2 Water 中/EN

Flipped classroom

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2.1 The water cycle

A. Change in the
physical states of water

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2.1 The water cycle

Water can exist in three physical states.

Solid Liquid Gas

ice water water vapour
or steam

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2.1 The water cycle

Water can change from one state to

another.
Example

Water changes to steam when it boils.

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

Measuring temperatures
as ice changes to steam

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

1. Set up the apparatus.

thermometer
clamp
beaker crushed ice
stand
The bulb of the thermometer
• is immersed in the crushed
ice. ✔
Bunsen burner• does not touch the bottom
of the beaker.

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

2. Heat the beaker of ice with a gentle blue

flame.

Half open the air hole by

turning the collar to
produce a gentle blue
flame.

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

3. Record the temperature at 1-minute

intervals for about 14 minutes. Draw a
table to organize the experimental data.

Time (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Temperature (°C)

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

4. Plot a graph to show how the temperature

changes with time.

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

5. (i) At what temperature does the ice

( start to melt?
a About 0 °C
_______________________________
)
(ii) Does the temperature of ice change
when it melts?
No
_______________________________

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

5. (i) At what temperature does the water

( start to boil?
b About 100 °C
_____________________________
)
(ii) Does the temperature of water
change when it boils?
No
_________________________________

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2.1 The water cycle

Melting

The change from

solid state to liquid
state is called
melting.
melting
ice (solid) water (liquid)
absorbs energy

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2.1 The water cycle

Melting

Melting takes place at a fixed

temperature. This temperature is called
the melting point. The melting point
of ice is 0 °C.

When ice melts, it absorbs energy.

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2.1 The water cycle

Freezing
The change from
liquid state to solid
state is called
freezing.

freezing
water (liquid) ice (solid)
releases energy

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2.1 The water cycle

Freezing

Freezing takes place at a fixed

temperature. This temperature is called
the freezing point. The freezing
point of water is 0 °C.

When water freezes, it releases energy.

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2.1 The water cycle

Boiling

The change from liquid

state to gas state is
called boiling.

boiling
water (liquid) steam (gas)
absorbs energy

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2.1 The water cycle

Boiling

Boiling takes place at a fixed

temperature. This temperature is called
the boiling point. The boiling point
of water is 100 °C.

When water boils, it absorbs energy.

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2.1 The water cycle

Evaporation

Water can change its state from liquid

to gas lower than the boiling point. This
process is called evaporation.

evaporation
(at any temperature)
water (liquid) water vapour (gas)
absorbs energy

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2.1 The water cycle

Evaporation
Example
Wet clothes become dry as water evaporates.

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2.1 The water cycle

Evaporation
When water evaporates, it absorbs
energy.
Example
When we get out of the
water, we feel cold because
water on our skin evaporates
and absorbs energy from our
bodies.
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2.1 The water cycle

Condensation

Water can change its state from gas to

liquid through condensation.
When water vapour or steam condenses
into water, it releases energy.

water vapour condensation

water
or steam (gas) releases energy
(liquid)
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2.1 The water cycle

Condensation
When the water vapour in air comes into
contact with cold surfaces, it condenses
into water, forming water droplets on
the surfaces. water droplets
Example
On the outside of a cold drink,
water vapour condenses into
water droplets.
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2.1 The water cycle

The change in states of water is summarized below.

heating
boiling /
melting evaporation (at any temperature)
steam or
ice water water
vapour
freezing condensation

cooling

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2.1 The water cycle

Steam is invisible
When water boils into steam, a ‘white mist’
forms above the boiling water. The ‘white mist’
is not steam. It is actually
tiny water droplets
condensed near the
steam. Both steam and
water vapour are invisible.

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2.1 The water cycle

2.1 e-Checkpoint 2.1

1. True or false
(a) Ice melts into water at the same
T
temperature as water freezes into
ice.
(b) Water can change its state from
liquid to gas through evaporation T
or boiling.
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2.1 The water cycle

2.1 e-Checkpoint 2.1

(c) Water evaporates at a fixed

temperature. F

(d) When water vapour condenses,

F
it changes to ice.

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2.1 The water cycle

2.1 e-Checkpoint 2.1

2. The following examples involve a change

in the physical state of water. Complete
each sentence to explain what happens.

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2.1 The water cycle

2.1 e-Checkpoint 2.1

(a) A wet road becomes

dry soon after a rain.
This is because the
evaporates
water (i)___________
to form
water vapour
(ii) ______________.

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2.1 The water cycle

2.1 e-Checkpoint 2.1

(b) When people who wear glasses drink

hot water, their glasses fog up. This is
water vapour rising
because (i)______________
from the hot water
condenses
(ii)_____________ to
water
form (iii)__________
on the glasses.
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2.1 The water cycle

B. What is water cycle?

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2.1 The water cycle

1 Evaporation: Energy from the Sun powers the water

cycle.

energy from
the Sun

1 evaporation

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2.1 The water cycle

1 Water in seas, rivers and on land absorbs the energy

from the Sun and evaporates to form water vapour.
The water vapour is then carried upwards by warm air
beneath it.
energy from
the Sun

water vapour

1 evaporation

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2.1 The water cycle

2 Condensation: Higher in the sky, the colder air cools

the water vapour and it condenses to form water
droplets, which join to form clouds.
energy from
the Sun
2 condensation

water vapour

1 evaporation

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2.1 The water cycle

3 The clouds may be carried by wind to other places.

energy from the Sun
3
2 condensation
water
vapour

1 evaporation

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2.1 The water cycle

4 As more water vapour condenses, the water droplets

in the clouds grow larger and heavier. Eventually,
they become so heavy that they fall as rain, snow or
hail.
energy from the Sun
3
2 condensation
water 4
vapour

1 evaporation

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2.1 The water cycle

5 When the water absorbs energy from the Sun, it

evaporates again. Hence, the water is cycled
continuously.
energy from the Sun
3
2 condensation
water 4
vapour

1 evaporation

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.2 Watch the Expt. video

Demonstration

Simulating the
formation of rain

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.2 Watch the Expt. video

1. The model below simulates parts of the water

cycle.
zipper bag of ice cubes
transparent plastic container metal dish

beaker
coloured hot water table lamp
hot pebbles
top pan balance

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.2 Watch the Expt. video

2. At the beginning of the experiment,

record the reading on the top pan
balance. Then, turn on the lamp and
shine the light at the plastic container.
Beginning of the After 10 minutes
experiment
Mass (g) (Answers may vary.)

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.2 Watch the Expt. video

3. Observe what happens inside the plastic

container.
(a) What do you observe?
Water droplets formed/condensed
______________________________
on the bottom of the metal dish. As
______________________________
these water droplets grow in size,
______________________________
they become so heavy that they fall
______________________________
down.
______________________________
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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.2 Watch the Expt. video

(b) What is the colour of the ‘rain’?

Colourless
___________________________
(c) After 10 minutes, record the reading
on the top pan balance.
Beginning of the After 10 minutes
experiment
Mass (g) (Answers may vary.)

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.2 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
1. What is the purpose of the table lamp?
To supply energy (heat) for the
________________________________
evaporation of water
________________________________

2. What is the purpose of the ice cubes?

To keep the metal dish cold enough
________________________________
for water vapour to condense
________________________________

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.2 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
3. Explain how ‘rain’ is formed.
(Hint: You may use these words: heat, evaporate, condense,
water vapour, water droplets.)
When the table lamp heats the water in
___________________________________
the container, the water evaporates to
___________________________________
form water vapour. Then, it is cooled by
___________________________________
the metal dish and condenses into water
___________________________________
droplets.
___________________________________
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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.2 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
4. Explain what you observed in Step 3(b).
As water evaporates, the food colouring stays
_______________________________________
behind. Therefore, the ‘rain’ is colourless.
_______________________________________
5. Does this simulation demonstrate that the water
cycle keeps the total amount of water on Earth
constant? Explain your answer.
Yes, because the mass of the set-up is similar
_______________________________________
before and after the experiment.
_______________________________________
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2.1 The water cycle

Water __________ to become

evaporates
____________. Then, it is
water vapour
carried
upwards by warm air.
Water in seas,
Water vapour
rivers, Water cools
etc. absorbs the cycle condenses
and __________,
energy from the
forming clouds.
Sun.
Water droplets fall from
clouds as rain, snow or hail.
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2.1 The water cycle

Understanding change and constancy in the

water cycle
Change Constancy
water changes from the water cycle
one physical state to keeps the total
another water on Earth
constant

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2.1 The water cycle

2.2 e-Checkpoint 2.2

Arrange the following sentences to

describe the water cycle in the correct
order.

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2.1 The water cycle

2.2 e-Checkpoint 2.2

(a) Warm air carries water vapour upwards.

(b) As water droplets in the clouds grow larger,
they fall as rain.
(c) Energy from the Sun causes water to
evaporate from oceans, rivers and land
surfaces.
(d) The water droplets join to form clouds.
(e) As the upper sky is cooler, water vapour
condenses to form water droplets.
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2.1 The water cycle

2.2 e-Checkpoint 2.2

Correct order:
____
c ____
a ____
e ____ d ____ b

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2.1 The water cycle

Extension
C. Factors affecting the
rate of evaporation

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

Extension
Investigating the
factors affecting the
rate of evaporation

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

Part A: Temperature

Extension
I. Hypothesis
When the temperature is higher, the
rate of evaporation ______________.
increases

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

II. Variable table

Independent Dependent Controlled
variable variable variables

Extension
amount of water ✓
time taken
temperature
temperature for each
humidity ✓
piece of
filter paper airflow ✓
to dry surface area exposed ✓

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

III. Procedure
1. Label two pieces of filter paper as X and

Extension
Y.
2. Add two drops of water to X and Y.
filter papers

X Y water

white tiles
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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

3. Put X on one side of the bench and Y

under a table lamp.

Extension
table lamp
X Y

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

IV.
Results
Record the time each piece of filter

Extension
paper takes to dry.

X Y
Time taken (s) (Answers may vary.)

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

1. Which piece dries more quickly?

_________________________________

Extension
Y

2. Do the results support the hypothesis?

If not, what should you do next?
________________________________
Yes/No. I should modify my hypothesis.
_
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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

Part B: Humidity

Extension
I. Hypothesis
When the humidity is higher, the rate of
evaporation _______________.
decreases

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

II. Variable table

Independent Dependent Controlled
variable variable variables

Extension
amount of water ✓
time taken
temperature ✓
humidity for each
humidity
piece of
filter paper airflow ✓
to dry surface area exposed ✓

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

III. Procedure
1. Label two pieces of filter paper as X and

Extension
Y. Add two drops of water to X and Y.

filter papers

X Y water

white tiles
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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

2. Set up the apparatus.

dry cobalt chloride paper closed plastic dry cobalt chloride paper
boxes

Extension
cling uncovered
film beaker
X Y
warm water warm water
watch glass watch glass

Which piece is in a condition with higher

Y
humidity?_________________________
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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

IV.
Results
Record the time each piece of filter

Extension
paper takes to dry.

X Y
Time taken (s) (Answers may vary.)

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

1. Which piece dries more quickly?

_________________________________

Extension
X

2. Do the results support the hypothesis?

If not, what should you do next?
________________________________
Yes/No. I should modify my hypothesis.
_
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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

Part C: Airflow

Extension
I. Hypothesis
When there is more airflow, the
_____________________________
rate of evaporation increases.
_____________________________

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

II. Variable table

Independent Dependent Controlled

Extension
variable variable variables
amount of water ✓
time taken
temperature ✓
airflow for each
humidity ✓
piece of
filter paper airflow
to dry surface area exposed ✓

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

III. Procedure
1. Label two pieces of filter paper as X and

Extension
Y. Add two drops of water to X and Y.

filter papers

X Y water

white tiles
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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

2. Put X in still air and Y under wind

from a portable fan.

Extension
X Y

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

IV.
Results
Record the time each piece of filter

Extension
paper takes to dry.

X Y
Time taken (s) (Answers may vary.)

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

1. Which piece dries more quickly?

_________________________________

Extension
Y

2. Do the results support the hypothesis?

If not, what should you do next?
________________________________
Yes/No. I should modify my hypothesis.
_
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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

Part D: Surface area exposed

Extension
I. Hypothesis
When the surface area exposed is
_____________________________
larger, the rate of evaporation
_____________________________
increases.
_____________________________

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

II. Material and apparatus

Design a fair test using the following

Extension
materials and apparatus:
• two pieces of filter paper
• two white tiles
• a dropper
• a beaker
• a stopwatch
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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

III. Variable table

Independent Dependent Controlled
variable variable variables

Extension
amount of water ✓
time taken
temperature ✓
surface area for each
humidity ✓
exposed piece of
filter paper airflow ✓
to dry surface area exposed

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

IV. Procedure
1. Label two pieces of filter paper as X and Y.

Extension
Put the filter paper on two separate
2. _________________________________
white tiles.
_________________________________
Add two drops of water to each piece
3. _________________________________
of filter paper.
_________________________________

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

Leave X unfolded. Fold Y.

4. _____________________________________
filter papers

Extension
X Y

white tiles

Measure the time with a stopwatch. Record

5. ______________________________________
the time each piece of filter paper takes to dry.
______________________________________

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

V. Results
Record the time each piece of filter

Extension
paper takes to dry.

X Y
Time taken (s) (Answers may vary.)

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

Conclusion
The rate of evaporation increases when:

Extension
(a) ✓ the temperature is higher
the temperature is lower

(b) the humidity is higher

✓ the humidity is lower

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2.1 The water cycle

Experiment 2.3 Watch the Expt. video

(c) ✓ there is more airflow

Extension
there is less airflow

(d) ✓ the surface area exposed is larger

the surface area exposed is less

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2.1 The water cycle

The rate of evaporation increases

when

Extension
higher
• the temperature is ___________.
lower
• the humidity is ___________.
more
• there is ___________ airflow.
• the surface area exposed is
larger
___________.

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2.1 The water cycle

2.3 e-Checkpoint 2.3

(a) Give TWO reasons to explain why wet

hands dry more quickly under a warm-air

Extension
hand dryer.
There is more airflow and
______________________
the temperature is
______________________
higher.
______________________

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2.1 The water cycle

2.3 e-Checkpoint 2.3

(b) Why should we keep our palms flat

Extension
when using a hand dryer?
This is because the
___________________
surface area
___________________
exposed is larger.
___________________

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