8.

5 Review of AC circuits
8.5.1 Pure resistive circuits:
Let the aliternating e.m.f. applied is represented as,

E =
Eo sin øt
R
www applied to apure ohmic resistor R,
When this e.m.f. is
current flows through it. As per Ohm's law,

..(2)
ac
E-Eo E sin ot
Fig.5
E Sin wt
I ..(3)
R

II sin wt

I l o sin ot ...(4)
where Io is the maximum current
flowing.
 A.C. CIRCUITS 433

On comparing eqn. (1) and eqn. (4) it is

clear that both the current and e.m.f. rise
cimultaneously. So in pure resistive
circuits applied alternating e.m.f. is in and fall
alternating Current flowing. same phase with the

8.5.2 (a) Pure inductive circuit

Applied e.m.f. is given by,

E = Eo sin ot
.(1)
L
OOOOOOoo When ac flows through aninductance, an e.m.f. is induced
because of the self induction in the coil. According to the laws
of e.m induction, induced e.m.f. always opposes the cause. In

this particular case induced e.m.f. E opposes the applied e.m.f,

E.
E E, sin øt So for the current to flow through the circuit, applied e.m.f.
must be at least equal and opposite to the induced e.m.f.
Fig. 6
Applied e.m.f. = - Induced e.m.f.

E - E ..(2)

E -LdI ..(3)

Where L is known as self inductance of the coil, di/dt is the rate of change of current.

E - .4)

dI dt ..5)

dI =
E sin ot dt .(6)
L

On integrating, eqn. (6),

J dI sin sin ot dt

sin t dt

= Cos ot
+c .8)

state condition is considered, constant of integration c is taken to be zero.

As only steady

I =
-cos ot) .(9)
 434 ELECTRODYNAMICcs

..(10)
Eosin
Lo
ot
.(11)
sin sin ot

lo
Eo
L(
...(12)

current is lagging behind the applied e.m.f.

Oncomparing eqn. (1) and eqn. (11) it is clear that circuits.
by T/2 n phase. Or em.f.is leading the current by / 2 in_ phase in pure inductive
On comparing eqn. (12) with Ohm's law,

lo .(13)

Now Lw is equivalent to the resistance of the inductance coil. It is also known as inductive
reactance and represented by XL.

=
Lo ...(14)
XL = L2Tf ....(15)

XL f ...(16)
So unlike ohmic resistance, inductive reactance, X depends upon the frequency of ac flowing.
Greater the frequency of the ac flowing, will be the
more X.
8.7 (a) Pure capacitative circuit
Let an alternating e.m.f. be applied to capacitor. Applied e.m.f.

E Eo sin wt .(1) ac

e.m.f. the capacitor. Amount of charge stored in Fig. 11

Applied charges
the capacitor,
Q =CV

where C is the capacitance and V is the p.d. across the plates.

V .(2)
C
Capacitor gets p.d. across its plates because of the applied alternating emf.

V =E =E sin wt
Applying this in eqn. (2),

C =
Eo sin ot (3)
Q CEo sin ot ..4)
 A.C. CIRCUITS 441

As per definition,

Instantaneouscurrent I= (5)

dtCE sinot) (6)

CEsin t

C o E c0s t

Eo
1 / C t ) cO8 tnt

but cos ot
sin ot

1/CEo ot (7)

lo Imax, when sin ot+

lo Eoo)
1/(C (8)

I =
lo sin
ot + .(9)

On comparing eqn. (1) and eqn. (9) it is clear that instantaneous value of current in capacita
tive circuit is leading the e.m.f. by n/2 in phase. On comparing eqn. (8) with Ohm's law,

Eo (10)

x, is the effective resistance offered by a pure capacitative circuit, also known as capacitative
reactance.

X 1
C2 nt

.(1)

Capacitative reactance is inversely proportional to frequency. If the frequency is very very high
Xe = very small; ie., a capacitor bypasses ac with high frequency.
For dc circuits f 0; ie., X = o. So a capacitor blocks the direct current.