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GEE4 Chapter 9

The document discusses several topics related to global issues and inequalities, including: 1) Global population is expected to increase to nearly 10 billion by 2050, driven by increased lifespans and declining mortality rates. Over half of growth will occur in Africa. 2) Climate change is causing rising global temperatures and more extreme weather due to fossil fuel use. Its effects include food and water shortages. 3) Food insecurity affects over 800 million people and is exacerbated by conflict, climate change, and high population growth. Achieving food security for all requires sustainable agriculture and fair trade.

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78 views24 pages

GEE4 Chapter 9

The document discusses several topics related to global issues and inequalities, including: 1) Global population is expected to increase to nearly 10 billion by 2050, driven by increased lifespans and declining mortality rates. Over half of growth will occur in Africa. 2) Climate change is causing rising global temperatures and more extreme weather due to fossil fuel use. Its effects include food and water shortages. 3) Food insecurity affects over 800 million people and is exacerbated by conflict, climate change, and high population growth. Achieving food security for all requires sustainable agriculture and fair trade.

Uploaded by

radivals
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Global Issues and

Inequalities:
Environmental
Issues
Lesson IV-C
Global Population
The world’s population is expected to increase by nearly 2 billion persons in
the next 30 years, from the current 8 billion to 9.7 billion in 2050 and could
peak at nearly 10.4 billion in the mid-2080s.

This dramatic growth has been driven largely by increasing numbers of people
surviving to reproductive age, the gradual increase in human lifespan,
increasing urbanization, and accelerating migration.
Global Population Trends
China (1.4 billion) and India (1.4 billion) remain the two most populous countries
of the world, both with more than 1 billion people, each representing nearly 18
percent of the world’s population, respectively.
More than half of global population growth between now and 2050 is expected
to occur in Africa. Africa has the highest rate of population growth among major
areas. The population of sub-Saharan Africa is projected to double by 2050.
In sharp contrast, the populations of 61 countries or areas in the world,
particularly in Europe, are expected to decrease by 2050, of which 26 may see
a reduction of at least ten per cent.
Factors Affecting Population
Fertility Rates: Future population growth is highly dependent on the path that
future fertility will take. According to the World Population Prospects (2022
Revision), global fertility is projected to fall from 2.3 children per woman in 2021
to 2.1 in 2050.
Increasing Longevity: Overall, significant gains in life expectancy have been
achieved in recent years. Globally, life expectancy at birth is expected to rise
from 72.8 years in 2019 to 77.2 years in 2050.
International migration: in some countries and areas the impact of migration on
population size is significant, namely in countries that send or receive large
numbers of economic migrants and those affected by refugee flows.
Effects of Global Over Population
Global population growth and the destructive consumption habits of high-wealth
countries put pressure on biodiversity and human communities, exacerbating food
and water shortages, reducing resilience in the face of climate change, and making
it harder for vulnerable groups to rise out of intergenerational poverty.
Population Control
Human population control (often also referred to as human
population planning) can be defined as the intention to control the
growth rate of the human population.
Relation to UN SDG
According to the United Nations, the maintenance of a sustainable
population is key into achieving it’s Sustainable Development Goals
by the year 2030.
Food Security
Food security, as defined by the United Nations’ Committee on
World Food Security, means that all people, at all times, have
physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and
nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs
for an active and healthy life.

Food is a fundamental human right. And yet one in nine people


around the world go hungry every day.
Four Elements of Food Security
Availability is about food supply and trade, not just quantity but also
the quality and diversity of food.
Access covers economic and physical access to food. Improving
access requires better market access for smallholders allowing them
to generate more income from cash crops, livestock products and
other enterprises.
Utilisation is about how the body uses the various nutrients in
food. A person’s health, feeding practices, food preparation,
and diversity of their diet and intra-household distribution of
food all affect a person’s nutrition status.
Stability is about being food secure at all times. Food insecurity
can be transitory with short term shocks the result of a bad
season, a change in employment status, conflict or a rise in
food prices.
Food Insecurity Trends
As many as 828 million people go to bed hungry every night. The
number of those facing acute food insecurity has soared - from 135
million to 345 million - since 2019. A total of 49 million people in 49
countries are teetering on the edge of famine.
In terms of food wastage, FAO reports that each year, the food
wasted globally is about 1.3 billion tons.
Causes of Food Insecurity
Conflict
Climate Shocks
Costs
Global Crises
Lack of Access to Farm Land
Unfair Trade Rules
Fast Population Growth
Food Wastage
Production of Biofuels
Solutions to Food Insecurity
Reduce Food Waste
Reduce the Risk of Commercializing
Improve Existing Infrastructural Programs
Improve Trade Policies
Promote Diversification
Close the Yield Gap
Work Towards Defeating Climate Change
UN SDG Goal 2
Sustainable Development Goal 2 is about creating a world free of hunger by
2030. In 2020, between 720 million and 811 million persons worldwide were
suffering from hunger, roughly 161 million more than in 2019. Also in 2020, a
staggering 2.4 billion people, or above 30 per cent of the world’s population,
were moderately or severely food-insecure, lacking regular access to
adequate food.
Climate Change
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and
weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through
variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human activities
have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to
burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
Climate Change Trends
Earth’s temperature has risen by 0.14° Fahrenheit (0.08° Celsius) per
decade since 1880, but the rate of warming since 1981 is more than twice
that: 0.32° F (0.18° C) per decade.
2022 was the 5th warmest year on record.
Averaged across land and ocean, the 2021 surface temperature was 1.51 °F
(0.84 °Celsius) warmer than the twentieth-century average of 57.0 °F (13.9
°C) and 1.87 ˚F (1.04 ˚C) warmer than the pre-industrial period (1880-1900).
The nine years from 2013 through 2021 rank among the 10 warmest years
on record.
Effects of Climate Change
Hotter Temperatures
Stronger Storms
Increased Drought
Loss of Species
Shortages on Food
More Health Risks
Poverty and Displacement
A warming rising ocean
Causes of Climate of Change
Power Generation
Manufacturing of Goods
Cutting Down of Forests
Overconsumption
Excessive Agriculture
Solutions to Climate Change
Save Energy at Home
Take Public Transport
Consume more Vegetables
Recycle
Use Alternative Home Electricity Sources
UN SDG 13
To hold warming to below 1.5oC and avoid the worst impacts of climate
change, science demands that greenhouse gas emissions must urgently
peak, and reduce down to zero by 2050. Improving corporate awareness
by measuring and disclosing environmental impact is essential to the
management of carbon and climate risk.

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