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The Theory of Universal Quantum Jump

Preprint · November 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26259.22567

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 The Theory of Universal Quantum Jump

Mazen Khoder∗
Lebanese University, Faculty of Engineering

This paper proposes a new model of motion that generalizes the concept of ”Quantum Jump”, so
we have been able to deduce the principles of quantum mechanics so that the oddity of the quantum
puzzles becomes easier to understand and interpret, and as a direct verification of this model, this
paper deduces the Lamb shift effect without the need to introduce the concept of vacuum energy
fluctuations.

I. INTRODUCTION then the wave function for the stationary state is :

r    
2 nπx −iEn t
It is known that the foundations of quantum mechan- ψn (x, t) = sin exp
ics are still not really understood, In the fifties of the a a ~
last century began serious attempts to find an alternative
so the probability density for finding the particle is :
theory of quantum mechanics or at least to understand
its obsolescence and still this attempts continue until to- 
2 
 2
nπx 
day, for example: David Bohm ”Bohmian mechanics” Pn (x) =  sin
[1], Hugh Everett ”The Many-Worlds Interpretation of a a 
Quantum Mechanics” [2], Nelson ”Stochastic Theory” and if k = ~p the probability density of momentum p of
[3], Gerhard Grossing ”Nonequilibrium Thermodynam- the particle is :
ics” [4], Laurent Nottale ”principles of scale relativity”
[15], A. Bouda and Toufik Djama [5, 6], Faraggi and Ma- a

nπ
2 
1

sinc2


tone [7], Antony Valentini ”Dynamical origin of quantum Pn (p) = nπ − ka
π~ nπ + ka 2
probabilities” [8] and many others.
It is known that the correspondence principle states that We know that for large number n we have:
the behavior of systems described by quantum mechanics  
reproduces in a statistical way the classical mechanics in 1 nπ~
nπ~

the limit of large quantum numbers, so because we have lim Pn (p) = δ p+ +δ p−
n→∞ 2 a a
only a statistical matching in the classical limit between
quantum mechanics and classical mechanics, Bohr said so we arrived at the classical limit when the velocity is
nπ~
that quantum mechanics does not produce clas- a for the same energy level, in this case, Einstein says
sical mechanics in a similar way as classical me- [12] that the quantum mechanic is satisfactory complete
chanics arises as an approximation of special rel- for the momentum but it is not for the position! because
ativity at velocities very slow than light speed. (based on the probability density for finding the particle)
He argued that classical mechanics exists inde- we have always some points that the particle can never
pendently of quantum mechanics and cannot be exist.
derived from it. If we examine the probability density for finding the par-
Max Jammer has said: ”quantum mechanics and classi- ticle when n → ∞ we found a sequence of peaks sepa-
cal dynamics are built on fundamentally different founda- rated by a distance equal :
tions”! [9] Many modern research [10, 11] confirms that
quantum mechanics can not reproduce classical mechan- a λ
=
ics. n 2
Based on this fact it seems that the general law of move- that λ is de Broglie wavelength:
ment must be broader than both quantum mechanics and
classical mechanics! h
λ=
One important example is the particle in a box model mv
(the infinite potential well) if we have the potential V and v is the classical velocity, so if the correspondence
given by : principle describes exactly the reality we need to oppose
( the objection of Einstein and affirm that in fact, the
0, 0<x<a motion does not continue!
V = So we need to start from the concept of the motion itself,
∞ , x ≤ 0, x ≥ a
the motion as we know is related to space and time, it is
a continuous change in position of a particle over time,
but the existence of the particle in our world during its
movement causes a real logical problem, It's about the
∗ [email protected] continuity thus the infinity of a particle's positions, it
 2

corresponds to Zeno’s paradoxes which were issued by

the philosopher Zeno of Elea (ca. 490-430 BC) who has
claimed that ”the reality is in plurality and change
is mistaken, and in particular that motion is
nothing but an illusion”! [13]
This being said, we must resolve this problem by either
FIG. 1. One quantum jump
assuming that space is not continuous or the movement
itself is not continuous!
In fact, both assumptions must be taken into considera-
L is the length of the imaginary path, and we have:
tion.
This paper presents a theory of discontinuous motion of
particles in continuous space-time.
t2 − t1 = ε + µ (2)
So we start from the concept of the motion itself and
assume that the motion (in the quantum world and We can suppose that the duration of existence of the
classical world as well) is a sequence of appearances and particle ε is the same for the observer and for the
disappearances events in space and time. reference of particle itself because the relative velocity
This is not the first time to assume such idea, some between the two objects is zero during the phase of
other scientists take this idea as a really serious one, existence of the particle.
such as: However, we can suppose that the particle didn't
Gao Shan presents a theory of discontinuous motion measure the duration of its disappearance µ from our
of particles [14], Laurent Nottale, Scale relativity [15] world simply because it wasn't in our world during this
which is a geometrical and fractal space-time theory, phase !
Boisvert, Wilfrid, who has self-published his first book Therefore, we can suppose based on special relativity
”Theory of Instantaneous Motion” [16] that:
In general, the earlier suppositions are good attempts
which take the idea of discontinuity of motion as a real
fact.
r
t2
v2
Z
But based on this paper, it appears that exists certain τ= 1− dt (3)
t1 c2
criticisms in their works which briefly come as follows:
- Gao Shan and Boisvert, Wilfrid assume that the motion That τ is the proper time, we mean the time which
is spontaneous, and it is not clear in their theories what the particle measured in its related reference during
is the link between the classical mechanic and quantum its movement from (p1 ,t1 ) to (p2 ,t2 ) using (or affecting
mechanic. by) an imaginary path. Note that this integral is a line
- Laurent Nottale declares that the motion is non- integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated
differentiable but it is continuous, and he uses the along a curve.
concept of velocity as a complex number. so we suppose that ε = τ then:

r
t2
v2
Z
II. THE MOTION ε= 1− dt ⇒
t1 c2
If v=const or by using the mean velocity on path ⇒
Let's assume (FIG. 1.) that ε is the duration during r
which a moving particle exists before disappearing and v2

ε= 1− 2 ε+τ (4)
that µ is the duration of the particle's disappearance from c
our world before it reappears later.
q
2
(1 − 1 − vc2 )
So what about the trajectory of particle? τ =ε q (5)
Since the particle's motion is a sequence of appearances 2
1 − vc2
and disappearances events, the continuous trajectory of
the particle cannot exist, but we can suppose that for L = v(ε + τ )
each disappearance and appearance events we have an
imaginary path (FIG.1.) that only reflect the properties
of space and time on the values of ε and µ.
If the particle at time t1 appears in location p1 and at
time t2 appear in location p2 affected by an imaginary III. UNIVERSAL QUANTUM JUMP
path with velocity v so we can suppose:
First, we mean specifically by ”universal quantum
Z t2
jump” (or we call it simply ”quantum jump”) one pe-
L= vdt (1)
t1 riod of movement between two appearances of a particle.
 3

So the quantum jump is not related only when the par- We know that F~ = m~γ but in the point of view of uni-
ticle moves from one energy level to another, but always, versal quantum jump theory the real Newton equation
the particle did jumps to move from one position to an- must not contain the derivative of velocity (unless as an
other. approximation) because the motion always must be a
As we know, based on Newton's First law of motion: sequence of quantum jumps, so in the classical word the
”In an inertial reference frame, an object either Newton equation become (for example when v  c):
remains at rest or continues to move at a constant
velocity, unless acted upon by a force”.
But this law is not compatible with the disappearance F~ ε2 = m~v2 − m~v1 (9)
and appearance idea!, this law is not always true since
the particle might easily appear (if the quantum jump
is enough) in a forbidden (have a variation to very large h
ε2 = (10)
potential field like for example particle in box) place after 2mv22
some quantum jumps in the direction of the movement
of the particle!, so for a huge number of particles that So in classical world when ~v1 is the initial velocity we can
jump in the subatomic level the newton law may put calculate ~v2 that is the new velocity and ε2 that is the
our universe in unstable situation!, and this might hap- duration of existence of the particle in our world before
pen specifically when the length of the jump is close (or disappearing.
greater) to the length of the field's fluctuations. But when we come out from classical phase and enter to
But in the case where the length of the quantum jump the quantum phase we need to modify Newton's first law
is very small compared to the length of the field's fluc- as follows:
tuations then the first law of Newton will be applicable In any reference, an object either remains at rest
because in this case, we can be sure that the particle will or continues to move using a quantum jump based
feel the force before that the force gets altered so all ini- on a new action principle called ”alike action prin-
tial velocities are acceptable. ciple” that takes in consideration all forces exis-
In this case (classical world) if the initial velocity is ~v so tent in the universe (not only the applicable forces
this velocity must be constant during one quantum jump on the particle itself ).
(because no significant change in the potential field), in
this case, we assume that the quantum jump J should be
(in non-relativist case) the half of the de Broglie wave- IV. ALIKE ACTION PRINCIPLE
length:
When the particle is in location p1 at time t1 and we
λ 1 h are investigating where would it be in time t2 ?
J= =
2 2 mv We use this equation to distinguish all space paths:
Therefore we need to add half of the Compton wave-
length to take in consideration the relativistic effect, so Z t2
finally, this paper suppose (in classical world) that: L= vdt
t1

h h for each path, we can define the ordinary action S which

J= + ⇒ is verified by:
2mv 2m0 c

Z t2
h h 1
L= + (6) S= ( mv 2 − U )dt (11)
2mv 2m0 c t1 2
r
h h v2
ε=( + ) 1 − (7) Now we have a lot of choices for the location in time t2 ,
2mv 2 2m0 c2 c2 we suppose that we are in quantum phase or in other
r
h h v2 words we ignore the classical mechanic effect which per-
µ=( 2
+ 2
)(1 − 1 − 2 ) (8) mits us to ignore the initial velocity (for the imaginary
2mv 2m0 c c
path of a particle used to come to the initial position
when v  c ⇒ p1 ).
In our case (quantum phase) the initial velocity didn't
h h h have a real significant effect on the movement of the par-
L= , ε= 2
, µ=
2mv 2mv 4mc2 ticle as if the particle always forgets how it came to its
when v → c initial position and starts again without any initial ve-
locity.
h h In the quantum phase the particle has some preferred
L= , ε = 0, µ = destinations based on a new quantum action principle
2m0 c 2m0 c2
 4

FIG. 2. Two imaginary paths

named ”alike action principle” that ensures the ex-

istence of physical harmony within our universe, like for FIG. 3. many imaginary paths
example preventing the particle from easily reaching to
forbidden locations (guarded by fields of great forces).
Therefore, in general, this new constraint in movement So when the difference quantum actions are minimum it
could be valid at multiple positions at the same time, so yields a maximum preferred destination of particle and
in general, we have multiple acceptable positions in time when we have a maximum difference quantum actions it
t2 . yields to a minimum preferred destination of particle and
Thus the probability of existence came up in our descrip- down to forbidden destination.
tion of the movement in quantum world! If we have n paths (In real case we have infinities of
We suppose that we have a preferred value of action paths) to the potential destination of the particle (FIG.
that we call h (plank constant), the new action principle 3.) then we can simply suppose that the difference quan-
called ”alike action principle” states: tum actions for all n paths are the sum of all the differ-
The preferred appearance destination took by the ences between each pair of paths:
particle at time t is the one for which all the re- X π
mainders due to Sh (for all paths which lead to δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn = sin2 ( (Si − Sj )) (13)
h
this destination) are stationary. (i,j)
In other words, having the same (or close to each other)
remainder after dividing them by h. We have some important mathematical properties for
for example, if we have two actions (for two paths) to one the equation (13) which we introduce here without
destination location (FIG. 2.): demonstrations:

S1 and S2 ⇒ S1 = n1 h + r1 h, 0 < r1 < 1

n2
and S2 = n2 h + r2 h, 0 < r2 < 1 ⇒ max of {δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn } = (14)
4
S2 − S1 = (n2 − n1 )h + (r2 − r1 )h ⇒
if we have r2 − r1 = 0 then S2 and S1 have the n(n − 1)
same remainder after dividing by h then we have a lim δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn =
(Si −Sj mod h) is equiprobable in [0,h] 4
preferred location (point N) at time t2 , but if we have
(15)
r2 − r1  = 1 ⇒ the difference between the remainders
2
reach its maximum so we have a forbidden location
(point N) at time t2 .
V. DERIVE PATH INTEGRAL FORMULATION
so we can say that the action value h is the action
preferred in nature and it is the preferred unit of
quantum jump and in reverse, it becomes not preferable We now want to specify the equation which can be
as it goes far from h. used to calculate the quantity Q that is proportional to
so we need to find a function which verifies the following the probability of existence of any potential destinations
requirements: at time t2 , so for each potential destination the input of
f (nh) = 0 and f (nh + h2 ) = 1 (using as maximum) this function is δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn and the output is proportional
It obvious that this function is a periodic function and to the probability of appearance of the particle in this
the most simple one that verifies these requirements is: destination.
Accordingly this probability is maximum when
δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn = 0 and it is minimum (zero) when
sin2 (x) 2
δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn is maximum ⇒ when δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn = n4
Thus by having two actions S1 and S2 we can define the , and we can also assume in the case of equation (15)
”difference quantum actions” as: that the distribution of the quantum difference actions
π is allocated evenly across the range between 0 and h.
δS1 ,S2 = sin2 ( (S1 − S2 )) (12) There isn't any tendency to forbid reaching to the
h
 5

destination and nor to maximize the probability of tion, so from equation (16) we have that:
appearance of the particle at this destination, therefore,
in this case, we can suppose that the probability of Q = n2 − 4δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn ⇒ if we take n = 2 ⇒
appearance is proportional to the number of n paths Q = 4 − 4δS1 ,S2
(like classical case). π
we can simply suppose that the function is linear to the = 4 − 4 sin2 ( (S1 − S2 ))
h
δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn so: 2 π
= 4(1 − sin ( (S1 − S2 )))
h
π
= 4 cos2 ( (S1 − S2 ))
h
2π
= 2(1 + cos( (S1 − S2 )))
h
2π 2π 2π 2π
= 2(1 + cos( S1 ) cos( S2 ) + sin( S1 ) sin( S2 ))
h h h h
2π 2π 2π 2π
= 2 + 2 cos( S1 ) cos( S2 ) + 2 sin( S1 ) sin( S2 )
h h h h
2 2π 2 2π 2 2π 2 2π
= cos ( S1 ) + sin ( S1 ) + cos ( S2 ) + sin ( S2 )
h h h h
2π 2π 2π 2π
+ 2 cos( S1 ) cos( S2 ) + 2 sin( S1 ) sin( S2 )
h h h h
 2
2π 2π
= cos( S1 ) + cos( S2 ) +
Q = aδS1 ,S2 ,...Sn + b, a and b is constants ⇒ we have: h h
2
n2 n(n − 1)

2π 2π
0=a + b, and n = a +b⇒ sin( S1 ) + sin( S2 )
4 4 h h
Q = n2 − 4δS1 ,S2 ,...Sn (16) 
 2π 2π
2

=  exp (i S1 ) + exp (i S2 ) ⇒

h h
in general we can prove:

 n 2
X 2π 
QS1 ,S2 ,...Sn =  exp (i Si ) (17)
i=1
h

so we derive the ”path integral formulation” of quantum

mechanics discovered by Feynman (for infinity paths the
sum become an integral).
Thus when the particle exists in a location M in time t1
we need to apply the quantum ”alike action principle”
in all locations to find the probability of appearance at
time t2 which is proportional to the quantity QS1 ,S2 ,...Sn
Ultimately we have three main results: in each location.
one which could be assimilated to the classical mechanic So any modification in these locations, for example
(in this case all n paths are acceptable), and the two by modifying the fields through which the imaginary
others are pure quantum results in which one of them paths go through will affect the calculation of QS1 ,S2 ,...Sn !
increases the probability of appearance to become pro-
portional to n2 and the other prevents any appearance
in the selected destination.
It becomes clear to us that the hidden variable in quan- A. Role of space-time in motion
tum phase is the quantum jump itself which will be taken
by the particle during the next jump based on a new ac- In summary we usually deal with the motion like it
tion principle called ”alike action principle”, so we under- was related only with the particle itself, but based on
stand the origin of the nonlocality of the quantum hidden the universal quantum jump, this is not true, so we have
variable as we know it for example in the Kochen-Specker two players in the motion:
theorem [17]. 1- The particle itself
Now we want to verify that this quantum ”alike action 2- The space-time itself
principle” yields to the path integral formulation of quan- At each time, space itself allows the particle to appear in
tum mechanics which is equivalent to Schrodinger equa- some multiple positions with certain preferences based on
 6

the new quantum action principle ”alike action principle”

that ensures the existence of physical harmony within
our universe, and the particle chooses randomly between
these preferences.
So this is the role of space-time in the motion process, like
for example preventing the particle from easily reaching
FIG. 4. The electron quantum jump
to forbidden locations (guarded by fields of great forces).
Therefore, in general, this new constraint in movement
could be valid at multiple positions at the same time,
so in general, we have multiple acceptable positions to So if v  c then:
appear at it, thus the probability of existence came up in
our descriptions of the movement in the quantum world. L 2c2
=
µ v
B. Case of photon Then the real velocity of quantum jump exceeds the
speed of light (but always the apparent velocity or the
For photon we can do similar to the particle, so when mean velocity is less than the speed of light), that means
λ  scale of slits etc. then the photon follows a direct exceed the speed of the electromagnetic wave.
line with the quantum jump in equation (8), but when λ So after the electron jumps it feels some electromagnetic
is comparable or greater then the scale of slits etc. then waves (virtual photons) that it sent by him before it dis-
the photon follow
R t its ”alike action principle”. appears, in other words, it sees itself like another electron
So for S = t12 ( 21 mv 2 − U )dt, the similar quantity of that reacts with it.
1 2 2 2 If d is the duration that during it some part of emitted
2 mv is the kinitic energy Ek = mc −m0 c so for photon
we can said: electromagnetic waves from the electron arrives on the
electron itself after it jumps, and if we work on the di-
m0 c2 = 0 ⇒ Ek = mc2 ⇒ rect line L between the old position of the electron and
the new position, as it is the imaginary path of it then:
S mc2 (t2 − t1 ) S L
= ⇒ = , L is the path length ⇒ (please see FIG. 4.):
h h h λ
 n
X 2
2π  L = cd + cµ
QL1 ,L2 ,...Ln = 
 exp (i Li ) (18)
i=1
λ L − cµ
d=
qc
2
1 − vc2 + vc − 1
VI. HEURISTIC DERIVATION OF LAMB d=ε q
SHIFT 2
1 − vc2

Currently, we know that the Lamb shift happened by So if we ignore the relativistic correction then for v  c:
the interaction between vacuum energy fluctuations and
the hydrogen electron, to derive it we need the technic of
renormalization that we use in quantum electrodynamics εv
d= (19)
theory, for example we can see this reference ([19]). c
But we can do that without referring to vacuum energy
at all, or more exactly we can understand from where So the real duration of interaction is equal the ordinary
come the vacuum energy fluctuations and what it is in duration ε multiply by new factor vc then we need to
fact. multiply the ordinary coulomb force with the same
We know before from equations (4) and (5) that if factor, therefore the electron push itself and move it
v ' constant or if we use the mean of velocity ⇒ slightly away from the proton, then the electrostatic
force that feels the electron from itself is:
r
v2
 
ε= 1− ε + µ 1 e2 v dv
c2 =m
q 4πε0 r2 c dt
2

ε 1 − 1 − vc2
µ= q
2
1 − vc2 And r = L is the direct distance between the old position
of the electron and the new one just after the quantum
L = v(ε + µ)
jump, then the dt is the real duration of interaction d
then:
 7

We can use another approach by simply follow the steps

εv in ([19]) with identifying that the origin of virtual pho-
dt = d = and:
c tons is the electron itself before it did its jump.
L = εv = r ⇒ As we see, this paper can give us the lamb shift without
r need the concept of vacuum fluctuation, so based on this
dt = ⇒ idea the vacuum fluctuations are just an illusion, in fact,
c
this is simply the action of the particle on itself right
1 e2 1 v
= dv after the quantum jump happened.
4πε0 r mc c

For the ground state, we can (as an approximation) VII. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
replace the velocity v by the value of the Bohr velocity
of the electron in its first orbit (the ground state) so we So the observer didn't decide where the particle
can suppose that: will appear but the particle itself has decided its next
location among all possible destinations based on a new
~ action principle called ”alike action principle”.
v= This clarifies to us and makes more understandable all
mr
strange behaviors of matter in quantum mechanics such
as interference, wave collapse, entanglement, quantum
Finally to calculate the tiny displacement that causes by tunneling, uncertainty principle etc.
this force we need to multiply dv by dt therefore we have:
1 e2 v r
drr = ⇒
4πε0 rmc c c A. wave collapse
1 e2 ~ r
drr = ⇒
4πε0 rmc mrc c The appearance of a particle in any new position
1 e2 ~ 1 will lead once again to the calculation of quantum alike
drr = ⇒ action which clarifies what is called wave collapse.
4πε0 m2 c3 r
1 e2 ~ dr So we can conclude that the wave collapse it is simply
|dr|2r = ⇒ the appearance event of the particle in space.
4πε0 m2 c3 r Furthermore, it also clarifies the ”decoherence” concept
1 e2 ~
Z
X dr which illustrates the effect of the environment on the
(dr)2 = |dr|2r =
4πε0 m2 c3 r wave function when the particle chooses one location
For the ground state, the electron probability density (when it interacts with the environment) to appear at!.
has a peak at the middle of the atom and go around it Unexpectedly, Einstein's supposition that the observa-
with a distance equal to Bohr radius: tion is not related to the observer, as well as Bohr's
supposition that the observer causes the observation is
not true, so based on this vision, the observed particle
4πε0 ~2 itself causes the observation by choosing one location to
a0 =
me2 appear at based on the quantum ”alike action principle”.

so r must be less than a0 , and when r become very small

compared with a0 we can use the classical case and sup-
B. Entanglement
pose that the quantum jump follows the equation (6)
h h For instance, regarding the entanglement, in fact, two
L=r= + ⇒
2mv 2m0 c entangled particles took those related physical values (as
h the conservation law states) in coordination while being
r>
2m0 c adjacent! and we observed this physical values right af-
Finally, we can derive the perturbation in the position ter their quantum jump which has occurred at a jump
of the electron that explains the energy shift: velocity:

L
1 e2 ~
Z a0
dr vJ =
2
(dr) =
X
|dr|2r = ⇒ µ
4πε0 m2 c3 h
2m0 c
r
In case when v  c then vJ should exceed the speed of
2 e2 ~ 4ε0 ~c light so we do not have any spooky action at a distance,
(dr) ∼ 2 3 ln 2
m c e for example of equations (5) if v ' constant or if we use
 8

the mean of velocity ⇒ ativity because always we see v < c, we can’t see vJ , in
other words, we can’t see the exact moment of the jump!
we always see the start moment of the duration of ε.
v 2 (t2 − t1 )
L = v(t2 − t1 ), µ = ⇒
2c2
L 2c2 D. Basic law of motion
vJ = =
µ v
Based on the idea of disappearance and appearance it
seems that the general equation of motion is a combi-
C. Compatibility with special relativity nation of the quantum ”alike action principle” (equation
(17)) and the quantified newton law of motion (equations
As we see in the previous subsection the particle can (9, 10)) so when the quantum jump is very small com-
do a jump with vJ exceed the speed of light, so is this pared to the length of the potential field's fluctuations
cause an inconsistency between frames of reference, that then the particle takes into consideration the initial ve-
lead to violation of the law of energy conservation? locity v and follows the quantified Newton law of motion
For example, if we have one particle, according to one (equations (9, 10)).
frame of reference the particle did one jump but for an- In the contrary, when the length of the jump is close (or
other frame of reference observe he two particles at the greater) to the length of the potential field's fluctuations
same time instead of seeing also the jump of the particle? then the particle ignores the initial velocity v or becomes
First, we need to define exactly what we mean by ”ac- with minimal effect and only uses the quantum ”alike ac-
cording to one frame of reference ....we observe...”, one tion principle” to know where it will go!
frame observe something, for example by sending photon So in classical limit, I mean when the particle enters in
to it, so we need some interaction between the frame and the classical regime, the initial velocity takes its role to
the system. specify the future movement, in this case we may witness
Now the important thing is what happened when we ob- a chaotic behavior (big sensitivity to initial values) when
serve the particle? we put for example the particle in a special shape such
When we observe the particle the duration ε simply will as a stadium billiard.
start, that means if we observe the particle again (be- In parallel, when we refer back to the quantum regime
fore it disappears) the duration ε start again and this the particle always ignores the initial velocities. Thus,
idea is compatible with ”Quantum Zeno effect”, this ef- the chaos will disappear from the quantum world (we
fect is interpreted as ”a system can’t change while you verified Berry [18]) as we know in quantum chaos be-
are watching it”! cause the Schrodinger equation is a linear equation which
So now, the jump is always compatible with special rel- didn't consider a chaotic behavior as newton law did.

[1] Bohm David, ”A Suggested Interpretation of the Quan- Department of Physics University of Minnesota, Min-
tum Theory in Terms of ”Hidden” Variables” Physical neapolis MN 55455, USA, and Department of Physics
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