South Valley University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

DWELLINGS VENTILATON USING

SOLAR CHIMNEY

Prepared by:
Ahmed Abdelnaser Ali Hossam Eldin Mohamed Abbas
Ahmed Farag Fouad Hassan Antar Sedek
Elham Abbady Mohamed Hussien Mohamed Hussien
Hossam Ahmed Abdelraheem Hesham Shamandy Abo-Elfadl

Under Supervision of

Dr. Hussein Mohamed Maghrabie

Dr. Ahmed Abdelhady Elkasrawy

Qena – Egypt
Jul
2019
 Acknowledgement

Glory is to ALLAH Almighty, the lord of the world and blessings upon his
beloved messenger and prophet, Mohamed (peace be upon him). Praise to ALLAH
for helping us to complete this work, and relieving during hard times.
First of all, we would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us
the possibility to complete this project. We want to thank our families for all their
help, support, interest and valuable hints.
Special thanks for our faithful instructors to Dr. Hussein M. Maghrabie and
Dr. Ahmed Abdelhady Elkasrawy to their effort and time to achieve this work. As
well as, they gave us their advice, and knowledge wishing him more and more suc-
cess.
 Abstract
Recent development that includes a lot in the field of building, is achieved
through the rapid advancements of cooling and air conditioning systems. In addi-
tion, it must be use what humanity has done in order to access the technology to
obtain suitable buildings using simple methods, possible and inexpensive and envi-
ronmentally friendly, what is known today as the concept of zero-energy buildings.
The first beginning method in building engineering is not free of good applications
and innovative solutions according to the available capacities at this time, especially
in the field of natural ventilation.

These practical solutions can be utilized, developed and applied currently in

line with the reduction of electricity consumption which is a great challenge in our
dear country and benefit from solar energy. With the trend towards installing con-
crete buildings with no natural and mechanical ventilation rates. Ventilation inside
the building, whether natural or mechanical, has major tasks, each of these tasks
requires special needs and requirements that change according to climate change.
Ventilation inside the building is of great importance and is one of the main ele-
ments of heat stress mitigation and extreme temperatures. Ventilation systems move
the air inside buildings to remove thermal accumulation and compensate it with
fresh moving air currents.

In this context, an experimental study on the use of solar energy in natural

ventilation systems is conducted, using different dimensions of the solar chimney;
moreover, the aspect ratio of the window is changed. The experimental results
showed that increasing the chimney width and the gab of chimney enhanced the air
change per hour (ACH). As well as, aspect ratio of unity achieved the best values
of ACH.
Chapter (I): Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation
1.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) .....................................................................................1
1.2.1 Definition and Importance of IAQ ................................................................1
1.2.2 Why Ventilation is Required .........................................................................2
1.2.3 Common Pollutants, Pollutant Sources and Related Health Issues ...............2
1.2.3.1 Pollutant Types ........................................................................................2
1.2.3.2 Pollutants and Exposure Limits (short/long term) ..................................5
1.2.4 Occupant Comfort and IAQ...........................................................................5
1.2.5 Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) .....................................................................6
1.2.6 External (Outdoor) Air Pollution ...................................................................7
1.2.7 Measuring IAQ ..............................................................................................8
1.3 Achieving Optimum Indoor Air Quality ...........................................................10
1.3.1 Reducing the Risk of Poor IAQ ...................................................................10
1.3.1.1 Fresh Air Supply Rates ..........................................................................10
1.3.1.2 Well Designed Air Distribution Systems ..............................................10
1.3.1.3 Filtration ................................................................................................12
1.3.1.4 Regular Maintenance of Ventilation Plant ............................................12
1.3.1.5 Selection of Materials to Minimize Pollutant Emissions ......................12

Chapter (II): Natural Ventilation System

2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................15
2.2 Ventilation Systems ...........................................................................................16
2.2.1 Types of Ventilation System .......................................................................16
2.2.1.1 Natural Ventilation System ...................................................................16
2.2.1.2 Mechanical Ventilation System .............................................................17
 2.2.1.3 Mixed Mode Ventilation System...........................................................18
2.3 Differences between Natural and Mechanical Ventilation Systems .................18
2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Ventilation System ........................19
2.5 Natural Driving Forces ......................................................................................21
2.5.1 Thermal Buoyancy Driving Force ...............................................................21
2.5.2 Wind Driving Force .....................................................................................22
2.5.3 Combination of Thermal Buoyancy and Wind Driving Force ....................22
2.6 Types of Natural Ventilation System.................................................................23
2.6.1 Single-Sided Ventilation System .................................................................23
2.6.2 Cross Ventilation System ............................................................................23
2.6.3 Stack Ventilation System .............................................................................24
2.6.4 Combined Stack and Cross Ventilation system ...........................................25
2.7 Natural Ventilation System and Safety ..............................................................25
2.8 Solar Chimney....................................................................................................26
2.8.1 Working Principle of Solar Chimney ..........................................................27
2.8.2 Classification of Solar Chimney ..................................................................28

Chapter (III): Description of Experimental Set-up

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................31
3.2 Component of the Experiment ...........................................................................31
3.3 Experimental Set-up...........................................................................................32
3.4 Theory of Work ..................................................................................................39
3.5 Measuring Instruments.......................................................................................40
3.5.1 Digital Thermometer-K- Type .....................................................................40
3.5.2 Pyranometer .................................................................................................41
Chapter(IV): Experimental Set-up
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................43
4.2 Experimental Results .........................................................................................44
4.2.1 Effect of Gab Height (z) ..............................................................................44
4.2.2 Effect of Chimney Width (d) .......................................................................47
4.2.3 Effect of Aspect Ratio of Window (Ar) ......................................................50
4.2.4 Effect of Side Wall Colour ..........................................................................53
References ................................................................................................................54
Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

List of Tables.
Table
Title
Number

1.1 Methods of measuring gaseous and VOC concentrations

2.1 Some materials which emit pollutants and how the release of pollu-
tants might be reduced.

List of Figures
Figure
Title
Number
1.1 A CO2 sensor and multi-sensor devices for measuring CO2, relative
humidity, temperature and air speeds.
1.2 Mixing ventilation; supply air is completely mixed with room air.
1.3 Displacement ventilation; supply air is introduced near the floor.
2.1 Mechanical ventilation System.
2.2 Single-Sided Ventilation Type.
2.3 Cross Ventilation Type
2.4 Stack Ventilation Type.
2.5 Combined Stack and Cross Ventilation Type.
2.6 Solar chimney used in building ventilation.
3.1 Experimental Set-up
3.2 Window Dimensions
3.3 Wall Set-up
3.4 Measurements Location of the Experiment
3.5 Chimney Set-up
3.6 Front Three-Dimensional View of the Experimental Set-up
3.7 Back Three-Dimensional View of the Experimental Set-up
3.8 Real Photo of the Experiment Set-up
3.9 Digital Thermometer
3.10 Pyranometer
Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

4.1 Relation Between ACH and Time with z=26cm, d=35cm and Ar=0.8
4.2 Relation Between ACH and Time with z=20cm, d=35cm and Ar=0.8
4.3 Relation Between ACH and Time with z=33cm, d=35cm and Ar=0.8
4.4 Relation Between ACH and Time with various values of z
4.5 Relation Between ACH and Time with d=35cm, z=30cm and Ar=1
4.6 Relation Between ACH and Time with d=50cm, z=30cm and Ar=1
4.7 Relation Between ACH and Time with d=20cm, z=30cm and Ar=1
4.8 Relation Between ACH and Time with various values of d
4.9 Relation Between ACH and Time with Ar=0.4, z=30cm and d=20
4.10 Relation Between ACH and Time with Ar=0.8, z=30cm and d=20
4.11 Relation Between ACH and Time with Ar=1, z=30cm and d=20
4.12 Relation Between ACH and Time with various values of Ar
4.13 Relation Between ACH and Time with Various Colours of Side Wall
Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

CHAPTER (I)
INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND
VENTILATION
Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

1.1 Introduction
This guide presents an overview of indoor air quality (IAQ) in buildings, and
outlines how IAQ impacts on occupants’ health and performance. Ideally the sur-
rounding environment and facilities in a particular space should provide healthy con-
ditions in terms of sufficient fresh air, low pollution concentrations, adequate light-
ing and heating, access to drinking water and catering areas, and satisfactory sanitary
installations. Cooling and/or air conditioning may also be needed depending on cli-
mate conditions and internal heat gains.
The building should also have security and fire/smoke protection systems to
protect the occupants and the building fabric in the event of unwanted intrusion and
the outbreak of a fire or other undesirable high-risk event. An overview of IAQ,
regulations and standards, types of pollutants and allowable exposure limits, their
impact on health, and the relationship between thermal comfort and IAQ. infor-
mation on ventilation systems, and on the calculation of required flow rates to ensure
good IAQ. control of IAQ might be achieved [1].

1.2 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

1.2.1 Definition and Importance of IAQ
Good IAQ may be defined as air with no known contaminants at harmful con-
centrations. Common contaminants or pollutants include gaseous pollutants, such as
carbon dioxide (produced by occupants and from combustion appliances), volatile
organic compounds (released by carpet glues and other materials), odors and partic-
ulates. Good IAQ is essential to ensure the health and comfort of occupants.

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Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

1.2.2 Why Ventilation is Required

Ventilation is an essential component for the provision of good IAQ and ther-
mal comfort. Specifically, ventilation is needed for providing fresh air for metabo-
lism and for the dilution and removal of pollutants from within a space extracting
contaminants at source extract systems for( kitchens, bathrooms, industrial pro-
cesses and fume cupboards) .satisfying combustion needs for appliances such as gas
cookers, boilers and unvented heaters distributing conditioned air (for heating or
cooling) space pressurization to inhibit the infiltration of pollutants from outside or
from one space to pre-cooling building fabric [5].

1.2.3 Common Pollutants, Pollutant Sources and Related Health Is-

sues
1.2.3.1 Pollutant Types

1.2.3.1.1 Gaseous Pollutants

Common gaseous pollutants found in buildings include carbon dioxide (CO2),
carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulphur diox-
ide, ozone (O3) and (depending on location) naturally occurring radon. Carbon di-
oxide is probably the most common pollutant. It is exhaled as part of the metabolic
process and emitted from appliances such as gas cookers and boilers. It is non-toxic
at normal concentrations, but when present at relatively high concentrations causes
drowsi-ness and, at much higher values, unconsciousness.
The carbon dioxide emitted by occupants and/or appliances can provide an indi-
cation of the ventilation rate in a space. In a sedentary occupied zone, a concentration
of 800 to 1000 ppm typically represents a ventilation rate of about 10 l/s per person.
It is for this reason that carbon dioxide monitoring is increasingly being integrated
into ventilation control systems.

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Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

In contrast, carbon monoxide is highly toxic at low concentrations. It is pro-

duced when insufficient oxygen is available for combustion and/or when a combus-
tion appliance is faulty. It can also come from outdoor sources, particularly vehicles.
Because of its toxicity and risk of formation in highly airtight buildings, Nitrous
oxides (either NO or NO2) is also generated during combustion, particularly at high
temperatures. Sulphur dioxide is produced when a fuel containing Sulphur is burnt.
Other relatively common gaseous pollutants are ozone and radon. Ozone is pro-
duced by the action of sunlight on nitrous oxides. Nitrous oxides, Sulphur dioxide
and ozone act as lung irritants. Radon is released by igneous rocks such as granite;
this gas on its own causes limited adverse effects, but associated isotopes released
as a result of the radioactive process can be carcinogenic if inhaled. Special treatment
to avoid the seepage of radon into buildings located in areas with high radon con-
centrations is required [8].

1.2.3.1.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Volatile organic compounds include benzene, formaldehyde and trichloroeth-

ylene. Benzene is used as a solvent and is present in paints, plastics, inks and rubber.
Formaldehyde is released by laminates, paints, and glues. Trichloroethylene is used
in the manufacture of inks, paints, lacquers and adhesives. Many VOCs have un-
pleasant odours and some are carcinogenic [2].

1.2.3.1.3 Odours

Sometimes it may be difficult to isolate the cause(s) of complaints relating to

unsatisfactory IAQ, concentrations of known pollutants may be below threshold val-

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Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

ues or recommended short term exposure limits. However, some of these contami-
nants may result in the presence of odours, some of which may be unpleasant and
result in com-plaints from occupants.
Sources of odours include cooking processes, decomposing foods, sanitary ap-
pliances, soil and waste water drains, building materials and furnishings and, of
course, humans. These may be mixtures of VOCs, water vapour and odorous gases.
If cooking odours can be contained within hoods via extract ventilation, and other
smells prevented from entering a building using vapour barriers/well sealed con-
tainment, then the main sources may be due to the presence of humans and those
released from building furnishings and materials [9].

1.2.3.1.4 Particulates
Particulates are fine particles released by occupants, generated during combus-
tion or produced by external sources (such as vegetation and via vehicle exhausts).
They may also be discharged from clothing, carpets, wallboard, aerosol sprays, dust-
mites/insects and moulds. The biogenic pollutants or those produced by biological
processes cause many of health problems, including lung irritation, bronchial asthma
and allergic rhinitis. other toxic particulates include asbestos fiber and tobacco prod-
ucts [8].

1.2.3.1.5 Water Vapour

Water vapour may be considered a pollutant as its presence increases relative
humidifies and promotes mound growth. It can also affect the release rate of VOCs.
It is discharged by occupants and from washing/drying, cooking and combustion
appliances [9].

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Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

1.2.3.2 Pollutants and Exposure Limits (short/long term)

The adverse effect of a particular pollutant depends on the exposure time to the
contaminant. It also depends on the age(s) and sex(es) of persons or groups occupy-
ing a space. Current data apply mainly to people in good health and, in the case of
working environments, to those between the ages of approximately late teens (16 to
19) and normal retirement age (65 in the UK and Ireland). Assessment of the toxi-
cology/occupational exposure for a particular substance can be primarily determined
from the exposure concentration at which no unfavorable adverse health effects
would be expected to occur. This is based on the known/predicted effects of the
contaminant [2].

1.2.4 Occupant Comfort and IAQ

Thermal comfort is achieved when a person feels neither too hot nor too cold;
in other words, thermal ‘well-being’ is neutral with respect to the surrounding envi-
ronment. The defining variable which governs a thermal comfort level is the dry
resultant temperature. This is usually based on the average of air and mean radiant
temperature, where the mean radiant temperature is approximately equivalent to the
area weighted average fabric surface temperature. It may be measured by recording
the temperature at the center of a blackened sphere and the local air velocity.
For comfortable conditions to be maintained within occupied spaces, variables
such as dry resultant temperature, relative humidity and local air speed must be kept
between specified limits. Increasing the ventilation rate usually improves indoor air
quality but may cause the local air speed to increase. thus, bringing about discomfort
(if the supply air temperature is significantly greater or lower than local air temper-
atures in the occupied zone). Modifying a ventilation system to improve air distri-
bution may also increase local air speeds, thus adversely affecting comfort [6].

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Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

1.2.5 Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a condition that may be experienced by occu-
pants of buildings. The symptoms include headaches, eye strain and lung irritation.
Usually the symptoms disappear when the affected person leaves the ‘mal-function-
ing’ building and are of short duration. Sick building syndrome occurs in buildings
which may have a number of defects, including inadequate ventilation, low light
levels and/or flickering light fittings, excessive odours, high ambient noise levels,
lack of local controls and other factors.
Typically, inadequate ventilation may be due to insufficient supplies of fresh
air, excessive recirculation of air, poorly maintained air handling units or a poorly
designed and/or installed ductwork system. Low light levels are the result of light
fittings not being replaced, the wrong type of fitting being used, poor lighting con-
trols and/or insufficient numbers of light fittings being installed. Poor levels of day
lighting can have the same effect. High noise levels may be present due to the prox-
imity of a space to an adjacent busy road and/or a plant room, insufficient sound
insulation and lack of sound absorption materials used on wall and ceiling surfaces.
No local controls may be available for an occupant not adjacent to an open able
window or an adjustable thermostat
The existence and extent of SBS may be established using a questionnaire. Oc-
cupants are asked to score their satisfaction level for ambient variables including air
temperature, perceived humidity level, local (fresh) air flow, noise, task lighting,
glare and odours, and their ability to control some of these values. Analysis is then
performed on the data to determine whether conditions are satisfactory for the occu-
pants in each assessed area. Results should indicate what modifications might be
required to achieve acceptable thermal, lighting and acoustic conditions. In relation

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Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

to ventilation, this may include increased fresh air flow rates, adjustment of diffus-
ers, more frequent maintenance of ventilation plant and improved occupant access
to controls [5].

1.2.6 External (Outdoor) Air Pollution

Poor outdoor air quality will have a significant impact on indoor air quality.
External pollutants include vehicle exhausts, discharges from combustion appli-
ances, industrial process and power station exhausts. Fungal spores and pollen from
vegetation may also cause air quality problems. Vehicle exhausts include CO, CO 2,
NOX and SO2, particulates (especially from diesel engines) and VOCs. Ozone is gen-
erated by the action of sunlight on nitrous oxides. Power stations release similar
pollutants to vehicles, but are usually located in rural or semi-rural areas, so the im-
pact of their pollutants is much reduced.
In urban areas, traffic is a significant contributor to external pollution, with ad-
ditional pollutant emissions coming from building exhausts and industrial processes.
Although traffic is a low-level source, local aerodynamic effects can cause consid-
erable variations in concentrations. For example, trapped vortices can accumulate
pollutants on the side of a building. Because of emission control legislation, there
have been major reductions in vehicle emissions per vehicle mile. These reductions
will continue as older vehicles are replaced with newer ones with lower emission
rates and fitted with catalytic converters. Although emissions from vehicles are re-
ducing, the greater number and usage of vehicles is resulting in greater outflows of
pollutants.
Vehicle exhaust contaminants can be reduced by regular engine maintenance,
the replacement of older vehicles with newer models and the use of particulate col-
lection devices (e.g. filters and cyclones). Similarly, emissions from power plant and

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Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

industrial processes can be controlled by particulate filtration and gas absorption.

The control and containment of industrial pollutants comes under the requirements
of the Environmental Protection Act. Additionally, in the UK, local authorities are
required to collect and maintain pollutant concentration data. Areas with particularly
poor air quality must be designated Air Quality Management Areas and a remedial
plan established to improve air quality in these zones [6].

1.2.7 Measuring IAQ

To measure IAQ, the concentrations of gases such as CO2 need to be deter-

mined. A good indication of IAQ is the concentration of the dominant pollutants
(CO2, CO, VOCs, moisture and particulates). Spot checks may be made using a
hand-held device (which may also record temperature and relative humidity), see
Figure 1.2. A CO2 sensor placed in the main extract duct of a mechanical ventilation
system may be used to monitor and control flow rate. A record of the CO2 concen-
tration can indicate if fresh air flow rates are adequate. Carbon monoxide should
always be monitored close to combustion appliances. This is now a requirement in
many cases. Relatively high CO concentrations point to problems with combustion
appliances and are extremely dangerous [3].

Figure 1.1 A CO2 Sensor and Multi-Sensor Devices for Measuring CO2, Relative Humidity,
Temperature and Air Speeds.

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Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

Table 1.1 Methods of measuring gaseous and VOC concentrations.

9
Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

1.3 Achieving Optimum Indoor Air Quality

1.3.1 Reducing the Risk of Poor IAQ
Optimum IAQ is achieved by minimizing sources and flows of pollutants, by
replacing certain materials by equivalent items with lower emission rates using the
recommended fresh air supply rates ensuring a well-designed air distribution (duct-
work) system filtration ensuring that air intakes are not adjacent to local outdoor
pollutant sources complying with best practice, using good operating procedures and
allowing adequate time and resources for commissioning and maintenance of venti-
lation plant selecting materials to minimize the emission of avoidable indoor pollu-
tants such as VOCs. Pollutant concentrations can also be minimized by removing
pollutant sources, by replacing certain materials with equivalent items with lower
emission rates.

1.3.1.1 Fresh Air Supply Rates

Adequate ventilation provides enough ‘treated’ fresh air (at least 10 L/s per per-
son). The volume per person will depend on the pollution loads within a space.

1.3.1.2 Well Designed Air Distribution Systems

Well-designed ventilation systems will effectively distribute supply air and re-
move stale air. Local extract systems should be used to extract contaminants from
specific areas. The effectiveness of a particular ventilation system can be defined in
terms of the ratio between the pollutant concentration in the exhaust and the average
room pollutant concentration. The local ventilation effectiveness is the ratio of the
exhaust contaminant concentration and the corresponding value at a given location.
Mixing systems (see Figure 1.3) will introduce heated or cooled air at high velocities
and aim to achieve a uniform air temperature in a space. Displacement systems (see

10
Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

Figure 1.4) generally provide air at temperatures a few degrees below room temper-
ature at low level and extract stale air at ceiling height. Lowest temperatures will
occur at floor level and highest values at ceiling level. Generally, displacement (ven-
tilation) systems have greater ventilation efficiencies than mixing systems for typical
supply and room air temperatures. Mixing ventilation systems (with air supply and
exhaust at high level) have a ventilation effectiveness of 0.4 to 0.7 assuming a sup-
ply/room air temperature differential of more than 5 °C whereas displacement sys-
tems have ventilation effectiveness of 1.2 to 1.4 assuming the supply air temperature
is below the room air temperature.

Figure 1.2 Mixing Ventilation; Supply Air is Completely Mixed with Room Air.

Figure 1.3 Displacement Ventilation; Supply Air is Introduced Near the Floor.

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Chapter (I) Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

1.3.1.3 Filtration
Filters will generally be installed to remove particles of size 0.1 to 10 mm from
external and recirculates air. Diffusion and electrostatic precipitators are used to re-
move smaller sized particles from air streams. Large particles can be extracted using
viscous film filters, cyclones and settling chambers. Most filters will not generally
reduce gaseous pollutant levels. Activated carbon filters can be used to remove some
odours and VOCs [4].

1.3.1.4 Regular Maintenance of Ventilation Plant

Indoor air quality levels can be increased by regular maintenance of ventilation
plant. This can include replacing filters at the required intervals and/or when filter
pressure drops become excessive, cleaning of heating/cooling coil surfaces and ducts
and the cleaning/ chemical treatment of humidifiers. The changing of filters and the
cleaning processes outlined above will have the added benefit of reducing electrical
(fan) energy consumption [4].

1.3.1.5 Selection of Materials to Minimize Pollutant Emissions

Materials used should be carefully selected such that they emit little or no VOCs
and/or particles. See Table 1.2. Suitable materials include untreated wood, stainless
steel, plastic coated steel and ceramic tiles. European standards and product direc-
tives have been developed for various materials and products

12
Table 1.2 Some materials which emit pollutants and how the release of pollutants
might be reduced.

13
 CHAPTER (II)
NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

14
2.1 Introduction
Clearly, natural ventilation itself is not new. It is only in the past 150 years or
so that mechanical ventilation has been used. Prior to that period, all enclosures oc-
cupied by humans were naturally ventilated. The beginnings of natural ventilation
system design can perhaps be considered as the time when these enclosures started
to become purpose-built. Evidence of purpose-built ventilation in China dates back
to the Neolithic period. Early designs were primarily empirical and evolved from
experience. They might almost be described as long-term experiments at full scale.
In many countries, traditional passive cooling techniques have developed alongside
natural ventilation. Much of the experience gained over the centuries can be recog-
nized in modern naturally ventilated buildings.

However, modern buildings are more demanding. Standards for health and
comfort have to be met, while simultaneously satisfying requirements for low energy
consumption and sustainability. Office buildings are particularly demanding. They
are a relatively modern innovation and have to satisfy commercial pressures for eco-
nomic use of floor space and for maintaining productivity of the occupants. It is for
these reasons that accurate and robust design procedures are so important. Early ex-
amples of what might be called modern design texts are Constantine (1899) and
Boyle (1881). The latter is particularly interesting in that it argues the case for natural
rather than mechanical ventilation, although it must be noted that the mechanical
systems are crude compared to modern systems. Both texts emphasize and concen-
trate on the importance of practical experience for design. Natural ventilation system
design as we know it today makes much more use of theoretical modelling, sup-
ported by experimental (laboratory and field) measurements. On the theoretical side,
the well-known concept of the neutral plane in buoyancy-induced ventilation can be

15
traced back to Emswiler (1926) and perhaps earlier. Since those times, technical
knowledge and procedures have advanced considerably [11].

2.2 Ventilation Systems

2.2.1 Types of Ventilation System
Ventilation systems can be divided in different ways, but one of the most com-
mon and user-friendly way is the following:
• Natural ventilation system (without fans)
• Mechanical ventilation system (air moved by fans)

2.2.1.1 Natural Ventilation System

Almost all historic buildings were ventilated naturally, although many of these
have been compromised by the addition of partition walls and mechanical systems.
With an increased awareness of the cost and environmental impacts of energy use,
natural ventilation has become an increasingly attractive method for reducing energy
use and cost and for providing acceptable indoor environmental quality and main-
taining a healthy, comfortable, and productive indoor climate rather than the more
prevailing approach of using mechanical ventilation. In favorable climates and
buildings types, natural ventilation can be used as an alternative to air-conditioning
plants, saving 10%–30% of total energy consumption.
Natural ventilation systems rely on pressure differences to move fresh air
through buildings. Pressure differences can be caused by wind or the buoyancy ef-
fect created by temperature differences or differences in humidity. In either case, the
amount of ventilation will depend critically on the size and placement of openings
in the building. It is useful to think of a natural ventilation system as a circuit, with
equal consideration given to supply and exhaust. Openings between rooms such as

16
transom windows, louvers, grills, or open plans are techniques to complete the air-
flow circuit through a building.

2.2.1.2 Mechanical Ventilation System

Forced ventilation works on the principle that fresh air flow is provided by me-
chanical ventilators. Most common solutions are either mechanically forced exhaust
or mechanically forced supply and exhaust. In the first case, the exhaust suction is
from bathrooms, toilets, kitchens and the intake is from the valves in the walls of
living rooms and bedrooms. Installing mechanical exhaust without supplying suffi-
cient amount of fresh air will not provide the necessary airflow and satisfactory in-
terior climate. In case of mechanical intake and exhaust the air is exchanged through
ventilation ducts in individual rooms. The advantage of mechanical ventilation is
that the required interior climate can be achieved with changing the settings of the
system no matter what the outdoor weather conditions might be.

Figure 2.1 Mechanical Ventilation System.

17
2.2.1.3 Mixed Mode Ventilation System

Mixed mode systems use both natural and mechanical ventilation. When exter-
nal temperatures are low, a mechanical system is operated to provide pre-heated air
to a building. In ‘mid-season’ (when outside temperatures are approximately 10 to
15 °C) natural ventilation is used. The mechanical ventilation system is again oper-
ated to increase air velocities and for cooling when high external temperatures and/or
excessive internal heat gains are experienced [16].

2.3 Differences between Natural and Mechanical Ventilation Systems

There are some significant differences between a purely natural ventilation sys-
tem and a purely mechanical one. The underlying difference is that the envelope
flow rates and directions of a natural ventilation system vary in an unpredictable
manner. The consequential differences can best be described by considering enve-
lope flows first and then internal air motion. At any given time, the flow rate, q;
through an opening is determined by the following factors: wind speed, U; wind
direction, f (which determines the wind pressure coefficients), temperature differ-
ence between interior and exterior, DT; and the opening area, A (which is expected
to be varied in some way). Each of these factors is time-dependent and this leads not
only to variations in the magnitude of q; but also to undesirable changes of direction
(inward or outward). Moreover, the individual values of q are dependent on each
other. opening a window in one room will affect the flow rates through all other
openings.

In contrast, a mechanical system will provide flow rates that are constant in both
magnitude and direction (assuming that the envelope leakage is negligible) and in-
dependent. The air motion in a room is generated by sources of momentum and

18
buoyancy (temperature difference). The flows through the openings are sources of
momentum (and buoyancy) and these will vary with time. With a mechanical sys-
tem, the positions at which air is supplied and extracted are constant, as are the flow
rates. Heat transfer at solid surfaces is often the major source of buoyancy. the sur-
faces of heating (or cooling) and lighting devices; walls and windows; the surfaces
of electronic equipment and human beings. These effects are variable for both natu-
ral and mechanical systems. There is, however, a significant difference. With a nat-
ural system, variations of the internal temperature can affect the flow rates.

In a natural Ventilation system, therefore, the unpredictable variability of q and

the internal air motion has to be recognized and tackled in some way. A primary aim
of design is to ensure that the required directions of the flows are maintained. the
pattern of air entry and exit through the envelope (the ventilation strategy) does not
vary. A related aim of design is to ensure that the sizes and positions of openings are
sufficiently adjustable to allow adequate control over the magnitudes of q. Even
when these aims are met, it has to be recognized that the close control of flow rates
and internal air motion associated with a mechanical system cannot be achieved.
However, this is not necessarily a problem for the occupants and may in fact be
deemed to be a positive benefit [16].

2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Ventilation System

It is difficult to make definitive statements about the advantages and disad-

vantages of natural ventilation system compared to mechanical systems and air con-
ditioning, partly because they depend to some extent on the intended use of the build-
ing and the climate in which it lies. Nevertheless, in a chapter on natural ventilation
system, this question cannot be avoided and some general comments can be made.

19
 Perhaps the main advantage claimed for natural ventilation system is that it con-
tributes to a sustainable building environment. Bearing in mind the thousands of
years that natural ventilation system has existed, this claim is difficult to dispute.
One contributory factor here is that natural ventilation system requires no electrical
energy for fans, which can constitute 25% of the electrical energy consumption in a
mechanically ventilated building. To some extent, mechanical system can compen-
sate for this by making use of heat recovery, but to be successful a very tight enve-
lope is required.

There is also evidence that occupants of buildings prefer to have control over
their environment and prefer not to be completely isolated from the external envi-
ronment. Natural ventilation system can satisfy both these needs, whereas a conven-
tional air-conditioning system does not.

A disadvantage of natural ventilation system is that it is limited in the extent to

which it can provide cooling in hot climates and particularly ones that are also hu-
mid. For natural ventilation system to be acceptable in some climates, it is necessary
to combine it with some form of sustainable (low-energy) cooling system. some
cooling systems form part of the ventilation strategy. From the commercial view-
point, it is often claimed that natural ventilation systems offer reduced capital cost
and lower operating costs (energy, maintenance) than mechanical systems.

For a simple building like a house, this seems reasonable, although energy re-
ductions rely on ventilation losses being kept lower than those achievable with a
mechanical system. With non-domestic buildings, other commercial issues may
override the savings associated with natural ventilation. maximizing the use of floor
area; integration of the ventilation system with heating and cooling; close control of
conditions for equipment and processes. Natural ventilation system does not require

20
space for plant rooms or networks of ducts, but space is often required for stacks
(chimneys, atria). A particular disadvantage is that errors in the design of a natural
ventilation system may be more difficult to correct [17].

2.5 Natural Driving Forces

Natural ventilation system in buildings is produced by pressure differences be-

tween the inside and the outside of the building. The magnitude of the pressure dif-
ference and the resistance to flow across the openings in the envelope will determine
the rate of airflow through the openings. The two main forces producing pressure of
airflow through the openings. The two main forces producing pressure differences
are the wind force and the thermal force or stack effect.

The amount of pressure induced by thermal differences in a building is directly

proportional to the vertical height of the enclosed volume of heated or cooled air.
Tall room volumes will have strong stack effects, while short room volumes will
have little or no stack effects [10].

Natural ventilation system is possible through the utilization of a natural driving

force. There are only two fundamentally different types of natural driving forces
available; thermal buoyancy and wind. The properties of these two are elaborated in
the following section. Both their individual effect and their combined effect are de-
scribed [12].

2.5.1 Thermal Buoyancy Driving Force

Thermal buoyancy driven ventilation occurs when there is a density difference

between the internal and external air, which again is caused by temperature differ-
ences between the inside and outside. Thermal buoyancy is sometimes referred to as

21
the stack effect or the chimney effect. The difference in density creates pressure dif-
ferences that pull air in and out of a building through suitably placed openings in the
building envelope. When the indoor air temperature exceeds the outdoor tempera-
ture, an over-pressure is built up in the upper part of the building and an under-
pressure is formed in the lower part. At a certain height, the indoor and outdoor
pressure equals each other, and this level is referred to as the neutral plane. An over-
pressure above the neutral plane drives air out through openings in the building en-
velope, and an under-pressure under the neutral plane pulls air in through openings
in the building envelope [15].

2.5.2 Wind Driving Force

Wind driven ventilation occurs as a result of various pressures created on the

building envelope by wind. These pressure differences drive air into the building
through openings in the building envelope’s windward side, and drive air out of the
building through openings in the building envelope’s leeward side [14].

2.5.3 Combination of Thermal Buoyancy and Wind Driving Force

The two driving forces can occur separately but most likely they occur at the
same time. Thermal buoyancy will typically be the dominating driving force on a
calm cold day with practically no wind, whereas pressure differentials created by
wind will typically be the dominating driving force on a windy hot day. Their forces
can oppose or complement each other depending on the placement of the inlet and
outlet openings in relation to the wind direction [12].

22
2.6 Types of Natural Ventilation System

2.6.1 Single-Sided Ventilation System

Single-sided ventilation describes as shown in figure 2.1 a space primarily ven-
tilated by wind entering one or more openings within a single external wall. On days
when there is little or no wind, limited ventilation is still possible if windows have
top and bottom openings. This will enable convection currents in the space to expel
warm air through the top opening and draw fresh air in at the bottom. Large vertical
openings are also effective, such as a horizontal sliding sash window [13].

Figure 2.2 Single-Sided Ventilation Type.

2.6.2 Cross Ventilation System

Cross ventilation is a very effective way to achieve a high rate of ventilation
and can be used in relatively deep-plan offices. Wind drives air through open win-
dows on the windward side of the building and open windows on the opposite side
allow stale air to escape as shown in figure 2.2 [18].

23
 Figure 2.3 Cross Ventilation Type

2.6.3 Stack Ventilation System

Stack ventilation describes the process of buoyant, warm air rising upwards in
a building and exiting through one or more high-level openings. The air displaced
from the building causes cooler fresh air to be drawn into the building through low-
level openings, such as windows and doors as shown in figure 2.3.

The main benefit of stack ventilation is that the temperature difference between
the inside and outside of a building is the driving force and can therefore provide
ventilation on hot still days when there is little or no wind [15].

Figure 2.4 Stack Ventilation Type.

24
2.6.4 Combined Stack and Cross Ventilation system
When the weather permits, the combination of wind and stack effect
provides enhanced ventilation performance. Simultaneous cross ventilation and
stack ventilation is particularly effective [13].

Figure 2.5 Combined Stack and Cross Ventilation Type.

2.7 Natural Ventilation System and Safety

The role of natural ventilation system in providing a comfortable and healthy

environment forms the basis for the design criteria for most domestic and non-do-
mestic buildings. The common requirement for a minimum fresh air flow rate of
about 10 litres/s per person is based on the removal of body odours and this is usually
sufficient to cope with other contaminants generated within buildings. In a free-run-
ning building during the cooling season the flow rates are likely to be much larger.

There are, however, specific safety issues in which ventilation plays a role. Ac-
cidental release of flammable gas in buildings is an acute example. Such incidents
are rare and it would be unrealistic to base the design of a ventilation system on their

25
occurrence. There are other ways to reduce the risk of explosion. odorization of the
gas and gas detectors.

In contrast to this, natural ventilation system may be relied on to play an active

role in the provision of combustion air to certain types of fuel-burning appliances.
These are appliances that have no flue (e.g. cookers) and those that have an open
flue (i.e. the inlet end is open to the room). The flow rate of air required depends,
amongst other things, on the input power of the appliance. For appliances with a low
rating it has been common practice to rely on adventitious leakage to provide the
combustion air. The term adventitious probably originates from this, reflecting the
fact that openings that are not purpose-provided can be beneficial. For appliances
with a higher input, a purpose-provided air vent is required.

The safety aspects of natural ventilation system are not specifically considered
in this chapter. Safety is a specialized area and one that is covered by a range of
standards and regulations [11].

2.8 Solar Chimney

In hot and humid country, ventilation and thermal performance could be im-
proved by effective natural ventilation strategies. However, the climatic conditions
of the tropical countries are mainly distinguished by high air temperature and relative
humidity as well as low wind velocity which are the main factors that reduce the
comfort level of occupants, especially in the terrace house. The use of solar chimney
in terrace house is one of alternatives to increase the thermal and ventilation perfor-
mance of the indoor environment

26
2.8.1 Working Principle of Solar Chimney

The solar chimney is one of the technologies which working on the buoyancy
principle. Where’s the air is heated through greenhouse effect which generated by
solar radiation (heat energy). The expenditure involved is not so high. So many tech-
niques can be used in cooling or heating of buildings.

The solar chimney can be used in roof level or inside wall also. The solar chim-
neys are solar passive ventilation systems it means they are non-mechanical. The
heat is carried out through convective cooling principle. The solar chimney is de-
signed based on the fact that hot air rises upward; they reduce unwanted heat during
the day and exchange interior (warm) air for exterior (cool) air. The solar chimney
mainly made of a black hollow thermal mass with opening at the top of chimney for
exit the hot air. The air passed through the room and exit from the top of chimney.

The two purposes are solved one is the better ventilation and secondly it reduces
the temperature inside the room. It can be worked as reverse for heating the room
also. The Trombe wall is working as solar chimney shown in Figure 2.5 and merits
of solar chimney are: Merits: There is no mechanical part, Low maintenance, No
electrical Consumption, No global warming, No Pollution and It can be used for both
heating and cooling and demerit only is to increases the cost of building [19].

27
 Figure 2.6 Solar Chimney Used in Building Ventilation.

2.8.2 Classification of Solar Chimney

The solar chimney is basically a solar air heater; its position may be vertical or
horizontal and according to the position it will be a part of a wall or roof.

1. The solar chimney can be classified according the position as

(i) Vertical solar chimney and (ii) Inclined solar chimney.
2. It can be classified according to position solar chimney for building ventila-
tion is classified as
(i) Wall solar chimney or Trombe wall (ii) Roof solar chimney and (iii) Inte-
grated wall and roof solar chimney.
3. The solar chimney performance is depending on the glazing either single glaz-
ing, double glazing or triple glazing. The ventilation rate is mainly depending
on the height of solar chimney, so it is one of the bases for classification
(i) Small height (ii) Medium height and (iv) Large height.
4. The solar chimney is also classified according to the use for

28
 (i) building ventilation (circulation) (ii) Building heating (dwelling) (iii) Air
dryer (crop dryer) and (iv) Power generation.
5. The solar chimney classification also associated with cooling and heating of
building. It means solar chimney can be classified with integrated approaches
as
(i) Integrated with evaporative cooling system (ii) Integrated with earth air
tunnel heat exchanger and (iii) Integrated with absorption and adsorption
cooling.
6. The Solar radiation receiving area is covered with glass cover, the small radi-
ations should be less entering to the system and large wavelength radiation
minimum exit from glass cover so maximum greenhouse effect can be gener-
ated. The greenhouse effect is associated with solar radiation and number of
glazing. The solar chimney classified according to number of gazing used as
(i) Single glazing and (ii) Multi glazing [20].

29
 CHAPTER (III)
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL
SET-UP

30
Chapter (III) Description of Experimental Set-up

3.1 Introduction
People spend most of their time indoors. A comfortable indoor environment
is thus essential for the occupants' good health and productivity. Buildings are re-
sponsible for about half of a modern society's total energy consumption. HVAC
(Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning), in turn, accounts for a major proportion
of this energy demand, which is estimated to be about 68% in nonindustrial (com-
mercial and residential) buildings in a typical industrialized society. HVAC is often
used to provide thermal comfort to the occupants. Minimizing HVAC energy con-
sumption will thus result in great economic benefits. It also contributes beneficially
to the issue of sustainable future and climate change, by reducing fuel burning.

3.2 Component of the Experiment

The Experiment is consisting of a room that dimension is 2x2x2.The unit used
as shown in Figure 3.1 is consists of:
1. Glass: also known as transparent to deflect the rays of the sun to the
absorber.
2. Absorber: absorb the ray of sun to heat the air to decrease the density
of air in this side.
3. Foam: heat insulation from being tranfered to room air.
4. Window: is allow the air to enter the room with velocity nearly to zero.

31
Chapter (III) Description of Experimental Set-up

3.3 Experimental Set-up

The developed experimental set-up is shown in Figure 3.1. A room of 2 m _
2 m _ 2 m was built using sandwich panels 5 cm thick, the solar chimney was in-
stalled Next to the absorber of this room to draw air from it. Atmospheric air enters
the room from a bottom opening through the room and into the solar chimney. The
chimney consists of a collector wall of 1 mm-thickness aluminum sheet, glued and
painted with a matt black paint. The dimensions of solar chimney are 2 m long, 2 m
wide provided by one air gap thickness 200 mm, total of 12 thermocouples type K
were installed in the space of the room for temperature measurement.

(a) (b)

Figure 3.1 Experimental Set-up.

(a) Side View. (b)Back View.

32
Chapter (III) Description of Experimental Set-up

Figure 3.2 Window Dimensions.

𝑯𝑾 1 1.12 1.29 1.58

𝑾𝑾 1 0.89 0.77 0.63

33
Chapter (III) Description of Experimental Set-up

Figure 3.3 Wall Set-up.

Figure 3.4 Measurements Location of the Experimental Set-up.

34
Chapter (III) Description of Experimental Set-up

Figure 3.5 Chimney Set-up.

35
Chapter (III) Description of Experimental Set-up

Figure 3.6 Front Three-Dimensional View of the Experimental Set-up.

36
Chapter (III) Description of Experimental Set-up

Figure 3.7 Back Three-Dimensional View of the Experimental Set-up.

37
Chapter (III) Description of Experimental Set-up

Figure 3.8 Real Photo of the Experimental Set-up.

38
Chapter (III) Description of Experimental Set-up

3.4 Theory of Work

Various strategies have been proposed in the literature to enhance buoyancy
effect for achieving adequate air flow rate and a desired level of thermal comfort
inside a building. Solar chimney is an excellent example, which is designed to max-
imize ventilation effect by maximizing solar gain, thereby creating a sufficient tem-
perature difference between the inside and outside of the building to drive an ade-
quate air flow rate. In typical hot summer days, there exists a small temperature
difference between inside and outside of the building. As a consequence, the thermal
forcing and consequently the ventilation in conventional chimney, which operates in
the principle of stack ventilation, are insufficient. Whereas by using solar chimney,
sufficient temperature difference can be created by maximizing the solar gain. The
combined radiation and convection inside a solar chimney results in appreciable air
movement and in turn enhances ventilation.
Solar chimney is, therefore, also a promising ventilation strategy even for hot
windless days when stack ventilation is insufficient because of insignificant temper-
ature difference between inside and outside of the building. Solar chimney is a
thermo-syphoning air channel in which the principal driving mechanism of air flow
is through thermal buoyancy. One can find different variations in solar chimney de-
sign, which is affected by a number of factors such as the location, climate, orienta-
tion, size of the space to be ventilated and the internal heat gains. However, the basic
elements such as solar collector, transparent cover, and apertures (inlet and outlet)
are the part of every design.
In this project the room is well insulated equipped with window and glass and
absorber to make ventilation to it naturally a cross difference of density of air be-
cause the glass is deflect the rays of sun and the absorber absorb this ray make this
side is very hot and the density of air in this will be less and under the absorber will

39
Chapter (III) Description of Experimental Set-up

be gab to control the flow of air in the other this where window where the speed of
air nearly is zero this is make circulation of air inside the room the driving force
inside the room is the difference of density of air this is the idea of project.

3.5 Measuring Instruments

3.5.1 Digital Thermometer-K- Type
It is used to measure the temperature, and its specifications as follow:
• Operating temperature -200 – 1372 0C
• Basic accuracy: -100± 1 calibration
• Operating humidity: 0% – 90%
It is used to measure the temperature of:
• Air in the duct.
• Water in the tank.
• Refrigerant in pipelines of the condenser and the evaporator.

Figure 3.9 Digital Thermometer.

40
Chapter (III) Description of Experimental Set-up

3.5.2 Pyranometer
It is used to measure the solar intensity, and its specifications as follow:
• Spectral range (50 % points): 300 to 2800 nm.
• Sensitivity (nominal): 4 to 10 _V/W/m.
• Directional error: < 20W/m.
• Operating temperature: -40 °C to +150 °C.

Figure 3.10 Pyranometer.

41
 CHAPTER (IV)
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

42
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

4.1 Introduction

In this chapter, the experimental results of the present study are presented and ana-
lyzed. The results were obtained for typical operating parameters; the gab height (z),
chimney width (d) and window aspect ratio (Ar). The effects of varying these pa-
rameters were mainly considered to evaluate solar chimney performance of the nat-
ural ventilation unit.

𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝐶𝑑 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴⃘⃘⃘⃘𝑜 √2𝑔𝐿( − 1)
𝑇𝑟𝑚
𝑚̇ =
√1 + (𝐴⃘⃘⃘⃘𝑜 2 /𝐴⃘⃘⃘⃘𝑖 2 )

𝜌 = 1.1614 − 0.00353(𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒 − 300)

𝑚̇ 3600
𝐴⃘⃘⃘⃘𝐶𝐻 = ∗
𝜌 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

where

𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒 Average temperature of air inside chimney, K

𝑇𝑟𝑚 Room temperature, K
𝑚̇ Air mass flow rate, kg/s
𝐴⃘⃘⃘⃘𝐶𝐻 Air change per hour, m3/h
𝐴⃘⃘⃘⃘𝑖 Inlet cross sectional area of the chimney, m2
𝐴⃘⃘⃘⃘𝑜 Outlet cross sectional area of the chimney, m2
𝐶𝑑 Coefficient of discharge, --
𝐿 Room dimension, m
𝜌 Air density, kg/ m3

43
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

4.2 Experimental Results

The solar intensity is the motive force and its natural variation in the universe
is significant for the chimney performance.

4.2.1 Effect of Gab Height (z)

Figure (4.1) indicates the variation of ACH for every hour at z=26cm, d=35cm
and Ar=0.8. While, Figure (4.2) presents the variation of ACH for every hour at
z=20cm, d=35cm and Ar=0.8. Furthermore, Figure (4.3) shows the variation of ACH
for every hour at z=33cm, d=35cm and Ar=0.8. In addition, Figure 4.4 shows the
effect of varying the gab height (z) on the ACH at different solar intensities at d=
35cm and Ar = 0.8.

44
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

z=26cm
180
160
140
120
100
ACH

80
60
40
20
0
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.1 Relation between ACH and Daily Time.

z=20cm
140

120

100

80
ACH

60

40

20

0
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.2 Relation Between ACH and Daily Time.

45
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

z=33cm
200
180
160
140
120
ACH

100
80
60
40
20
0
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.3 Relation Between ACH and Daily Time.

200

180
z=33cm
160
z=26cm
140
z=20cm
120
ACH

100

80

60

40

20

0
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.4 Relation Between ACH and Daily Time for different values of z.

46
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

4.2.2 Effect of Chimney Width (d)

Figure (4.5) indicates the variation of ACH for every hour at d=35cm,
z=30cm and Ar=1. Figure (4.6) presents the variation of ACH for every hour at
d=50cm, z=30cm and Ar=1. In addition, the variation of ACH versus daily time is
presented in Figure (4.7) at d=20cm, z=30cm and Ar=1. Figure 4.8 shows the effect
of varying the chimney width (d) on the ACH at d at z= 30cm and Ar =1.

47
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

d=35cm
200

180

160

140
ACH

120

100

80

60

40
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.5 Relation Between ACH and Daily Time.

d=50cm
210
190
170
150
ACH

130
110
90
70
50
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.6 Relation Between ACH and Daily Time.

48
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

d=20cm
160
140
120
100
ACH

80
60
40
20
0
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.7 Relation Between ACH and Daily Time.

250

d=50cm
200 d=35cm
d=20cm
150
ACH

100

50

0
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.8 Relation Between ACH and Daily Time for different values of d.

49
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

4.2.3 Effect of Aspect Ratio of Window (Ar)

Figure (4.9) indicates the variation of ACH for every hour Ar=0.4, z=30cm
and d=20. Figure (4.10) presents the variation of ACH for every hour Ar=0.8,
z=30cm and d=20. In addition, the variation of ACH versus daily time is presented
in Figure (4.11) Ar=1, z=30cm and d=20. Figure 4.12 shows the effect of varying
the chimney width (d) on the ACH at d at z= 30cm and d= 20cm.

50
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

Ar=0.4
130
120
110
100
90
ACH

80
70
60
50
40
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.9 Relation Between ACH and Daily Time.

Ar=0.8
140
130
120
110
100
ACH

90
80
70
60
50
40
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.10 Relation Between ACH and Daily Time.

51
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

Ar=1
160

140

120

100
ACH

80

60

40

20

0
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.11 Relation Between ACH and Daily Time.

160
Ar=1
140
Ar=0.8
120 Ar=0.4
100
ACH

80

60

40

20

0
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure 4.12 Relation Between ACH and Time with various values of Ar.

52
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

4.2.4 Effect of Side Wall Colour

The effect of changing the condition of the side wall by black colour on the
improvement of the ACH values, is shown in Figure (4.13).

160 Side Wall (black)

Side Wall (white)
140

120

100
ACH

80

60

40

20

0
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Time (hr)

Figure4.13 Relation Between ACH and Daily Time with Various Colours of Side Wall.

53
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

References

1. H.B. Awbi, Ventilation of Buildings, 2nd Edition (2003).

2. Rodger Edwards, Handbook of domestic ventilation, Routledge (2005).
3. CIBSE, Energy Efficiency in Buildings (2004).
4. David Bleicher , Illustrated Guide to Mechanical Building Services 2nd Edition
(2012).
5. David Etheridge "Natural Ventilation of Buildings: Theory, Measurement and
Design " (2012).
6. William A. Burgess, Michael J. Ellenbecker, Robert D. Treitman, Ventilation for
control of the work environment (2004).
7. Robert.L.Chatburn, Fundamentals of Mechanical Ventilation (2000).
8. British Standards Organisation: BS5250. Code for Control of Condensation in
Buildings. BSI (1989).
9. CA Hunter, C Sanders. English House Condition Survey (1991).
10.Cooling Buildings by Natural Ventilation UFC 3-440-06 - US DOD (2004).
11.David Etheridge, Natural Ventilation of Buildings Theory, Measurement and
Design, Wiley (2012).
12.Tommy Kleiven, Natural Ventilation in Buildings Architectural Concepts, Con-
sequences and Possibilities – Ph. Degree, March (2003).
13.David Bleicher, Illustrated Guide to Mechanical Building Services-BSRIA
(2012).
14.CIBSE, Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings, The Chartered Institu-
tion of Building Services Engineers, London. Application Manual AM10
(1997).
15.Norges standardiseringsforbund: “prNS 3563. Ventilation for buildings – De-
sign methods for indoor climate.” (Based on CR 1752), (2002).

54
Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

16.Etheridge, D.W. and Sandberg, M. Building Ventilation: Theory and Measure-

ment. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, (1996).
17.Boyle, R, Natural and Artificial Methods of Ventilation. Robert Boyle & Son
Limited, London, (1899).
18.Wbi, H. B, Ventilation of Buildings, E&FN SPON, London, (1991).
19.Afonso, C. and Oliveira, “Solar chimneys: simulation and experiment”, Energy
and Buildings, (2000).
20.Arce, J., Jimenez, M.J., Guzman, J.D., Heras, M.R., Alvarez, G. and Xaman, J,
“Experimental study for natural ventilation on a solar chimney”, Renewable En-
ergy, (2009).

55
‫)‪Chapter (IV‬‬ ‫‪Experimental Results‬‬

‫ملخص العربى‬

‫التطور التكنولوجيى خالل الحقبة الزمنية االخيرة والذى شمل الكثير فى مجال هندسة المبانى وذلك‬
‫بالتطور المتسارع فى منظومات التبريد والتكييف‪ .‬وامتدادا لهذا يجب علينا االستعانة بما قطعته االنسانية في‬
‫سبيل الوصول إلى تقنية للحصول على مباني مالئمة باستخدام أساليب بسيطة وممكنة وغير مكلفة وكذلك غير‬
‫ضارة بالبيئة أى بما يعرف اليوم بمفهوم المبانى صفرية الطاقة الكهربية‪ .‬األسلوب المحلي االولي فى هندسة‬
‫المبانى ال يخلو من تطبيقات جيدة وحلول مبتكرة حسب اإلمكانيات المتوفرة آنذاك وخاصة فى مجال التهوية‬
‫الطبيعية وهذه الحلول العملية من الممكن االستفادة منها وتطويرها وتطبيقها حاليا ً بما يتماشى مع تخفيض‬
‫استهالك الطاقة الكهربية الذى يعتبر تحديا كبير فى بلدنا الغالية واالستفادة من الطاقة الشمسية‪.‬‬

‫مع االتجاة نحو استخدام المبانى الخراسانية الغلقة المنعدمة فيها معدالت التهوية الطبيعية والميكانيكية‪.‬‬
‫وللتهوية داخل المبنى سواء كانت طبيعية أو ميكانيكية مهام كبيرة وكل أهمية من هذه المهام تتطلب احتياجات‬
‫ومتطلبات خاصة تتغير طبقا ً لتغير المناخ‪ .‬وللتهوية داخل المبنى أهمية كبيرة وتعتبر إحدى العناصر الرئيسية‬
‫في تخفيف وطأة الحر ودرجات الحرارة الشديدة ‪ .‬حيث تقوم انظمة التهوية بحركة الهواء داخل بيئتنا المشيدة‬
‫إلزاحة التراكم الحراري وتعويضه بتيارات الهوائية المتحركة المنعشة‪.‬‬

‫وفى هذا االطار سنقوم باجراء دراسة معملية لكيفة استخدام الطاقة الشمسية فى انظمة التهوية الطبيعية‬
‫مع استخدام ابعاد مختلفة لمدخنة الشمسية‪ .‬وتم تغير ابعاد الشباك ودراسة معدل تغيير الهواء لكل الساعة‪.‬‬
‫واظهرت النتائج ان مع زيادة عرض المدخنة و زيادة ارتفاع الفجوة ادى الى زيادة معدل تغيير الهواء لكل‬
‫الساعة‪ .‬وتم مالحظة ان ابعاد الشباك المربع حيث الطول يساوى العرض اظهرت افضل نتائج لمعدل تغيير‬
‫الهواء لكل الساعة‪.‬‬

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Chapter (IV) Experimental Results

57