Week 4 - Module 2: Intellectual Revolution

 Paradigm Shift
RENAISSANCE
 A rebirth, a rediscovery of ancient Rome and Greece
 Deliberately rejected the scholarship and religious thought of the middle age
 Surge of interests, discoveries and values
How Renaissance affect society?
 It impacted the world because it started new techniques
 It changes the cultural ,political, scientific and intellectual explosion in Europe 14th –
17th centuries
 Taught us the power of looking to the part for insights and inspiration
 It showed  the importance of continual innovation in ART. ARCHITECTURE and
LITERATURE in human history.
Society
 A group of people that share similar values and beliefs.
 Social forces that shape technology
 Primary group of species to be affected by the development of technology.
History of Man and Their Beliefs
 Historical antecedents have affected the course of science and technology.
 It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in
science and technology during each time period were due to human needs and
wants.
 There have been instances when advancements in science and technology changed
people’s perception known as the “Intellectual Revolution”.
Paradigm Shift
 It is an important change that happens when the usual way of thinking about on
doing something is replaced by a new and different way.
 A time when the usual and accepted way of doing on thinking about something
change completely.
Intellectual Revolution
 Used to refer to Greek speculation about the “nature” in the period before Socrates
(roughly 600 to 400 BCE).
 The alternative, technical terms are “pre Socratic” or “non-theological” or ”first
philosophy”.
  It is a movement about enlightenment and it may be initiated during the 17th century
where people are more driven by the new discoveries in Science and Technology and
cultural relativism resulting from the explorations.
Early Astronomers
Aristotle (384 -322 B.C.)
A student of Plato.
 Heavier objects falls faster than lighter objects. This concept survived for more than
1500 years.
 Based his concepts on Greeks four elements; earth, water, air, and fire. Later added
aether as the fifth element.
Aristarchus (310 -230 B.C.)
 Greek astronomer and mathematician.
 The first known model that placed the sun at the center of the known universe with
the earth revolving around it.
Claudius Ptolemy (100 A.D -170 A.D.)
 He was the most influential of Greek astronomers and geographers of his time.
 He propounded the geocentric theory of the solar system. With Earth as its center
which thought to be true by most of the people at that time.
The Aristotelian Universe
Ptolemy Universe
“Geocentric Model”
 Placing Earth as the center of the universe while the rest of the heavenly bodies
revolves around it.
 Making earth as the center of Creation, and thus where human were created.
 The church agreed with Ptolemy because his theory did not contradict biblical texts of
the genesis. The theory prevailed for 1400 years.
Scientific Revolution Leaders
1.) Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
(A Catholic Cleric)
 Copernicus’ revolution paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens,
which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe.
 Proposed the Sun-centered universe (Heliocentric System).
 Earth is not special and no different than any other planet. But being a catholic cleric,
he did not insists his findings which is against the church beliefs.
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
 Possesses the most sophisticated observatory of his day. His data findings supports
Copernicus findings together with his student Johannes Kepler.
 But being an arrogant nobleman, he still believe in Aristotelian Universe.
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
 A student of Brahe.
 Planetary motion conforms to mathematical formula.
 Elliptical orbits of the planets and the sun at the center.
 Planets do not move at uniform speeds in their orbits.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
 His investigation of the laws of motion and improvements on the telescope helped
further the understanding of the world and universe around him.
 Discredit the current belief of the time — that all things revolved around the Earth.
 He was ordered to turn himself in to the Holy Office to begin trial for holding the
belief that the Earth revolves around the Sun, which was deemed heretical by the
Catholic Church.
 The Church sentenced him to light regimen of penance and imprisonment.
 Some 300 years later, the Church admit that Galileo was right and clear his name.
2. Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
 This has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever.
 This revolution provided a different approach than the "theory of Creation".
 The ideas that species change over time through natural processes and that different
species share common ancestors seemed to contradict the Genesis account of
Creation.
The theory of evolution has two points;
1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each other.
2. This diversity of life came about because of the modification in populations that were
driven by natural selections.
3. Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)
 Questioning the God’s control of the natural world with his theory of gravity.
Explained with mathematical principle why apple falls from the tree.
 God was thought to be in control of all forces of nature, so a mathematical
explanation for an occurrence in nature was in direct opposition to beliefs held by the
church.
The Concept of Universal Gravitation
 That every body attracts every other body with a force proportional to the product of
the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them
F=Gm1 m2r2�=��1 �2�2
 The two objects pull on each other - the earth pulls the apple to the ground, but the
apple also pulls back on the Earth.
4. Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)
 Freudain revolution may be viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in mind
objective entities which can be studied like physical things.
 Believed that human beings choose to believe in God, who represents a powerful
father-figure, because they want to fell secure and absolve themselves from guilt.
 He provides a psychoanalysis of religion, which he views as a false belief system or an
illusion.
Three Main Structures of Personality
 Freud described that the brain can be segmented into compartments. Where the id is
the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends, pleasure seeking; the ego is the organized
realistic part; and the super-ego plays the critical and moralizing role.
 The unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people suspect.
  This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes
the ”Freudian Theory of Personality” that involves the human development
contributes to his/her personality and also his ”psychoanalysis” that is the process for
achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental
stage.
 Famous Quotes : Religion is an illusion and it derives its strength from the fact that it
falls in with our instinctual desires.
 Religion is an attempt to get control over the sensory world, in which we are placed,
by means of the wish-world, which we have developed inside us as a result of
biological and psychological necessities.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
 It refers to historical changes in thought, belief, and changes in social and
institutional changes that unfolded Europe between 15th-17th centuries.
 Emphasized systematic experimentation and the most valid research method resulted
in the developments of different fields of study like Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics
and Mathematics.
qNew discoveries were made  and old beliefs began to be proven incorrect.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
It was a period of major industrialization that took place during the 1700’s and early 1800’s.
This period saw the MECHANIZATION of AGRICULTURE, TEXTILE MANUFACTURING, and a
REVOLUTION IN POWER including STEAM ENGINE in ships, RAILROADS, that affect social,
cultural and economic conditions.
1)The development of better Power Sources to drive production.
Ex. Coal-fueled steam engine
2)The progressive mechanization of Human World

3)The development of improved processes for transforming raw materials into suitable for
manufacturing
4)The introduction of a more efficient mode of organizing production
Ex. The Factory System
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 On living and working conditions
 Urbanization - ( growth of cities)
 Child Labor
 Public Health
 Working class family life
  The Role of Women
 The Emerging Middle Class
 Economic growth
 Income
IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Increase in population
 Increase in living standard
 Depletion of natural resources
 Use of chemicals and fuels in factories resulted air and water pollution
 Increased use of fossil fuels
Summary:
The scientific revolution is an important time in history. Not because of important scientific
discoveries, but because scientists started separate science and religion. By removing
religion out of the equation, science became more based in fact and quantitative reasoning
not some beliefs. The said paradigm shift made way for science to do so many scientific
discoveries about the natural world.
Without religion pulling back, scientific knowledge about the natural world knew no bounds.

 Key Concepts of Nation Building

Key Findings of Nation Building

 To make violent society peaceful.
 Security, Food, Shelter, Education, and basic services should be provided.
 Economic and political objectives can be pursued once the first order needs are met.
Factors in determining the success of nation-building
 The early development of civil-society organizations
  The rise of a state capable of providing public goods evenly across a territory.
 The emergence of a shared medium of communication.
Overview of Science and Technology in the Philippines
 The Philippines is a Southeast Asian country in the Western Pacific, comprising more
than 7,000 islands.
 Scientists have identified the country with a Megadiveristy of life forms and it is
where the Center of center of Biodiversity Hotspot.
 Situated in the western Pacific Ocean, with three main regions : Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao.
 The development of science and technology of the Philippines has already come a
long way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or
attributed to Filipinos.
Pre-Spanish Period
 System of Farming and animal raising
 Herbal medicines
 Modes of transportation
 Own way of writing (sinaunang Baybayin-Alibata)
 Engineering (Ship Building Banaue Rice Terraces, etc)
Spanish Period
 Colonialization of Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means of
construction.
 Walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures were built using some of the
engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards.
 Scientific institutions founded
 In addition, the Spanish government developed health and education systems that
were enjoyed by the principalia class.
American Period
 The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines.
They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose of
nurturing development in the field of science and technology.
 Inclined towards Agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine, and pharmacy.
 Not much given to industrial technology due to free trade policy
Post-Colonial Period
 The Philippines, under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in
science and technology. Each leadership had its own science and technology agenda.
  One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology was
former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos.
 Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA)
 Marcos saw that the key to nation-building is the continuous development of science
and technology. The progress in science and technology continued even after his
dictatorial rule and the presidents after him left their own legacies in the field.
Influences in the Development of S&T in the Philippines
 Science and technology may have significant impact on the lives of the people and in
the development of the Philippine society.
 However, improving the quality of science education still remains as a big challenge in
the country.
 School science from basic education to graduate education is improving slowly, and
there are only few students enrolling in science and technology courses.
 The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, and
policies to boost the area of science and technology.
 The goal is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a
technologically driven world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven by
science.
Policies given by National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)
1) Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance:
 Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum
 Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
 Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband
 Local food security
2) Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics:
 Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities
 Outright grants for peer monitoring
 Review of R.A. 9184
 Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development
3) Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
 Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards
by full implementation of the Food and Drug Administration
 Creating an education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical
services and care
  Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as pool of
information
 Allocating two percent of the GDP to research
 Legislating a law supporting human genome projects
4) Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
 Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full
 implementation of existing laws.
 Use og biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries Promoting indigenous
knowledge systems and indigenous people’s conservation
 Formulation of common food and safety standards.
Existing Programs through DOST
 Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology.
 Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field
of science and technology.
 Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System for training
young Filipinos in the field of science and technology.
 Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come home and
work in the Philippines.
Ferdinand Marcos
 The importance given to Science
 He amended the 1973 Philippine Constitution XV Section 9. He declared that the
advancement of Science and Technology shall have priority in the national
development.
 He enacted many laws promoting Science and Technology
Corazon Aquino
 Changed NSTA to DOST
 She believed that Science and Technology has its role in economic recovery and
sustainable economic growth. STAND (Science & Technology Agenda for National
Development
Fidel Ramos
 First few years of his administration 1992-1995 were characterized by economic
boom, technological development, political stability and efficient delivery of basic
needs to the people.
 Known as the Asian Tiger
Joseph Ejercito Estrada
 Signed legislation RA 8749 known as Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.
  RA 8792 Electronics Commerce Act of 2000
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
 Her term was dubbed as the Golden Age of Science and Technology
 Numerous laws and projects that concern both the environment and Science to push
technology as a tool to increase the country’s economic level and help increase the
productivity from Science, Technology and innovations (STI) and help benefit the poor
people.
 Coined term Filipinnovation
Benigno Aquino III
 Conferred four new national scientists.
 Improve the Weather forcasting system of PAG-ASA (Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration)
Rodrigo Roa Duterte
 Signed R.A 11035 (Act institutionalizng the BALIK SCIENTIST PROGRAM) last June 15,
2018.
 This program would give incentives to returning filipinos experts, scientists, inventors,
and engineers who would share their expertise in the country.

 Filipino Scientist and Inventions

Famous Filipino in the Field of Science
 Many of these Filipino scientists are products of good school science.
 Their interests in science started to manifest during their childhood years.
 Their natural environment ignited their curiosity to learn more about the natural and
physical environment.
 Schools and the laboratories where they studied and worked nurtured this.
Filipino Scientists
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba : research on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso : for his works on observing the characteristics of Antartica by
using satellite images
3. Jose Bejar Cruz, Jr. : known internationally in the field of electrical engineering;
elected as officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
4. Fabian Millar Dayrit : research in herbal medicine
5. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz : notable for her research on sea snail venom.
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III : for his research on tilapia culture
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. : for inventing the meconium drugs testing
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena : for doing research on plant biotechnology
 9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz : for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan : for his research in the field of communications technology
11. Ceasar A. Saloma : an internationally renowned physicist
12. Edgardo Gomez : famous scientist in Marine Science
13. William Padolina : Chemist and president of National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST) – Philippines
14. Angel Alcala : Marine Science
Note: Research for more Filipino Scientists