Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules)

Module #8

Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

Module 8 - CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING: RATIONALE

1. B: The main difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is in their basic function: one depletes existing
glucose, while other replenishes it from both organic (carbon-containing) and inorganic (carbon-free) molecules.
This makes glycolysis a catabolic process of metabolism, while gluconeogenesis is anabolic.
Also on the glycolysis vs. gluconeogenesis front, while glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells,
gluconeogenesis is confined mainly to the liver.Erfedr

2. A: Starvation. Phosphofructokinase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase are also reciprocally controlled by fructose 2,6-
bisphosphate in the liver. The level of F-2,6-BP is low during starvation and high in the fed state, because of the
antagonistic effects of glucagon and insulin on the production and degradation of this signal molecule. Fructose 2,6-
bisphosphate strongly stimulates phosphofructokinase and inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. Hence, glycolysis is
accelerated and
gluconeogenesis is diminished in
the fed state. During starvation,
gluconeogenesis predominates
because the level of F-2,6-BP is
very low. Glucose formed by the
liver under these conditions is
essential for the viability of brain
and muscle.

Remember that gluconeogenesis

is the process of producing sugar
or glucose from a non-
carbohydrate sources. So during
the state of starvation, you need
glucose in order for your body to
function. During fed state, your
body may have to have high
blood sugar, low pyruvate and
increase glycogen level to
counter high blood sugar level.

3. C: Pyruvate is reduced and

NADH is oxidized. Oxidation is
the gain of oxygen. Reduction is
the loss of oxygen.

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 Course Code: BIO 024(Biochemistry/Biomolecules)
Module #8

Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

4. NADPH. The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate
shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as
ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.
5. D: Glucose → glucose-6-phosphate

6. A; Aldolase: The symptoms suggest hereditary fructose intolerance, a deficiency in aldolase B. Deficiency in
fructokinase or galactokinase result in relatively benign conditions characterized by elevated levels of fructose or
galactose in the blood and urine. Deficiency of B-galactosidase (lactase) results in a decreased ability to degrade lactose
(milk sugar). Congenital lactase deficiency is quite rare and would have presented much earlier in this baby (and with
different symptoms). Typical lactase deficiency (adult hypolactasia) presents at a later age.
7. C: Galactokinase. The girl is deficient in galactokinase and is unable to appropriately phosphorylate galactose.
Galactose accumulates in the blood (and urine). In the lens of the eye, galactose is reduced by aldose reductase to
galactitol, a sugar alcohol, which causes osmotic effects that results in cataract formation. Deficiency of galactose 1-
phosphate uridylyltransferase also results in cataracts but is characterized by liver damage and neurologic effects.
Fructokinase deficiency is a benign condition. Aldose B deficiency is severe, with effects on several tissues. Cataracts
are not typically seen.
8. A: Hyperglycemia. Elevated blood glucose occurs in type 1 diabetes as a result of a lack of insulin. In type 2 diabetes,
hyperglycemia is due to a defect in β-cell function and insulin resistance. The amino acid sequence of insulin is not
changed in diabetes. Both forms of the disease show complex genetics. Ketoacidosis is more common in type 1
disease.
9. A: 4 ATP, 2 GTP and 2 NADH
10. C: Glucose 6-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate to release glucose into the blood
11. C: Glycogen is the storage form of glucose and glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose
molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage. This process is activated during rest periods following the Cori
cycle, in the liver, and also activated by insulin in response to high glucose levels.
12. B: Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic process by which organisms produce sugars (namely glucose) for catabolic
reactions from non-carbohydrate precursors. It is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from
non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. Glucose is the only energy
source used by the brain (with the exception of ketone bodies during times of fasting), testes, erythrocytes, and kidney
medulla.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules)
Module #8

Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

13. A: Glycogen phosphorylase. Glycogen Phosphorylase catalyzes breakdown of glycogen into Glucose-1-Phosphate
(G1P). The reaction that produces G1P from glycogen is a phosphorolysis, not a hydrolysis reaction.
14. A: Glycogen synthase. Glycogen synthesis is primarily regulated by modulating the activity of glycogen synthase.
15. B: Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules: Glycolysis, or the aerobic catabolic breakdown of
glucose, produces energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate, which itself enters the citric acid cycle to produce
more energy. C6 – steps 4-10. Energy producing stage while C3- steps 1-3 is energy consuming stage.
16. A: The goal of carbohydrate digestion is to break down all disaccharides and complex carbohydrates into
monosaccharides for absorption, although not all are completely absorbed in the small intestine (e.g., fiber). Digestion
begins in the mouth with salivary amylase released during the process of chewing.
17. E: Red blood cells can only metabolise glucose by anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. In cells
with mitochondria and oxidative metabolism, pyruvate is converted completely into CO2 and H2O – glycolysis in this
setting is termed aerobic glycolysis. In RBCs, which lack mitochondria and oxidative metabolism, pyruvate is reduced
to lactic acid, a three-carbon hydroxyacid, the product of anaerobic glycolysis.
18. A: A key step in the synthesis of glycogen is the formation of UDP-glucose
19. C: In glycolysis, glucose is cleaved into two three-carbon product called pyruvate. Pyruvate is an important chemical
compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose
breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways.Chemical
formula: C3H4O3. Glucagon turns off glycolysis in the liver, causing glycolytic intermediates to be shuttled to
gluconeogenesis.Glucagon also regulates the rate of glucose production through lipolysis. The final product of glycolysis
is pyruvate in aerobic settings and lactate in anaerobic conditions. Pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle for further energy
production.
20. C: pancreatic amylase. Most carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine, thanks to a suite of enzymes.
Pancreatic amylase is secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine, and like salivary amylase, it breaks starch
down to small oligosaccharides (containing 3 to 10 glucose molecules) and maltose.

SUGGESTED VIDEO:

short introduction of the basics about Carbohydrate digestion and absorption:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWfXeCVp7Wk
Glycolysis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk
Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2XBVUKn_I5w (glycogen metabolism)
Gluconeogenesis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg
Diabetes mellitus: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B-RVybvffU

ATP and Respiration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ

ETC Animated: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQmTKxI4Wn4
ATP synthase animated: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXpzp4RDGJI
Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenesis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5CW63kxTsA

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