Lesson 1.

3| AY 2022-2023

Tropical
Design
Ar. Alvin D. Samodal
Ar. Katrina Benito, uap
Ar. Gertell Solquillo-Macawili
Ar. Gary Peter Bello
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LESSON 1:
Environmental/Climatic Design

Lesson 1.3 : Climate and Weather

Lesson 1.3| AY 2022-2023

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AIR FLOWS FROM A HIGH

1 PRESSURE TO A LOW
PRESSURE AREA

PRINCIPLES
AIR POSSESSES INERTIA
ONCE SET IN MOTION IT

2 TENDS TO CONTINUE1
FLOW IN ITS INITIAL
TO
OF AIR FLOW
DIRECTION UNTIL SOME
INTERVENING FORCE MET

3 AIR FLOWS THROUGH THE

PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE
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PRINCIPLES OF AIR FLOW 29

1 AIR FLOWS FROM A HIGH PRESSURE

TO A LOW PRESSURE AREA

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PRINCIPLES OF AIR FLOW 29
AIR POSSESSES INERTIA ONCE SET IN MOTION IT TENDS TO
2 CONTINUE TO FLOW IN ITS INITIAL DIRECTION UNTIL SOME
INTERVENING FORCE MET

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PRINCIPLES OF AIR FLOW 29

3 AIR FLOWS THROUGH THE PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE

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GLOBAL AIR MOVEMENT

Before one can understand the various wind patterns
affecting the Philippines, a broader knowledge of
what causes global air circulation is necessary. All
these would be vital in utilizing air movement close to
the ground and in the passive cooling of architectural
structures in the hot-humid tropics

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GLOBAL AIR
MOVEMENT
As the rays of the sun hit the earth's surface, the equator receives more
radiation than would the polar regions. This necessitates the removal of the
excess heat of the equatorial region towards the cooler polar regions.
Otherwise this imbalance can cause the further warming up of the equatorial
regions and the cooling of the latter.

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GLOBAL AIR
MOVEMENT
The phenomenon of wind systems work
to remove the heat by moving the
equatorial air upwards in its journey
towards the poles. Thereafter, the cycle
is comepleted when the cold air moves
towards the equator very close to the
https://www.usa.edu/blog/study-techniques/

earth's surface
Lession 1.3| AY 2022-20232
 36

The rotation of the earth deflects the air

from its direct paths. This phenomenon
is called the Coriolis Force

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 36

With the north pole as points of

reference it will be observed that the
rotation of the earth is counter-
clockwise. Thus, the motion of the wind
is modified to the right of its intended
path if in the northern hemisphere, and
to the left, if moving in the southern
hemisphere. The continental land mass
further complicates the air movement
as this gives frictional resistance to the
wind

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EFFECT ON LANDSCAPE ELEMEN TS

Hedges and shrubs deflect air way from inlets and cause a reduction in
air motion indoors. These elements should not be planted at a distance
of more than 2 or 3 meters from the building because the induced air
motion is reduced.

Air movement in the leeward part of the building can be enhanced by

planting a low hedge at a distance of 2 meters from the building.

Trees with a large foliage mass, having the trunk base of branches up to
the top level of the window, deflect the outdoor wind downward and
promote air motion in the habitable zones of the building interiors.
Lession 1.3| AY 2022-20232
LANDSCAPE 29

Plants and trees are among the most effective and desirable elements that can
be used to direct air flow.

The tree offers very good protection from the wind direction behind the foliage.
The areas adjacent to the ground below the foliage is relatively in free air.

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LANDSCAPE 29

The combination of hedge and tree can be used in many ways to achieve air
flow control and visual control

A hedge located between a tree and a building obstructs wind flow and reduces
indoor air motion but a tree located between a hedge and a building intensifies
air motion in the leeward portion of a room, though it decreases indoor air
motion near the inlet opening.

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LANDSCAPE 29

Trees and shrubs can also

be used effectively to
channel air laterally into
close corners or secluded
pockets. They can be used to
create high and low
pressure areas to aid in the
movement of air along
predetermined paths.

Lession 1.3| AY 2022-20232

LANDSCAPING 29

1 THE WIND SHADOW OF A WELL-FOLIAGED TREE IS

APPROXIMATELY TWO (2) TIMES THE HEIGHT OF THE TREE.

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LANDSCAPING 29
A ROW OF CLOSELY SPACED TREE WHOSE ROW IS FOUR(4)
2 TIMES ITS HEIGHT CAN HAVE A WIND SHADOW OF THREE (3)
TIMES THE HEIGHT OF THE TREE

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LANDSCAPING 29
IF THE LENGTH OF THE TREE ROW IS EIGHT (8) TIMES THE HEIGHT, THE WIND
3 SHADOW WILL BE SIX (6) TIMES THE HEIGHT. BEYOND THE RATIO OF LENGTH
TO HEIGHT, THE WIND SHADOW REMAINS OF THE SAME DEPTH.

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1 L SHAPE

2 U SHAPE
EFFECTS ON
PLAN FORM
3 H SHAPE

4 T SHAPE
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1 EQUAL HEIGHT

MULTI-STOREY
2 LOCATED ON THE
INFLUENCES
LEEWARD
MULTI-STOREY OF ADJACENT
3 LOCATED ON THE BUILDING
WINDWARD
BUILDING OF EQUAL
4 HEIGHT @ END TO
END POSITION Lession 1.3| AY 2022-20232
1 PARALLEL TO STREAM
24

PERPENDICULAR TO
2 STREAM PARTITION
EFFECT
1

3 ENCLINED TO STREAM

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 04

LESSON 1:
Environmental/Climatic Design

Lesson 1.3 : Climate and Weather

RECALL THE PRINCIPLES

OF AIR FLOW

Lesson 1.3| AY 2022-2023

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1 L SHAPE

2 U SHAPE
EFFECTS ON
PLAN FORM
1

3 H SHAPE

4 T SHAPE
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EFFECT OF PLAN FORM 29

Due to the interaction of wind with buildings, air flow patterns around the
buildings are formed. This controls the pressure distribution on various
surfaces of the buildings. Hence, air movement induced indoors is also
governed by the shape of building.

In a studies conducted by Ishwar Chand in the Central Building Research

Institute in Rookee, India on the effect of plan form on indoor air motion,
several plan forms were selected. The magnitude and the characteristics of air
flow induced indoors were identified for each plan.

Lession 1.3| AY 2022-20232

L SHAPED PLAN 29

Air motion can be enhanced by facing the

inner sides of the wings of the L-shape
building towards oblique winds. Wind
perpendicular to the longer wing at the
windward side promotes indoor air motion by
about 20% in the central reqion. Increase in
the length of the side wing helps promote
indoor air motion over a greater region of the
building.

Windows tangential to the prevailing wind

also induce indoor air movement.
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L SHAPED PLAN 29

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L SHAPED PLAN 29

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L SHAPED PLAN 29

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L SHAPED PLAN 29

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U SHAPED PLAN 29

Air motion induced in various parts of the U-

shape building depends largely on the length
of the connecting block that joins the ends of
two parallel wings and on the direction of the
incident wind. Increasing the length of the
connecting wing increases the air motion in
the parallel wings. Indoor air motion is also
induced if the incident wind is parallel to the
channel formed by he longer wings.

Lession 1.3| AY 2022-20232

U SHAPED PLAN 29

For wind incident at 45 degrees, the indoor air

motion is not only reduced in the leeward
wing but in the windward wing as well. This is
due to the obstruction of wind flow between
the wings that lead to the development of
high pressure on the leeward face of the wind
facing block.

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U SHAPED PLAN 29

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U SHAPED PLAN 29

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U SHAPED PLAN 29

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U SHAPED PLAN 29

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U SHAPED PLAN 29

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H SHAPED PLAN 29

H-shape Plans are self-shielding and do not

conduce to the induction of air movement
indoors. Whether wind is incident normally or
obliquely on the parallel wings, the parallel
wings shield the remaining part of the
building so that very little air motion is
induced in the wings.

Lession 1.3| AY 2022-20232

T SHAPED PLAN 29

T shape Plan form helps promote air motion

only in a limited part of the building. As
compared to H-shape plan, T shape plan
induces a higher indoor air movement for
obliquely incident wind.

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1 EQUAL HEIGHT

2
MULTI-STOREY
LOCATED ON THE INFLUENCES
LEEWARD
MULTI-STOREY
OF ADJACENT
3 LOCATED ON THE
WINDWARD
BUILDING
BUILDING OF EQUAL
4 HEIGHT @ END TO
END POSITION Lession 1.3| AY 2022-20232
BUILDINGS OF EQUAL HEIGHT LOCATED IN
BROADSIDE - ON POSITION 29

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A MULTI-STOREY BUILDING LOCATED ON
LEEWARD SIDE OF A LOW BUILDING 29

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A MULTI-STOREY BUILDING LOCATED ON
WINDWARD SIDE OF A LOW BUILDING 29

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BUILDINGS OF EQUAL HEIGHT LOCATED IN END-
ON POSITION 29

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1 PARALLEL TO STREAM
24

PERPENDICULAR TO
2 STREAM PARTITION
EFFECT
3 ENCLINED TO STREAM

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ROOM A

ROOM B

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ROOM A ROOM A

ROOM B ROOM B

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