MODULE 7

• DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

• INTRODUCTION TO EXPLICIT
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS TOPICS
• Static Vs Dynamic

• Types of Dynamic analysis

• General Equation of Motion

• Basic Concepts & Terminology

 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Static Structural Analysis:

Might ensure that the design will withstand SteadyState loading

conditions, but it may not be sufficient, especially if the load varies with
time.

Dynamic Structural Analysis:

• Used to determine the behavior of structures subjected to loads that

vary with time or frequency.

• Inertia and possibly damping , of the structure play an important

• Dynamics also includes the study of free vibrations, i.e., the oscillations
of a structure after the force causing the motion has been removed.
 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Dynamic analysis are conducted when loads and its corresponding
responses are varying with time or frequency. This type of analysis are
sometime called as “Propagation Problems”. It can be classified as:-
 General Equation of Motion
The non-linear governing equation for the Transient Dynamic Analysis is:
 General Equation of Motion

▪ Sources of Nonlinearity

‐ large deflection

‐ nonlinear contact

‐ material nonlinearity

▪ Nonlinearity is allowed only in a full transient analysis.

 Basic Concepts
▪ Free Vibration:‐ takes place when a system oscillates in the absence of
external forces.

▪ Natural Frequency:

a system under free vibration will vibrate at one or more of its natural
frequencies. A natural frequency is a property of the dynamic system
established by its mass and stiffness distribution‐ material nonlinearity

▪ Forced Vibration: vibration that takes place under external forces.

▪ Resonance:

in forced vibration, when the force is oscillatory, the system is forced to

oscillate at the excitation frequency. If the frequency of excitation coincides
with one or more of the natural frequencies, resonance occurs.

▪ Damping:

is an energy dissipation mechanism that causes vibrations to diminish over

time and eventually stop. If damping is small, it has very small influence on
the natural frequencies.
 MODAL ANALYSIS
• The modal analysis technique is used to determine the vibration
characteristics (i.e., natural frequencies and mode shapes) of linear
elastic structures.

• The most fundamental of all dynamic analysis types.

• Allows the design to avoid resonant vibrations or to vibrate at a specified

frequency.

• Gives engineers an idea of how the design will respond to different types of
dynamic loads.

• Helps in calculating solution controls for other dynamic analyses.

Assumptions and restrictions

• . The structure is linear (i.e. [M] and [K] matrices are constant).

• No loads (forces, displacements, pressures, or temperatures) are

allowed; i.e., free vibration.

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 MODAL ANALYSIS
• The linear equation of motion for free, un-damped vibration is

Assume harmonic motion:.

Substituting {𝒖} and {𝒖ሷ } In the governing equation gives an eigenvalue

equation:

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MODAL WS 1
• Determine natural frequencies for first 10 modes.

• Also determine the critical modes for Loads excited in X,Y and Y directions

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 MODAL WS 2
• Determine natural frequencies.

• Determine frequency response for 0-500 hz for MSUP and full method.
 HARMONIC ANALYSIS
• The harmonic-response analysis is used to determine a structure’s response
to steady, harmonic (sinusoidally varying) loads.

• Rotating machines exert steady, alternating forces on bearings and support

structures. These forces cause different deflections and stresses depending
on the speed of rotation.

▪ INPUT:

• Harmonic loads (forces, pressures, and imposed displacements) of known

magnitude and frequency.

• May be multiple loads all at the same frequency.

• Forces and displacements can be in-phase or out-of phase.

• Body loads can only be specified with a phase angle of zero.

▪ OUTPUT:

• Harmonic displacements at each DOF, usually out of phase with the applied
loads.

• Other derived quantities, such as stresses and strains.

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 HARMONIC ANALYSIS
▪ Assumptions and Restrictions:

• All loads and displacements vary sinusoidally at the same

known frequency (although not necessarily in phase).

• All outputs, likewise, are assumed to occur at the same

frequency.

• Calculated displacements are complex if:

-damping is specified, or

- applied load is complex (i.e., includes phase angle).

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 HARMONIC ANALYSIS
▪ Governing equation for a mass spring damper system subject
to a sinusoidal force is.

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 HARMONIC ANALYSIS
• When the imposed frequency
approaches a natural frequency in the
direction of excitation, resonance
occurs.

• An increase in damping decreases the

amplitude of the response for all
imposed frequencies,

• A small change in damping has a large

effect on the response near resonance,
and,

•The phase angle always passes through

90 at resonance for any amount of
damping.

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 Harmonic Response WS 2
• Determine natural frequencies.

• Determine frequency response for 0-50 hz for MSUP and full method.

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 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
• A response-spectrum analysis can be used to determine how a component
responds to earthquakes.

• Skyscrapers, power-plant cooling towers, and other structures must

withstand multiple short-duration transient shock/impact loadings, common
in seismic events.

• A response spectrum analysis is mainly used in place of a time history

analysis to determine the response of structures to random or time
dependent loading conditions such as:

• earthquakes, wind loads, ocean wave loads, jet engine thrust, rocket motor
vibrations, and so on.

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 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
• Response Spectrum

• A response spectrum is a plot of the maximum response of linear one DOF

systems to a given time history input

• The abscissa of the plot is the natural frequencies of the systems, the
ordinate is the maximum response that captures thew intensity and
frequency content of the input time – history loads.

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 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
• There are two types of Response Spectrum Analysis available

• Single Point Response Spectrum (SPRS) Multi Point Response Spectrum

(MPRS)

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 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
WORKSHOP 1

• Carry put Response spectrum analysis and interpret max

stress/strain of the structure.

• Fixed Support at the bottom

• Modal Analysis: Frequency ratio: 0-100 Hz, Max modes to find

100:

• RS Displacement

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 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
WORKSHOP 2

• Carry put Response spectrum analysis and interpret max

stress/strain of the structure.

• Circular cross Section of radius 50mm

• Fixed Support at the bottom

• Modal Analysis: Frequency ratio: 0-100 Hz, Max modes to find

100:

• RS Displacement

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RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS

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RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS

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RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS

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 RANDOM VIBRATION WS 1
• Determine Response of Structure for random vibrations (Lateral Vibrations).

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 RANDOM VIBRATION WS 2
• Determine Response of Structure for Random vibrations. (Vertical direction)

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 Transient analysis

• Transient dynamic analysis is a technique used to determine the

dynamic response of a structure under the action of any general time
dependent loads..

• Also known as time history analysis or transient structural analysis.

• Can include inertia and/or damping effects.

• Can include any type of nonlinear effects, such as contact, plasticity,

large deflection, hyper elasticity

• Use it to determine time varying displacements, stresses, strains and

forces.

• Typically, more involved than a static analysis

• Generally, requires more computer resources and more "engineering"

time.

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 Transient analysis
▪ Governing Equation of motion.

• The nonlinear governing equation for the Transient Dynamic Analysis

is:.

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 Transient analysis
▪ Methods to Solve
Mode Superposition (MSUP) Method
• Full Method
• Faster and less expensive than full
• Solves full equations of motion method
• Allows all types of nonlinearities • Allows damping as a function of
frequency
• Accepts most load types (e.g., nodal
forces, nonzero displacements, • Uses the natural frequencies and mode
element loads, tabular boundary shapes from a linked modal analysis to
conditions, etc.) characterize the transient dynamic
response of a structure
• Uses full matrices [K, M, and C]
• Scales the mode shapes obtained from
• Requires that mesh be fine enough to a modal analysis and sums them to
resolve the highest mode of interest calculate the dynamic response

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 TRANSIENT STRUCTURAL WS 1
• Determine Response of Structure for Loads varying with time.

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 TRANSIENT STRUCTURAL WS 2
• Determine Response of Structure for Loads varying with time.
 TRANSIENT STRUCTURAL WS 3
• Determine Response of Structure for Loads varying with time.

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TRANSIENT STRUCTURAL WS 4

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INTRODUCTION TO EXPLICIT
DYNAMICS

• DEFINATION

• Why use Explicit Dynamics?

• Solving Strategy

• Applications
 EXPLICIT DYNAMICS
• “Implicit” and “Explicit” refer to two types of time integration methods used
to perform dynamic simulations

• Explicit time integration is more accurate and efficient for simulations

involving

• Shock wave propagation

• Large deformations and strains

• Non‐linear material behavior

• Complex contact

• Fragmentation

• Non‐linear buckling

• Typical applications

•Drop tests

•Impact and Penetration

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 Basic Formulation – Implicit Dynamics
• The nonlinear governing equation for the Transient Dynamic Analysis
is:.

• At any given time, t, this equation can be thought of as a set of "static"

equilibrium equations that also consider inertia forces and damping forces.
The Newmark or HHT method is used to solve these equations at discrete
timepoints. The time increment between successive time points is called
the integration time step.

Linear Problems Non-Linear Problems

• Implicit time integration is • The solution is obtained using a series of

unconditionally stable for linear approximations (Newton‐Raphson
certain integration parameters. method), so each time step may have many
• The time step will vary only to equilibrium iterations.
satisfy accuracy requirements. • Convergence tools are provided, but
convergence is not guaranteed for highly
nonlinear problems.
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 Basic Formulation – Explicit Dynamics
• The basic equations solved by an Explicit Dynamic analysis express the conservation of mass,
momentum and energy in Lagrange coordinates. These, together with a material model and a set of
initial and boundary conditions, define the complete solution of the problem.

• For Lagrange formulations, the mesh moves and distorts with the material it
models, so conservation of mass is automatically satisfied. The density at any
time can be determined from the current volume of the zone and its initial mass:

• The Explicit Dynamics solver uses a central difference time integration scheme
(Leapfrog method). After forces have been computed at the nodes (resulting from
internal stress, contact, or boundary conditions), the nodal accelerations are
derived by dividing force by

where xi are the components of nodal acceleration (i=1,2,3), Fi are the forces acting
on the nodes, bi are the components of body acceleration and m is the mass of the
node.

• With the accelerations at time n ‐ ½ determined, the velocities at time n + ½ are

found.

• Finally, the positions are updated to time n+1 by integrating the velocities.

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 Advantages– Explicit Dynamics
Advantages for using this method for time integration for non-Linear
problems

• The equations become uncoupled and can be solved directly (explicitly).

There is no requirement for iteration during time integration
• No convergence checks are needed since the equations are uncoupled
•No inversion of the stiffness matrix is required. All nonlinearities
(including contact) are included in the internal force vector

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 Spatial Discretization
Geometries (bodies) are meshed into a (large) number of smaller
elements
• All elements use in Explicit Dynamics have Lagrange formulations
– i.e., elements follow the deformation of the bodies
 EXPLICIT DYNAMICS WS 1
• Determine Response of Structure when it is drop from a height of 1m using explicit solver.
 EXPLICIT DYNAMICS WS 2
• Crash test of Aluminum Bottle using Explicit Solver.