Question Answer Mark

Number
1 (a) Use of R = V/I (for current) (1)

Use of sum of e.m.f. = sum of p.d.s

Or use of Ԑ = V + Ir (1)

r = 100 000 Ω or 100 kΩ or 1× 105 Ω (1)

(Accept valid alternative methods based on potential divider)

Example of calculation
I = 0.018 V / 4700 Ω = 3.8 × 10-6 A
0.4 V = 0.018 V + (3.8 × 10-6 A × r )
r = 100 000 Ω 3
1 (b) Use of power = radiation flux × area (1)

Use of an electrical power equation (1)

Use of efficiency equation (1)

Efficiency = 12 % (1)
(Full ecf for current from (a))

Example of calculation
power = 1.5 × 10-3 W m-2 × 3.9 × 10-4 m2 = 5.85 × 10-7 W
power = IV = 3.8 × 10-6 A × 0.018 V = 6.84 × 10-8 W
Efficiency = 6.84 × 10-8 W / 5.85 × 10-7 W = 0.12 OR 12 % 4
Total for question 7

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Question Answer Mark
Number
2(a) The (maximum) length is (directly) proportional to the area (1) 1

2(b)(i) Use of ρl/A = R (1)

R = 1.34 (Ω) (1) 2

Example of calculation
R = 1.68 × 10−8 Ω m × 80 m ÷ 1.0 × 10−6 m2
R = 1.34 Ω
2(b)(ii) Use of P = I2R (1)
P = 160 W allow ecf from (i) (1) 2

Example of calculation
P = (11 A)2 × 1.34 Ω
P = 162 W (157 W if they use 1.3 Ω)
2(b)(iii) Use of V = IR Or use of P = VI Or use of P = V2/R (1)
V = 15 V allow ecf from (i) and/or (ii) (1) 2

Example of calculation
V = 11 A × 1.34 Ω = 14.7 V (14.3 V if 1.3 Ω is used)
2(c) To prevent (use of a cable with) resistance that is too large
(Accept answers that refer to maintaining or not exceeding a resistance of about (1)
1.3 Ω)

Meaning more energy / power / p.d. available for the shredder (1) 2

Total for Question 9

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Question Answer Mark
Number
3(a) Use of W = VIt (1)
W = 69 000 (J) (1)
Use of efficiency = (useful energy / total energy) (x 100%) (1)
Efficiency = 0.42 (or 42%) (1)

Or
Use of P = IV (1)
Use of P = W/t (to calculate rate of increase of internal energy of water) (1)
Use of efficiency = (output power / input power) (x 100%) (1)
Efficiency = 0.42 (or 42%) (1) 4

Example of calculation
W = 5.0 A × 230 V × 60 s = 69 000 J
Efficiency = 29 000 J / 69 000 J
= 0.42
3(b) Human body contains water molecules
Or body has same structure as food (1)

So cells/tissues would gain internal energy (1) 2

(Accept cells/tissues would be heated)
3(c) (i) Waves spread out (1)
After passing through a gap Or after passing around an obstacle (1) 2

3(c)(ii) Use of c = fλ with c = 3.0 × 108 m s-1 (1)

λ = 0.12 m (1) 2

Example of calculation
λ = 3.0 × 108 m s-1 ÷ 2.5 × 109 Hz
λ = 0.12 m
3(c)(iii) Diameter = 2mm (1) 1

*3(c)(iv) (QWC – Work must be clear and organised in a logical manner using technical
wording where appropriate)

Diffraction greatest when wavelength is about the same as gap size (1)

Diameter of holes much greater than wavelength of light and diameter of holes
less than microwave wavelength (1)

so no/little diffraction of light takes place

Or so microwave radiation still diffracted through large angle but intensity is
very small. (1) 3
MP3 must follow on from relevant part of MP2
Total for Question 14

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 Question Answer Mark
Number
4
(high resistance) so very little /negligible/zero current in the voltmeter
Or because otherwise a current would pass through the voltmeter
Or so the total resistance of the parallel combination isn’t changed
Or because otherwise total resistance of parallel combination would
be reduced (1)

because that would change /increase the current in the ammeter

Or
because that would mean the current through the ammeter was different
to (larger than) the current through the component (1) 2

.
Total for question 2

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 Question Answer Mark
Number
5(a)(i) Use of P = IV (1)
Power = 2900 W (1) 2

Example of calculation
Power = 12.5 A × 230 V = 2875 W

5(a)(ii) P = E/t (1)

Energy = 400 000 J (ecf from (i)) (1) 2

Example of calculation
Energy = 2875 W × 140 s = 402 500 J

5(a)(iii) Use of efficiency = useful energy output / total energy input (1)
= 0.87 or 87% (ecf from (ii)) (do not award if > 100%) (1) 2

Example of calculation
Efficiency = 351 000 J / 402 500 J = 0.87 or 87%

5(b) Some energy transferred by heating the kettle / element / wires /

surroundings
Or Some energy transferred as sound (1)

So not all of the (input) energy is transferred to (heating) the water

Or so useful energy output is less than energy input
Or only the energy heating the water is useful
(1) 2

Total for question 8

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Question Answer Mark
Number
6(a) Series sketch with two bulbs (1)

Connected in series:
because when one is removed there is a break in the circuit
Or
because when one is removed there is no current
Or
so the bulbs could have different p.d.s (1)

Not connected in parallel because:

if one removed, still complete circuit (for the other)
Or
if one removed, still current (through the other)
Or
full mains voltage would have blown small bulb (1) 3

6(b) (i) Use of P = IV (1)

I = 0.17 (A) (at least 2 sf required) (1) 2

Example of calculation
40 W = I × 230 V
I = 0.17 A
6(b) Use of appropriate equation (1)
(ii) R = 1300 Ω (1) 2

Example of calculation
P = V2/R
40 W = (230 V)2 / R
R = 1323 Ω
6(b) Use of R = V/I (1)
(iii) R = 13 Ω (1) 2

Example of calculation
R = 2.5 V / 0.2 A
R = 12.5 Ω
6(c) Current – both require about the same (not just both have 0.2 A) (1)

Potential difference – total (required) p.d. is very close to mains supply

Or
(operating) p.d. for mains bulb much greater than (operating) p.d. for (1) 2
torch bulb

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6(d)
Lower resistance (1)

(smaller current, so) lower temperature (so less vibration of lattice ions)
Or
(smaller current, so) smaller drift velocity (1)

fewer collisions of electrons with lattice ions Or less frequent collisions

of electrons with lattice ions (1)

Less energy dissipation (as heat) Or less ke lost in collisions (1) 4

Total for question 15

Question Answer Mark

Number
7(a) Use of P = VI (1)
Current = 0.021 A (1) 2

Example of calculation
.
I= = 0.021 A
7(b)(i) Use of P = VI to justify (numbers or symbols) (1) 1

Examples
P = VI, so W = V A
Or V = JC-1, A = C s-1 so V A = J C-1 x C s-1 = J s-1 = W
Or 5 V × 0.1 A = 0.5 W
.
7(b)(ii) Efficiency = (× 100) (1)
.
Efficiency = 10% or 0.1
(1) 2

Example of calculation
.
Efficiency = × 100
.
Efficiency = 10.42 %
7(b)(iii) Energy/power converted/wasted/transferred/lost to thermal or heat
(energy)
Or
Energy/power lost due to resistance (1) 1
(allow internal resistance)

Total for question 6

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