1. A student cut a section of a root and made an outline drawing of the distribution of tissues as shown in Fig.

(a) (i) Identify the position of the xylem tissue by drawing a label line and the letter X on Fig.

(ii) State why xylem is a tissue.

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(b) Water absorbed by the roots moves through the stem and enters the leaves. Most of this water is lost in
transpiration.

Explain how the internal structure of leaves results in the loss of large quantities of water in transpiration.
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2A) Mangrove trees are hydrophytes because they grow in water.

Fig. 2.1 shows a young mangrove tree.
 An adaptive feature is a feature that increases the fitness of an organism.

(i) Define the term fitness.

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(ii) Mangrove trees have many aerial roots and floating seeds.
Suggest how these adaptive features allow mangrove trees to survive in water.

many aerial roots ...............................................................................................................

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floating seeds ....................................................................................................................

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3A) Aphids are insects that feed on the phloem sap in plants.

Fig. shows a diagram of an aphid with its mouth parts inserted into the stem of a plant.
(a) The mouth parts of the aphid reach the phloem tissue of the stem.

(i) State the name of the foods the aphid could suck out of the phloem tissue.

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain the role of phloem in plant transport. Use the words source and sink in your answer.

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B) Fig. 3.1 shows some of the features of xylem.

Describe how xylem is adapted for its functions.

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4.a) Fig. is a scanning electron micrograph of a vertical section through part of the leaf of a broad
bean plant, Vicia faba.

(a) (i) State the names of the tissues labelled A and B.

A .......................................................................................................................................

B .......................................................................................................................................

(ii) The cells in regions B and C in Fig. 3.1 have a large surface area.

Explain why this is necessary for the functioning of the leaf cells.

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(iii) Explain why there are many interconnecting air spaces within the leaf.
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(b) When water is in short supply, plants can wilt as shown in Fig. 3.2.

(i) State two conditions that are likely to increase the chances of wilting.

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(ii) Explain what happens to the cells of a leaf to cause wilting.

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(iii) Wilting may look harmful, but it is often a strategy for survival.

Suggest the advantages to a plant of wilting.

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5) Some forested areas are cleared to provide land to grow crop plants. Deforestation reduces
the local rainfall and the concentration of water vapour in the air.

(i) Describe and explain how a reduced concentration of water vapour in the air would
increase the movement of water through crop plants.
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(ii) Describe how water moves from the soil into the roots of crop plants.
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6) Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of a protein used to move ions across membranes in root hair cells.
(i) State the name of the process that moves mineral ions into root hair cells through cell membrane proteins.

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(ii) Explain how protein molecules move ions across a membrane during this process.

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7a) Explain, using the term water potential, why Rhabdostyla needs to remove excess water.

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b) In an investigation, individual Rhabdostyla were placed into different concentrations of sea water.
The rate of water excreted by the contractile vacuole of each organism was determined. The results
 are shown in Fig. 4.2.

Explain the results shown in Fig.

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8) Fig. 5.1 is an image of a germinating seed showing the growing root.

Describe and explain how the structures seen at J are adapted for their function.
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9a) The large air spaces are an adaptation of water lily leaves. Suggest why.
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b) Hydrophytes are adapted to aquatic habitats.

State the name used for plants that are adapted to dry habitats.
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c) Explain what is meant by the term adaptive feature.

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