees
=0

(normal shock)
 P

0
=0
(Mach
line)
 COMPRESSIBLE FLoW
153
104
k7a
16
FIGURE 3-32
20° half-angle wedge
in super
A
sonic flow.
through 3-31:
2.03 0.89 M =1.22
2.8 P1
Pa
were found to be
and total pressure
total temperature
The approaching
=
19,400 151,800 Pa
Pa (PIP) 0.1278
T 216.7 =
390.0 K
Ta(TIT» 0.5556
downstream properties.
determine the
From these data, we may
P-P=19,400(2.8) =54,320 Pa
=151,800(0.89) = 135,100 Pa
Pa Pa
T Ti =216.7
=
298.9 K
1.22 in the relation
(T/T), for M,
=
Too lind
f 7, alternately, use
390(0.7706) =300.5 K
2
 154 AS 11 RRIN
Shock
Normai ehock
Engr
inlet PA113 84 kPa
M 20 Spike total pressure loss
P=151 8kPa
P, =194 kPa PPa
P
I 80-1314
T=216 7K 51 80
P, loss-11 8%
FIGURE 3-33
Example 3-6 external compression inlet.
This is a more accurate value ot 7, since T/7, was read from
a graph.
from tahla
tables and not
frm
Example 3-6. The inlet of the cengine of Example 3-3 (normal shocko
ates a spike having a cone angle of 40. As a result, the inlet air ax cks) incopor
Mach 2.0 passes through an oblique shock attached to the spike kmae
shock at the iniet's cowl lip (Fig. 3-33). Determine the total presen E
number at the exit of the normal shock. Compare the losses throueh
with those of Example 3-3.
Solution. Although the shock of the spike is a conical shock wave, We
a suficiently accurate approximate analysis by using two-dimensionalmayohmake
shock theory. We found the stream properties in zone 2 of Fig. 3-32 (Exane
3-5) to be kamp|
M = 1.22 Pa=135,100Pa
From App. F, the total pressure ratio across a normal shock with an iniet Maci
number of 1.22 is Pa/Pa = 0.9907, and the Mach number in zone 3 is 083. I
total pressure in zone 3 is, therefore,
Ps Pa=135,100(0.9907) = 133,840 Pa
Pa
shock waves, the spike
ASsuming no total pressure losses except through
inlet of this example has a 12 percent total pressure loss. The inlet of Example s
has a 28 percent total pressure loss. If we define efficiency as the total pressure
the inlet shock pattern exit divided by the initial total pressure of the tree srcan
the spike inlet is then more efficient. The result of this comparison (m that
Example 3-3 versus Example 3-6) is not an isolated case. It is generalytruc
shocks
1Or a given supersonic flow, the total pressure loss through a series or s
the tota
less than
consisting of oblique shocks terminating in a normal shock is
pressure loss through a single normal shock.
 154 GAS TURBINE
Shock
Normal shock
Engine
inlet
Pa 13384 kPa
Spike total pressure loss
M-2.0
P=151.8kPa
P =19.4kPa Pn-Pa151 80 131 4
P
151.80
T=2167K P, loss = 11.8%
FIGURE 3-33
external compression inlet.
Example 3-6
This is a more accurate value ot 7, since T/7, was read from
ables and not
a graph. from
of the engine ot
Example 3-6. The inlet Example 3-3 (normal shocb
es a spike having a cone angle of 40°. As a result, the inlet air ats)12k
incor
Mach 2.0 passes through an oblique shock attached to the spike anda 2km and
shock at the inlet's cowl lip (Fig. 3-33). Determine the total Dres normal
number at the exit of the normal shock. Compare the losses through and
this Mach
with those of Example 3-3. inlet
Solution. Although the shock of the spike S a conical shock wave, we may
make
a sufficiently accurate approximate analysis by using two-dimensional
shock theory. We found the stream properties in zone 2 of Fig. 3.32 (Examablique
3-5) to be
ample
M = 1.22 Pa=135,100 Pa
From App. F, the total pressure ratio across a normal shock with an inlet Mach
number of 1.22 is PslPa =0.9907, and the Mach number in zone 3 is 0.83. The
total pressure in zone 3 is, therefore,
Ps= Pa 135,100(0.9907) = 133,840 Pa
Assuming no total pressure losses except through shock waves, the spike
inlet ofthis example has a 12 percent total pressure loss. The inlet of Example 33
has a 28 percent total pressure loss. If we define eficiency as the total presure at
the inlet shock pattern exit divided by the initial total pressure of the fre stream
the spike inlet is then
more efficient. The result of this
comparison (niettna
Example 3-3 versus Example 3-6) is not an isolated case. It is generally true
IOr
a given supersonic flow, the total pressure loss through a series ot shock
consisting of oblique shocks terminating in a normal shock is less than ne total
pressure loss through a single normal shock.
 cOMPRESSIBLE PLOW 155
sin B
M2sin (B-)
-
M
G&Pa
194 K
F7GRE shock.
2TOSS an oblique
Fsample 3-7. Normal shock analysis shows that the exit Mach number and the
stream property ratios across a normal shock are expressible in terms of the inlet
Mach number. Figure 3-19 graphically represents the functional relationships
between normal shock properties and the inlet Mach number. Oblique shock
analysis indicates that the normal shock functional relationships, and thus Fig.
3-19, are also applicable to the oblique shock wave if, in using the normal shock
relations for an oblique shock, the inlet and exit Mach numbers (M, and M, of
Fig. 3-18) are replaced with the normal components of the corresponding Mach
numbers for the oblique shock. This example will illustrate how, by using this
procedure, one may use tabulations of normal shock relations in oblique shock
analysis.
For the oblique shock flow shown in Fig. 3-34, determine the following
quantities from normal shock tabulations of them:
P P T Pa M2
P P T P
Compare the results with those of Example 3-5
Solution. Use Fig. 3-27 to determine the shock angle 6. Taking the value of B
coresponding to the shock which normally occurs, we get ß = 53. Note: A more
accurate value of B can be obtained by using Eq. (3-32f) or App. G.| Then the
normal component of inlet Mach number M, sin = 2 sin 53" = 1.6.
From normal shock tables at a Mach number of 1.6,
28200
P
P2=2.032
P
= 1.388
 156 GAS TURBINE
M, sin (B -
-
0) 0.6684,
=
number=
and the normal ponent of exit Mach
0.6684 = 1.227
M sin (53° - 20°)
as follows:
Po/P, can be obtained
C total pressure ratio
(0.1278 =0.9055
P2PP/P)MP (P/P)M-20 2.8200.3980/
P P(P/r.)M, P(PIP)M-1227
normal shock tables, agree
with those of Eva
These resuits, based on
35
which were derived from obliquc shock graphs.
3-5 STEADY ONE-DIMENSIONAL
GAS DYNAMICS
fiow of a chemically inert perfect gas with cones.
The steady one-dimensional
governed by the foll
stant
specific heats is conveniently
described and
following
definitions andphysical laws.
Definitions
Perfect gas P pRT
V2
Mach number M2=- ()
yRg.T
Total temperature
T7-r1M (ii)
-P1 »e)v'(y-1)
Total pressure (iv)
2
Physical Laws
For one-dimensional flow through a control volume having a single inlet and
exit sections 1 and 2,
respectively, we have
One-dimensional mass flow (V)
PiA,,P:A:V
Momentum
Fuis- PA +PA (Vi)
Energy equation (no shaft work) (v)
q=e,(T2-T)
Entropy equation (adiabatic flow) (Vii)
S2S
where rict is the
frictional force of a solid control surface boundary
Owing gas and A is the flow
cross-sectional area normal to the velocy
 COMPREIBLE FLOW 157

da =
cp dl
p A M 4 4 / D )d r

A+dA

P+dP
Control s u r f a c e T+ dT
+ dp
V+dV

M+dM
P+ dP
FIGURE 1-35
Independent and dependent variables
= friction coelficient for one-dimensional flow.
D = h y d r a u I cd i a m e t e r

with length dx. as shown in

the fferential element of duct
differenti
consider
change, total temperature the area
ependent variables
are
Now
variables are P, T, p, V, M2, and
Fe
335 force. The dependent
and frictional to flow in Fig. 3-35. having
the
Theapplication of Eqs. (i) through (vi)
change
and
nultaneous effects
of area change. heat interaction,
simul
of the infinitesimal element
nce set of equations for the
preresults in the following

Perfect gast
PdT , ul=0
P
(3-33a)

dT [(y-1)/2]M* dM-d (3-336)

Total temperaturet T 1+[(y-1)/2]M* M T
d4 = 0 (3-33c)
One-dimensional massflowt

dP (y/2)M dMdP (3-33d)

Total pressuret P1+l(y-1)/2]M2 M P
dV dx (3-33e)
Momentum +yM +2yM'=0
dV dT_dM (3-33/)
Mach numbert VT M
the
measured in terms of
heat interaction effects
are
n
equations,
these condition of Eq.
total t to Eq. (vii). The entropy
perature change according the entropy
also if dT, =0. If dT, is not zero, then
s applicable
dependent variables M,
V, P, p, T, and f, in
ement is ds da/T. The six =
terms Or
theV e set of equations may be expressed in
linear algebraic six

through (V).
These equa the derivative of the natural log of Eqs. (1)
a r e obtained by taking