Quantum Jump Model
Quantum Jump Model
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Mazen Khoder∗
Lebanese University, Faculty of Engineering
This paper proposes a new model of motion that generalizes the concept of ”Quantum Jump”, so
we have been able to deduce the principles of quantum mechanics so that the oddity of the quantum
puzzles becomes easier to understand and interpret, and as a direct verification of this model, this
paper deduces the Lamb shift effect without the need to introduce the concept of vacuum energy
fluctuations.
r
t2
v2
Z
II. THE MOTION ε= 1− dt ⇒
t1 c2
If v=const or by using the mean velocity on path ⇒
Let's assume (FIG. 1.) that ε is the duration during r
which a moving particle exists before disappearing and v2
ε= 1− 2 ε+τ (4)
that µ is the duration of the particle's disappearance from c
our world before it reappears later.
q
2
(1 − 1 − vc2 )
So what about the trajectory of particle? τ =ε q (5)
Since the particle's motion is a sequence of appearances 2
1 − vc2
and disappearances events, the continuous trajectory of
the particle cannot exist, but we can suppose that for L = v(ε + τ )
each disappearance and appearance events we have an
imaginary path (FIG.1.) that only reflect the properties
of space and time on the values of ε and µ.
If the particle at time t1 appears in location p1 and at
time t2 appear in location p2 affected by an imaginary III. UNIVERSAL QUANTUM JUMP
path with velocity v so we can suppose:
First, we mean specifically by ”universal quantum
Z t2
jump” (or we call it simply ”quantum jump”) one pe-
L= vdt (1)
t1 riod of movement between two appearances of a particle.
3
So the quantum jump is not related only when the par- We know that F~ = m~γ but in the point of view of uni-
ticle moves from one energy level to another, but always, versal quantum jump theory the real Newton equation
the particle did jumps to move from one position to an- must not contain the derivative of velocity (unless as an
other. approximation) because the motion always must be a
As we know, based on Newton's First law of motion: sequence of quantum jumps, so in the classical word the
”In an inertial reference frame, an object either Newton equation become (for example when v c):
remains at rest or continues to move at a constant
velocity, unless acted upon by a force”.
But this law is not compatible with the disappearance F~ ε2 = m~v2 − m~v1 (9)
and appearance idea!, this law is not always true since
the particle might easily appear (if the quantum jump
is enough) in a forbidden (have a variation to very large h
ε2 = (10)
potential field like for example particle in box) place after 2mv22
some quantum jumps in the direction of the movement
of the particle!, so for a huge number of particles that So in classical world when ~v1 is the initial velocity we can
jump in the subatomic level the newton law may put calculate ~v2 that is the new velocity and ε2 that is the
our universe in unstable situation!, and this might hap- duration of existence of the particle in our world before
pen specifically when the length of the jump is close (or disappearing.
greater) to the length of the field's fluctuations. But when we come out from classical phase and enter to
But in the case where the length of the quantum jump the quantum phase we need to modify Newton's first law
is very small compared to the length of the field's fluc- as follows:
tuations then the first law of Newton will be applicable In any reference, an object either remains at rest
because in this case, we can be sure that the particle will or continues to move using a quantum jump based
feel the force before that the force gets altered so all ini- on a new action principle called ”alike action prin-
tial velocities are acceptable. ciple” that takes in consideration all forces exis-
In this case (classical world) if the initial velocity is ~v so tent in the universe (not only the applicable forces
this velocity must be constant during one quantum jump on the particle itself ).
(because no significant change in the potential field), in
this case, we assume that the quantum jump J should be
(in non-relativist case) the half of the de Broglie wave- IV. ALIKE ACTION PRINCIPLE
length:
When the particle is in location p1 at time t1 and we
λ 1 h are investigating where would it be in time t2 ?
J= =
2 2 mv We use this equation to distinguish all space paths:
Therefore we need to add half of the Compton wave-
length to take in consideration the relativistic effect, so Z t2
finally, this paper suppose (in classical world) that: L= vdt
t1
Z t2
h h 1
L= + (6) S= ( mv 2 − U )dt (11)
2mv 2m0 c t1 2
r
h h v2
ε=( + ) 1 − (7) Now we have a lot of choices for the location in time t2 ,
2mv 2 2m0 c2 c2 we suppose that we are in quantum phase or in other
r
h h v2 words we ignore the classical mechanic effect which per-
µ=( 2
+ 2
)(1 − 1 − 2 ) (8) mits us to ignore the initial velocity (for the imaginary
2mv 2m0 c c
path of a particle used to come to the initial position
when v c ⇒ p1 ).
In our case (quantum phase) the initial velocity didn't
h h h have a real significant effect on the movement of the par-
L= , ε= 2
, µ=
2mv 2mv 4mc2 ticle as if the particle always forgets how it came to its
when v → c initial position and starts again without any initial ve-
locity.
h h In the quantum phase the particle has some preferred
L= , ε = 0, µ = destinations based on a new quantum action principle
2m0 c 2m0 c2
4
destination and nor to maximize the probability of tion, so from equation (16) we have that:
appearance of the particle at this destination, therefore,
in this case, we can suppose that the probability of Q = n2 − 4δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn ⇒ if we take n = 2 ⇒
appearance is proportional to the number of n paths Q = 4 − 4δS1 ,S2
(like classical case). π
we can simply suppose that the function is linear to the = 4 − 4 sin2 ( (S1 − S2 ))
h
δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn so: 2 π
= 4(1 − sin ( (S1 − S2 )))
h
π
= 4 cos2 ( (S1 − S2 ))
h
2π
= 2(1 + cos( (S1 − S2 )))
h
2π 2π 2π 2π
= 2(1 + cos( S1 ) cos( S2 ) + sin( S1 ) sin( S2 ))
h h h h
2π 2π 2π 2π
= 2 + 2 cos( S1 ) cos( S2 ) + 2 sin( S1 ) sin( S2 )
h h h h
2 2π 2 2π 2 2π 2 2π
= cos ( S1 ) + sin ( S1 ) + cos ( S2 ) + sin ( S2 )
h h h h
2π 2π 2π 2π
+ 2 cos( S1 ) cos( S2 ) + 2 sin( S1 ) sin( S2 )
h h h h
2
2π 2π
= cos( S1 ) + cos( S2 ) +
Q = aδS1 ,S2 ,...Sn + b, a and b is constants ⇒ we have: h h
2
n2 n(n − 1)
2π 2π
0=a + b, and n = a +b⇒ sin( S1 ) + sin( S2 )
4 4 h h
Q = n2 − 4δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn (16)
2π 2π
2
= exp (i S1 ) + exp (i S2 ) ⇒
h h
in general we can prove:
n 2
X 2π
QS1 ,S2 ,...Sn = exp (i Si ) (17)
i=1
h
Currently, we know that the Lamb shift happened by So if we ignore the relativistic correction then for v c:
the interaction between vacuum energy fluctuations and
the hydrogen electron, to derive it we need the technic of
renormalization that we use in quantum electrodynamics εv
d= (19)
theory, for example we can see this reference ([19]). c
But we can do that without referring to vacuum energy
at all, or more exactly we can understand from where So the real duration of interaction is equal the ordinary
come the vacuum energy fluctuations and what it is in duration ε multiply by new factor vc then we need to
fact. multiply the ordinary coulomb force with the same
We know before from equations (4) and (5) that if factor, therefore the electron push itself and move it
v ' constant or if we use the mean of velocity ⇒ slightly away from the proton, then the electrostatic
force that feels the electron from itself is:
r
v2
ε= 1− ε + µ 1 e2 v dv
c2 =m
q 4πε0 r2 c dt
2
ε 1 − 1 − vc2
µ= q
2
1 − vc2 And r = L is the direct distance between the old position
of the electron and the new one just after the quantum
L = v(ε + µ)
jump, then the dt is the real duration of interaction d
then:
7
For the ground state, we can (as an approximation) VII. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
replace the velocity v by the value of the Bohr velocity
of the electron in its first orbit (the ground state) so we So the observer didn't decide where the particle
can suppose that: will appear but the particle itself has decided its next
location among all possible destinations based on a new
~ action principle called ”alike action principle”.
v= This clarifies to us and makes more understandable all
mr
strange behaviors of matter in quantum mechanics such
as interference, wave collapse, entanglement, quantum
Finally to calculate the tiny displacement that causes by tunneling, uncertainty principle etc.
this force we need to multiply dv by dt therefore we have:
1 e2 v r
drr = ⇒
4πε0 rmc c c A. wave collapse
1 e2 ~ r
drr = ⇒
4πε0 rmc mrc c The appearance of a particle in any new position
1 e2 ~ 1 will lead once again to the calculation of quantum alike
drr = ⇒ action which clarifies what is called wave collapse.
4πε0 m2 c3 r
1 e2 ~ dr So we can conclude that the wave collapse it is simply
|dr|2r = ⇒ the appearance event of the particle in space.
4πε0 m2 c3 r Furthermore, it also clarifies the ”decoherence” concept
1 e2 ~
Z
X dr which illustrates the effect of the environment on the
(dr)2 = |dr|2r =
4πε0 m2 c3 r wave function when the particle chooses one location
For the ground state, the electron probability density (when it interacts with the environment) to appear at!.
has a peak at the middle of the atom and go around it Unexpectedly, Einstein's supposition that the observa-
with a distance equal to Bohr radius: tion is not related to the observer, as well as Bohr's
supposition that the observer causes the observation is
not true, so based on this vision, the observed particle
4πε0 ~2 itself causes the observation by choosing one location to
a0 =
me2 appear at based on the quantum ”alike action principle”.
L
1 e2 ~
Z a0
dr vJ =
2
(dr) =
X
|dr|2r = ⇒ µ
4πε0 m2 c3 h
2m0 c
r
In case when v c then vJ should exceed the speed of
2 e2 ~ 4ε0 ~c light so we do not have any spooky action at a distance,
(dr) ∼ 2 3 ln 2
m c e for example of equations (5) if v ' constant or if we use
8
the mean of velocity ⇒ ativity because always we see v < c, we can’t see vJ , in
other words, we can’t see the exact moment of the jump!
we always see the start moment of the duration of ε.
v 2 (t2 − t1 )
L = v(t2 − t1 ), µ = ⇒
2c2
L 2c2 D. Basic law of motion
vJ = =
µ v
Based on the idea of disappearance and appearance it
seems that the general equation of motion is a combi-
C. Compatibility with special relativity nation of the quantum ”alike action principle” (equation
(17)) and the quantified newton law of motion (equations
As we see in the previous subsection the particle can (9, 10)) so when the quantum jump is very small com-
do a jump with vJ exceed the speed of light, so is this pared to the length of the potential field's fluctuations
cause an inconsistency between frames of reference, that then the particle takes into consideration the initial ve-
lead to violation of the law of energy conservation? locity v and follows the quantified Newton law of motion
For example, if we have one particle, according to one (equations (9, 10)).
frame of reference the particle did one jump but for an- In the contrary, when the length of the jump is close (or
other frame of reference observe he two particles at the greater) to the length of the potential field's fluctuations
same time instead of seeing also the jump of the particle? then the particle ignores the initial velocity v or becomes
First, we need to define exactly what we mean by ”ac- with minimal effect and only uses the quantum ”alike ac-
cording to one frame of reference ....we observe...”, one tion principle” to know where it will go!
frame observe something, for example by sending photon So in classical limit, I mean when the particle enters in
to it, so we need some interaction between the frame and the classical regime, the initial velocity takes its role to
the system. specify the future movement, in this case we may witness
Now the important thing is what happened when we ob- a chaotic behavior (big sensitivity to initial values) when
serve the particle? we put for example the particle in a special shape such
When we observe the particle the duration ε simply will as a stadium billiard.
start, that means if we observe the particle again (be- In parallel, when we refer back to the quantum regime
fore it disappears) the duration ε start again and this the particle always ignores the initial velocities. Thus,
idea is compatible with ”Quantum Zeno effect”, this ef- the chaos will disappear from the quantum world (we
fect is interpreted as ”a system can’t change while you verified Berry [18]) as we know in quantum chaos be-
are watching it”! cause the Schrodinger equation is a linear equation which
So now, the jump is always compatible with special rel- didn't consider a chaotic behavior as newton law did.
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