TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Algebra
SET THEORY AND POLYNOMIALS PROBLEM 3
A survey of 500 students at a college, it was found that 49% liked watching
Set Theory football, 53% liked watching hockey and 62% liked watching basketball.
A set is a gathering together into a whole of definite, distinct objects of our Also, 27% liked watching football and hockey both, 29% liked watching
perception or of our thought – which are called elements of the set. basketball and hockey both and 28% liked watching football and basketball
both. 5% liked watching none of these games. How many students like
Cardinality of a Set – “the number of member of ‘S’” usually watching all the three games?
denoted as |S| or n(S)
THEORY OF EQUATIONS
Special Sets
{} or Ø – Null Set or empty set Synthetic Division
{x} or x – unit set, which contains exactly one element
P – set of all prime numbers PROBLEM 4
Z – the set of all integers Perform the operation shown using synthetic division:
R – the set of all real numbers 2𝑥4 − 5𝑥3 + 4𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 1
H – denoted the set of all quaternions 2𝑥 + 3
N – the set of all natural numbers Q –
Factoring Method
the set of all rational numbers C – the
set of all complex numbers PROBLEM 5
Factor completely 𝑥3 + 5𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 8?
Union
The union of A and B denoted as A ꓴ B is the set of all things that Integral Upper Bound and Lower Bound Test
are members of A or B.
PROBLEM 6
Intersection Predict on what integral does all possible real roots of the equation 10𝑥4 −
The intersection of A and B denoted by A ꓵ B is the set of all 29𝑥3 + 80𝑥2 − 119𝑥 − 78 = 0 using the integral upper bound and lower
bound test.
things.

PROBLEM 1 DESCARTES RULE OF SIGNS

For the Venn Diagram as shown below. List all the elements that
Positive Roots
belongs to sets below. The rule states that if the terms of a single-variable polynomial with real
coefficients are ordered with descending variable exponents then the number
of positive roots of the polynomial is either equal to the number of the sign
differences between consecutive non-zero coefficients or is less than it by an
even number. Multiple roots of the same value are counted.

Negative Roots
As a corollary of the rule, the number of negative roots is the number of sign
changes after multiplying the coefficients of odd-power terms by −1, or
a) U fewer than it by an even number. This procedure is equivalent to substituting
b) P the negation of the variable for the variable itself.
c) P ꓵ R
d) R ꓴ Q PROBLEM 7
Determine the possible number of positive roots and negative roots of the
e) Q’
equation 10𝑥4 − 29𝑥3 + 80𝑥2 − 119𝑥 − 78 = 0.
f) P ꓵ Q ꓵ R
PROBLEM 8
PRINCINCIPLE OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION For the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑥4 − 29𝑥3 + 80𝑥2 − 119𝑥 − 78, determine
Provides an organized method to find the number of elements in the all the four roots of the polynomial.
union of a given group of sets, the size of each set, and the size of all
possible intersections among the sets.
WORDED PROBLEMS INVOLVING POLYNOMIALS
𝑛 𝑛
PROBLEM 9
|⋃ 𝐴1| = ∑|𝐴1| − ∑|𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗| + ∑ |𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ∩ 𝐴𝑘| An oil tank is in the shape of a right circular cylinder with a hemisphere at
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖<𝑗<𝑘 each end. The cylinder is 55 inches long, and the volume of the tank is 20
− ⋯ + (−1)𝑛−1|𝐴𝑖 ∩ ⋯ ∩ 𝐴𝑛| cubic ft. Determine the radius of the cylinder.

PROBLEM 10
PROBLEM 2 A rectangular storage unit has dimensions 1 by 2 by 3 feet. If each
In a college, 200 students are randomly selected. 140 like tea, 120 like dimension is increased by the same amount, how much should this amount
coffee and 80 like both tea and coffee. be to create a new storage unit with volume 10 times the old?
a) How many students like only tea?
b) How many students like only coffee?
c) How many students like neither tea nor coffee?
d) How many students like tea or coffee?
e) How many students like only one of tea or coffee?
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Algebra

PROBLEM 11 PROBLEM 22
Mrs. West has decided to take her fifth-grade class to a play. The manager 2
−36
Solve for 𝑥 ≥0
of the theater agreed to discount the regular 40php price of the ticket by 𝑥2−1
0.20Php for each ticket sold. The cost of the bus, 500Php, will be split
equally among each of the students. How many students must attend to PROBLEM 23
2−4
keep the cost per student at or below 40php? Solve for √𝑥 ≤0
𝑥−8

PROBLEM 12 PROBLEM 24
The profit of a company is governed by the polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 13𝑥2 Solve for |2𝑥 + 4| ≥ 6
+ 47𝑥 − 35, where x is the number of units sold in thousands. How many
units does the company have to sell to break even?
PROBLEM 25
Solve for |2𝑥 + 4| ≤ 6
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
DOMAIN AND RANGE
𝑛(𝑥)
Rules in writing a rational expression as sum of partial
𝑑(𝑥) PROBLEM 26
fractions. Determine if the rational expression is proper or improper. Get the domain and range of 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥2 − 7𝑥 + 10
Proper – the degree of 𝑛(𝑥) < 𝑑(𝑥) PROBLEM 27
Improper – the degree of 𝑛(𝑥) ≥ 𝑑(𝑥)
Determine the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − sin (𝑥)
If Proper, proceed to 4 cases of proper partial fraction:
Case 1: Distinct Linear Factors (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) BINOMIAL EXPANSION
Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors of (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) Case 3:
Distinct Irreducible Quadratic Factors Case 4: PROBLEM 28
Repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factors Determine the fourth term of (2𝑥 + 4𝑦)6

If Improper, divide 𝑛(𝑥) by 𝑑(𝑥) by long division and express it PROBLEM 29

as Find the term involving 𝑥3𝑦2 in the expansion of (4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧)5
𝑛(𝑥) 𝑅
= 𝑄(𝑥) +
𝑑(𝑥) 𝑑(𝑥) PROBLEM 30
And the resolve 𝑅 Find the term involving 𝑥3𝑦2 in the expansion of (4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧)5
𝑑(𝑥) as usual proper partial fraction.

PROBLEM 13 SUM OF COEFFICIENTS

3𝑥2+2𝑥+4 into partial fractions.
Resolve (𝑥+3)(8𝑥2+28𝑥+24) PROBLEM 31
Solve for the sum of coefficients of (2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧)5
PROBLEM 3
14
+2𝑥2+4𝑥+9
Resolve 6𝑥 into partial fractions. PROBLEM 32
(𝑥2)(3𝑥−6)2 Solve for the sum of coefficients of (2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3)5

PROBLEM 15
2
𝑥 −4𝑥+6
Resolve into partial fractions.
(𝑥+1)(𝑥2+3𝑥+4)

PROBLEM 3
16
−6𝑥2+4𝑥+4
Resolve 𝑥 into partial fractions.
(𝑥2+𝑥+1)2

PROBLEM 3
17
−7𝑥2−16𝑥+27
Resolve 6𝑥 into partial fractions.
6𝑥2−7𝑥−5

INEQUALITIES

PROBLEM 18
Solve for 𝑥3 − 8𝑥2 + 4𝑥 ≥ −48

PROBLEM 19
Solve for √𝑥 − 2 ≤ 4

PROBLEM 20
Solve for 2𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 6 < 0

PROBLEM 21
Solve for 𝑥4 + 2 > 0
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Algebra

MEASUREMENT
SITUATION 6
1 revolution = 2π radians (r) = 360 degrees (º)
14. If the sin θ = ¼, then what is tan (θ/2)?
= 400 grads (g) = 6400 mils (m)
1 degree (º) = 60 minutes (‘)
15. Angle β is on QIII while angle α is on QI. If cosβ = -4/9 and tan α =
1 minute (‘) = 60 seconds (“)
¼, what is the value of cos(α+β)?
SITUATION 1
16. Simplify 2sin2x – 1 using one trigonometric function
An irregular shaped lot consist of a circular sector. Based on the cadastral
surveys, the lot has an average radius of 15 m with an 80 gradian corner.
1. Determine the length of curved side 17. Simplify sin(3y) cos(3y) using one trigonometric function
2. Determine the area of the lot
3. Determine the perimeter of the lot
Plane Triangles
SITUATION 2
18. A man finds the angle of elevation of the top of a tower to be 30
A bicycle has a pedal gear of radius of 4 ½” and three gang wheel gears
degrees. He walks 85 m nearer the tower and find its angle of elevation to
of radius 1”, 2” and 3”. A gear chain connects efficiently the pedal and
be 60 degrees. What is the height of the tower?
wheel gear. If a bicycle rider uses the bike and rides at the speed of 2 ft/s,
4. Determine the angular speed of the pedal gear.
5. Determine the angular speed of the smallest wheel gear when the chain
19. An engineer is trying to
is transferred to it.
determine width of the lake AB
6. Determine the angular speed of the largest wheel gear when the chain
while in a hot air balloon 200m
is transferred to it.
directly above the lake as shown.
Trigonometric Functions The engineer noticed that the angle
of depression to one side of a lake is
7. If the sinβ = 3/5 but the cosβ <0, what quadrant is the angle β located? 43º12’; while, the angle of
depression to the opposite side of the
8. If tan α = 3/7 and angle α is on the QIII, determine the other lake is 27º07’ Find the width of the
trigonometric vales of the given angle α. lake.

Trigonometric Properties 20. From the top of a hill 720 ft. high, the angles of depression of the
top and the base of a tower are, respectively, 38° 30' and 51 ° 25'. Find
the height of the tower.
y  A sin B  x  C   D
SINUSOIDAL
y  A cos B  x  C    D Oblique Triangles
SINE Law
y  A tan B  x  C    D
a b c
y  A cot B  x  C    D  
sin A sinB sinC
ASYMPTOTIC
y  A sec B  x  C    D
COSINE Law
y  A csc B  x  C    D
a2  b2  c2  2bc cos A
A = amplitude B = angular frequency
C = phase shift D = vertical shift b2  a2  c2  2ac cos B
c2  a2  b2  2ab cosC

SITUATION 3 21. The angle of elevation of the tower from A is 25 degrees. From
Given the function y = 5cos (3x + 5π) + 2, identify the following another point B, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 56°. if the
9. Amplitude 10. Period 11. Frequency distance between A and B is 300 m and on the same horizontal plane as
12. Phase shift 13. Vertical shift the foot of the tower. The horizontal angle subtended by A and B at the
foot of the tower is 70°. What is the height of the tower?
Trigonometric Identities
Pythagorean Identities
22. Two ranger stations are on a east-west line 110 mi apart. A forest is
located on a bearing of N 42º E from the western station at A and a
bearing of N 15º E from the eastern station at B. How far is the fire from
the western station?
cos2   sin2   1 1 tan2   sec2  cot2   1  csc2 
Sum and Difference Identities 23. A ship leaves its home port and sails on a bearing of S 5 1º20'
sin A  B  sin A cos B  cos A cos A  B   cos A cos B m sin A E. Another ship leaves the same port at the same time and sails on a
sinB sinB bearing of N 28º10' E. if the first ship sails at 24 mph and the second sails
at 28 mph, find the distance between the two ships after 4 hrs.
tan A  tanB
tan A  B  1m tan A tanB

Double Angle Identities

sin 2  2 sin cos 2 tan

cos 2  cos2   sin2  tan 2  1 tan2 
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Trigonometry

Triangle inequality and ambiguity

SITUATION 7
Given triangle ABC, how many possible triangles can be formed for the
following conditions:
24. BC = 15cm, AC = 7cm, AB = 8cm

25. BC = 17cm, AC = 12cm, AB = 7cm

26. BC = 16cm, AC = 26cm, angle A = 42.3°

27. AB = 37cm, AC = 26cm, angle B = 32.5°

Polar And Rectangular Coordinates

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑟 = √𝑥2 + 𝑦2

28. The rectangular coordinates of a point having the polar coordinate

(7, 38°) is?
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Plane and Solid
Geometry

PLANE GEOMETRY (Key Points) CIRCLES

Circumference (or perimeter),
GENERAL POLYGON (N-SIDES) 𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 = 𝝅𝒅
Sum of the interior angles S =𝒏(𝒏
180(n-2)
− 𝟑) degrees
Number of Diagonals 𝒅 = ⁄
Area, 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓 = ⁄ 𝝅𝑫
Regular Polygons (equal sides and equal interior angles) 𝟒

TRIANGLES (n=3) Theorems on Circles

Perimeter, P = a + b + c Central Angle Theorem Thales’ Theorem
Semi perimeter, s = P/2

Given all sides: Heron’s Formula

𝑨 = √𝒔 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄); 𝒔 = 𝑷⁄ 𝟐 ϴ

Given two sides and an included angle:

𝑨 = 𝟏⁄𝟐 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Given a side and a perpendicular distance from the opposite vertex: 𝜃 = 2𝛼

𝑨 = 𝟏⁄𝟐 𝒃𝒉 Power Theorem
Cross-Chord Theorem

Lines Of The Triangle

D
Medians: Centroid B
Angle Bisector: Incenter AA 𝐴𝐵 𝑥 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑥 𝐴𝐸
Altitude: Orthocenter
Perpendicular Bisectors: Circumcenter
E C
Radius of an inscribed circle, Secant-Secant Theorem
𝒓𝒊 = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂⁄𝒔

Radius of a circumscribing circle:

𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝒓𝒄 = = = =
𝟒𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪 𝐴𝐵 𝑥 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑥 𝐴𝐸
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
Radius of an escribed circle: 𝒓 =
(𝒔−𝒂)

Secant-Tangent: 𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐸 𝑥 𝐴𝐷
QUADRILATERALS (n=4)

General Quadrilaterals
𝑷= 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅
(𝐴𝐵)2 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑥 𝐴𝐸
Given the lengths of diagonals and the angle between them:
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝑫𝟏𝑫𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝟐
Given all sides and sum of opposite angles(E): SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
𝟐
𝑬 General Polygons
𝑨 = √(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒅) − 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 )
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐
Situation:
A circle is inscribed in a regular polygon whose sum of its interior angles equal
to 540 degrees. If the radius of the circle is 5m,
Cyclic Quadrilaterals (a)find the area between the circle and the polygon.
(b)Find the area of the circle that circumscribes the polygon
Sum of opposite angles, E = 180 degrees

Area,
𝑨 = √(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒅) Triangles

Ptolemy’s Theorem, A triangle has its two sides 6 m and 20 m. The perimeter may be
𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅 = 𝑫𝟏𝑫𝟐 a.) 54 c.) 51
b.) 53 d.) 52
Radius of the circumscribing circle:
√(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒄𝒅)(𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅)(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄) Situation:
𝒓𝒄 = Given a triangle ABC with sides AB= 25 cm, BC=30cm and AC=42 cm. Find the
𝟒 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
following:
a. Distance of the point of intersection of the angle bisector from the vertex C
b. Distance of the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors to side BC.
c. Area of the excircle to side AB.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Plane and Solid
Geometry

Quadrilaterals

1. The sides of a quadrilateral are 10m, 8m, 16m and 20m, respectively. Two
opposite interior angles have a sum of 225degrees. Find the area of the
quadrilateral in sq.m.

2.A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a semicircle with side AD coinciding with

the diameter of the circle. Side AB=8cm, BC=10cm, and CD=12cm. Determine
the diameter of the circle, length of the diagonal BD and area of the quadrilateral.

Regular polyhedrons are those which have identical faces. There are only
Circles five known regular polyhedrons, namely tetrahedron, hexahedron,
octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron. These solids are known as Platonic
1.A goat is tied outside a triangular fenced garden at point A. Sides of the Solids.
fence are AB=7m, BC = 11m and CA = 13 m. The length of the rope which the
goat is tied is 15m, find the area over which the goat can graze outside the
fence.

2.A road is tangent to a circular lake. Along the road and 12miles from the point
of tangency, another road opens towards the lake. From the intersection of the
two roads to the periphery of the lake, the length of the new road is 11miles.
If the new road will be prolonged across the lake, find the length of the bridge to
be constructed. TYPE OF
POLYHEDRA FACES VOLUME
FACES(SIDES)
3.In the figure shown, EA = 20 cm, AC = 15 cm, BD = 18 cm, and Angle CED = √2
20 degrees. Tetrahedron 4 Triangle 3
12 𝑎
Determine the following: Hexahedron (Cube) 6 Square
a.The length of segment ED 𝑎3
b.Find the area of quadrilateral ACBD. √2
Octahedron 8 Triangle
c. Radius of the circumscribing circle 𝑎3
3
Dodecahedron 12 Pentagon 7.66𝑎3
Icosahedron 20 Triangle 2.18𝑎3
C
SOLIDS WITH CONSTANT CROSS SECTION
A Volume: Cross Sectional Area x Average Longitudinal Length
Polygonal Prism
Right and Inclined Prism
Truncated Prism
E
SOLIDS WITH SIMILAR CROSS SECTION
General Prismoidal Formula:
B 𝑳
D 𝑽 = (𝑨𝟏 + 𝟒𝑨𝑴 + 𝑨𝟐)
𝟔
Cone, Frustum of a Cone
Pyramid, Frustum of a Pyramid
Sphere, Frustum of a Sphere
SOLID GEOMETRY — Notes
SOLID GEOMETRY — Problems
SIMILAR SOLIDS
Similar Solids
SITUATION. For a given solid, given the surface area increases by 25
𝑺 𝑷 𝟏 𝟏 percent. Solve the following:
𝑨 𝑽
𝟏 1. The percentage change in the diameter
= 𝟏
= (𝑨𝟏)𝟐 = (𝑽 𝟏)𝟑
𝑺𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 2. The percentage change in the volume.
S-side
P-perimeter 3. A prototype of a machine weighing 50N is to be designed by an
A-area engineering student at a scale of 1:50. Assuming the same type of material
V-volume is being used, determine the weight of the real machine.

POLYHEDRONS
Polyhedrons (Platonic Solids and Euler’s Characteristic Formula)
Polyhedrons are solids whose faces are plane polygons.
4. The faces of a solid figure are all triangles. The figure has nine vertices.
Let
At each of six of these vertices, four faces meet, and each of the other three
m= number of polygons meeting at a vertex
vertices, six faces meet. How many faces does the figure have?
n= number of vertices of each polygon
f= number of faces of the polyhedron
e= number of edges of polyhedron, and
Solids with Constant Cross-section
v= number of vertices of the polyhedron
SITUATION. A prism has a base in the shape of an octagon with each side
For any polyhedron:
measuring 5 cm. The bases are 10 cm apart.
Number of edges, e=nf/2
5. What is the volume of the right prism?
Number of vertices, v=nf/m
6. What is the lateral surface area of the prism?
Euler’s Polyhedron Theorem for all Convex Polyehedra: f=2+e-v
7. A truncated prism has a triangular base with sides 10 cm, 12, cm and 15
cm. The vertical edges of the two corners are 20 cm and 25 cm,
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Plane and Solid
Geometry
respectively. If the volume of the solid is 1495.292
cm3, determine the length of the third vertical edge.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Plane and Solid
Geometry
Solids with Similar Cross-section
8. A solid has a circular base of diameter 20cm. Find the volume of the
solid if every cutting plane perpendicular to the base along a given diameter
is an equilateral triangle.

9. A right circular cone is to be made from a circular sector of radius 18 cm

and central angle of 100 degrees. Find the volume of the cone formed.

SITUATION. A sphere whose surface area is 64π cm2

10. Calculate the volume of the sphere.
11. Calculate the volume and the total surface area of the spherical
wedge if it has a subtended angle of 50°.
12. Calculate the volume of the smaller solid formed if a cutting plane is
passed 2 cm from the center.
13. If two parallel cutting planes are passed through the sphere (within
the same hemisphere), such that they are 1 cm and 2 cm from the center
of the circle, determine the volume between the two planes.
14. Determine the area of the zone for the previous item.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Analytic Geometry

~ Distance between two points and division of line segment ~

~~ Parabola ~~
1. Find the distance between (3, -2) and (7,4) It is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point
2. Find the midpoint between (3, -2) and (7,4) and a fixed line of the plane. The fixed point is called the focus and the
3. Determine the point of division of the line A(5,6) to B(-3, -2) that fixed line is called the directrix.
divides this line segment starting from A into two parts in the
15. Given the parabola, 2y = x2 + 6x + 4, determine the following:
ratio of 1:4 a. Vertex
4. The segment (-1, 4) to (2, -2) is extended three times its own b. Focus
length. Find the terminal point c. Equation of directrix
d. Ends of latus rectum
~ Equation of a Line ~ e. Eccentricity
5. Find the equation of a line that passes through (3, -3) and
(2, 4). 16. A cross-section of a design for a travel-sized solar fire starter
6. Find the equation of a line with a slope of 5 and contains is 4.5in wide. The sun’s rays reflect off the parabolic mirror
the point toward an object attached to the igniter. Because the igniter is
(2, -3) located at the focus of the parabola which is 1.7in from the
7. Find the equation of the line that passes through (4, -1) and is bottom, the reflected rays cause the object to burn in just
a. Parallel to 2x – 3y = 9 seconds. Determine the depth of the fire starter. (0.74)
b. Perpendicular to 2x -3y = 9
~~ Ellipse ~~
~ Distance from a point to a line and between two lines ~ It is the set of all points P in a plane whose sum of the distance from
8. Find the distance of the point (5, 1) to the line y = 3x + 1 two fixed points is constant and is equal to the length of the major axis.
9. Find the distance between y = 2x + 4 and y = 2x – 1
17. Given the ellipse 4x2 + y2 + 24x – 4y + 36 = 0
~ Locus of Points ~ Determine the following:
Find the equation of the locus of the following conditions: a. Center
10. Equidistant from (5,3) and (2,1) b. Vertices and co-vertices
11. Its distance from (4,0) is twice its distance from (1,0) c. Foci
12. Equidistant from the line y = 10 and the origin. d. Eccentricity
e. Distance from center to directrix
~ Conic Section ~
It is a figure formed by the intersection of a plane and a right circular 18. The entrance of the zoo has a shape of a semi – ellipse. The
cone. Depending on the angle of the plane with respect to the cone, a said entrance is 5m high and 8m wide. If a 3m long horizontal
conic section may be a circle, an ellipse, a parabola, or a hyperbola. member will be installed at the center for the lighting, what is
the vertical clearance of the zoo entrance?

~~ Hyperbola ~~
It is the set of points in a plane such that the difference of the distance
of each point of the set from two fixed points (foci) in the plane is
constant. (𝑦−1)2 (𝑥−1)2
1. Given the hyperbola − = 1 Determine the
16 9
following:
a. Center
b. Eccentricity
c. Equation of Asymptotes
d. Length of latus rectum

General Form 2. The co-ordinates of the vertices of a hyperbola are (9, 2) and
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (1, 2) and the distance between its two foci is 10. Find its
~~ Circle ~~ equation.
It is the set of points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point on
the plane. The fixed point is called the center, and the distance from the ~ Polar Coordinates ~
center to any point of the circle is called the radius. 1. Determine the polar form of the point (6 ,2)

13. Find an equation of a circle that is formed by three points

(3, 0), (4, 2), and (0, 1). 2. Transform the polar form point (5, 35°) into rectangular form.
14. Determine the length of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x –
5 = 0 from (4,6). 3. Find the polar form of the equation 5x + 2y = 4.

4. Determine the rectangular form of the equation r = 4cosθ –

18sinθ
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Vector Analysis

VECTOR-a quantity that has magnitude and direction and that is 3.

Determine the Area of the Parallelogram, formed by two vectors if
commonly represented by a directed line segment whose length both of their tail is at point (1,3,5) and their heads are located at point
represents the magnitude and whose orientation in space represents at (5,6,7) and (2,5,8) respectively.
the direction
4.
Find the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the vectors 3i + 2j
INTRODUCTION TO VECTOR AND OPERATION INVOLVING + 1k, 5i – j – 3k, 3j – k.
VECTORS
5.
Find the value of m that makes the vectors A=< 1 1 -1 >,
1.Determine the component and Magnitude of Vector B=< 2 -1 1 > and C= <m -1 m > coplanar
A=6i-9j+4k
2. Determine a vector whose coordinate of Head is (3,9,-1) and tail (-
3,8,9)
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY IN THREE-DIMENSION
3.If A=i+j-8k, B=2i+9j-5k and C=3i-4j+k
1. Find the distance from the plane 2x – 3y + z + 7 = 0 and the point
a.Determine the Resultant of vectors A, B and C.
(5, 0, -1)
b.Determine the Magnitude of the resultant
4.If A=i-j+k and B=i-8j+k.
2.What is the center and radius of the sphere:
a.Determine 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 and 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴
x2 + y2 + z2 + 8x – 2y + 1=0
b.Determine the angle between A and B
c.Determine the angle that vector A makes with the positive x,y and
3.Find the equation of the plane determined by the points A, B and C.
z axis
A (1,2,7), B(5,3,2), C(7,8,12)
d.Determine A2
5.Vectors A and B are perpendicular to each other. Determine 𝐴∙𝐵.
4.Find the area of the triangle ABC.
6.If A= 3i+5j-9k and B= 2i+3j+k. Determine A x B., and its magnitude?
Determine also B x A and its magnitude
5.Find the equation of a plane such that Vector A=<2 3 7>
That passes through origin, lies on it ,and contains the point (-3,5,8)
UNIT VECTOR AND DIRECTION COSINES
6. Find the equation of the plane through the point P (1, 2, −1) and
parallel to the plane 2x − 3y + 4z + 6 =0.
1.Determine the unit vector of A= 3i-8j+k
2.Determine the Direction cosine of vector A
7. Find the equation of the plane through P (4, 3, 6) and
perpendicular to the line joining P (4, 3, 6) to the point Q (2, 3, 1).
APPLICATION OF VECTORS TO CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM
8.Find the equation of a plane tangent to sphere
1.Resolve into component if a force of 1800 KN passes through point
x2 + y2 + z2 -x – y – 6z-39=0 at point (5,4,7)
A (4,-1,7) to B (7,5,9).
2. Determine the resultant of three concurrent forces: F1= 2000
9.Find the volume of tetrahedron in the first octant formed by xy plane,
KN, passing through (2,1,1) to (4,2,7); F 2= 300 KN passing through
xz plane, yz, plane and the equation of a plane
(2,1,1) to (8,2,6); F3= 1000 KN passing through (2,1,1) to (-1,2,5).
8𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 48 = 0

APPLICATION OF VECTORS TO WORK AND MOMENT

10. Given the points A (1,3,4) and B (3, 7, 10)
a)The symmetric form of AB is
1.
Determine the work done by a Force 𝐹 = 〈12 23 45〉, along a b)The parametric form of equation AB is
line from point A(1,3,5) and B(2,5,9), all force components are in c) The vector parametric form of AB
Newton Units, and coordinates are in meters.
d)Determine the coordinate at which the line intersects the xy plane.
2.
Determine the moment of force 𝐹 =< −22 12 10 >, about a
point (2,4,5)

APPLICATION OF VECTORS IN GEOMETRY

1. What is the perpendicular distance of the line AB that passes from

A (1,1,1) to B (3, 4,7) from the origin?
2. Find the value of c so that 2i + 4j + 5k and 2ci + cj – k
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Differential
Calculus

LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS
ASYMPTOTES
Suppose that f and g are functions such that the two limits:
Suppose that f and g are functions such that the two limits:
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) Definition 1. The line x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of
f(x) if lim f(x) = ∞.
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 x→a
Definition 2. The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote of the
exist, suppose that k is a constant and suppose that n is a graph of f(x) if lim f(x) = b.
x→∞
positive integer. Then the following are accepted theorems
of limits: PROBLEMS:
Determine the equation of the vertical, horizontal, or inclined
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 = 𝒌 asymptote(s) of the following:
𝒙→𝒂 2𝑥 3𝑥
5. 𝑦 = 6. 𝑦 =
𝑥−3 𝑥2−1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝒂
𝒙→𝒂 2𝑥2+𝑥−1
7. 𝑦 =
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 ∗ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌 ∗ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑥−1
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 BASIC DIFFERENTIATION
𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) PROBLEMS: Determine dy/dx for the following:
2
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 8. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 4)2(𝑥 − 5)3 10. 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥

If f is a polynomial: 9. 𝑦 = 𝑒sec 𝑥
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒂) 11. 𝑦 =
1
tan−1 ( 4 sin 𝑥
𝒙→𝒂 4 3+5 cos 𝑥 )

cos 𝑥 1
The limit a. tan x b.
3+5 cos
c. d. 4x
𝑥 5+3 cos 𝑥
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑴
𝒙→𝒂 DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS AT SPECIFIC
VALUES
if and only if the right-hand limits and left-hand limits exist PROBLEMS: Find dy/dx for the given value of x.
and are equal to M: 1
12. 𝑦 = 𝑥−2; 𝑥 = −2 13. 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ; 𝑥=
2

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑴 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

𝒙→𝒂+ 𝒙→𝒂− PROBLEM: Determine dy/dx
14. 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0
Suppose that f and g are two functions such that
HIGHER DERIVATIVES
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 ≠ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎 PROBLEM: Determine y’’ for the given value of x.
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
15. 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑥 = −1
then the limit MAXIMA-MINIMA
( )
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙)

does not exist.

PROBLEMS:
Evaluate the limit of the following functions:
Fermat’s Theorem:
1. Lim 𝑧 +5𝑧+6
2
3. Lim 1 If 𝑓(𝑥) has a local extremum at 𝑥 = 𝑎 and f is differentiable at a, then 𝑓′
𝑧→1 𝑧+1 𝑥→0 𝑥 (𝑎) = 0.

2. Lim 𝑥2−4 4.
3
Lim 3𝑥 −2𝑥+4 Steps in solving maxima minima problems:
𝑥→2 2 3 1. Express the quantity to be maximized in terms of a single
𝑥2+2𝑥−8 𝑥→∞ 2−3𝑥 −2𝑥
variabl
e
functio
n.
2. Diff
erentia
te the
functio
n
determ
ined in
1 and
set the
derivat
ive
equal
to
zero.
3. Solv
e 2 for
values
of the
variabl
e and
check
if they
maxim
ize or
minimi
ze the
quantit
y.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Differential
Calculus

PROBLEM:
PROBLEMS:
1. The cost C of a product is a function of the quantity x of the 1. Find the radius of curvature and the center of curvature of 4𝑦
product is given by the equation: 𝐶(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 4000𝑥 + 50. = 𝑥2 at (2, 1)
Determine the quantity for which the cost is a minimum.
2. Two Cities are 8 km and 12 km respectively north of a river that
runs due east. The second city is 15 km east of the first. A
CURVILINEAR MOTION
pumping station is to be constructed (along the river) to supply
water to the two cities. Where should the station be located so that
the piping material is minimum?
3. A cylindrical steam boiler is to be constructed having a capacity of
1000 cu. m. The material to be used for the sides cost P2000 per
square meter and for the ends P3000 per square meter. Find the
radius so that the cost is least.

TIME RELATED RATES

If a quantity 𝒙 is a function of time, 𝒕, the time rate of change of this
variable 𝒙 is given by 𝒅𝒙/𝒅𝒕.

Steps in solving time related rate problems:

1. Get the relationship of the variables in the problem and write them
in equation form. For a particle traveling a curved path, the velocity and
2. Differentiate the function determined in 1 in terms of time. accelerations are defined as:
3. Determine the value of the variables at specified time of the
problem and solve for the unknown. 𝒅𝒔
= 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑽)
𝒅𝒕
PROBLEMS:
1. A balloon is rising vertically over a point on the ground at the 𝒅𝑽 𝑽𝟐
rate 15 cm/s. A second point on the ground is level with and 30 cm
from the first point. When the balloon is 40 cm from the first point, 𝒂𝒕 = 𝒂𝒏 = 𝑹
𝒅𝒕
at what rate is the distance from the second point changing?
PROBLEM:
2. There is a constant inflow of liquid into a conical vessel 15 ft 1
1. A particle moves along the curve 𝑦=𝑥 2
with a
2
deep and 7.5 ft in diameter at the top. Water is rising at the rate constant speed of 5 feet per second. Find the tangential
of 2 ft per minute when the water is 4 ft deep. What is the and normal components of acceleration as the particle
rate of inflow in cubic ft per minute? 4
passes through the point ( , 8
).
PARAMETRIC 3 9
EQUATIONS
PROBLEMS: PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
1. Given the parametric equations: PROBLEM: 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2 2 1. Given that z = x2 + 3xy – 4y2, determine and
𝑥 = 𝑡 + 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 6𝑡 + 5 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Find the slope of the curve at t = 2.

Some Applications of Partial Derivatives
Equation of Tangent Plane

𝑚1(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜) + 𝑚2(𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜) + 𝑚3(𝑧 − 𝑧𝑜)

Equation of Normal Plane

𝑥−𝑥𝑜 𝑦−𝑦𝑜 𝑧−𝑧𝑜

2. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal of the 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚3
curve at the point indicated:
2. Find the equation of the tangent plane and normal line to
𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2𝑒−𝑡 at t = 0. the ellipsoid 4x2 + y2 + z2 = 36 at the point (2, 2, 4).

CURVATURE (Radius and Center of Curvature)

\

CURVATURE
In rectangular form: In parametric form:
|𝒚′′| [𝒇𝘍𝒈𝘍𝘍−𝒇′′𝒈′]
𝑲= 𝘍𝟐 𝟑 𝑲= 𝘍𝟐 𝟑
[𝟏+(𝒚 ) (𝒇 +𝒈𝘍𝟐)𝟐
]𝟐

In polar form: 𝑲=
 �
� + 𝟐𝒓′𝟐 − 𝒓𝒓′′
� 𝟑
� [𝒓𝟐 + (𝒓′)𝟐]𝟐

Radius of Curvature: 𝝆 = 𝟏/𝑲

 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Integral Calculus

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 10. Find the total length of the curve r = 4(1 – sinθ).
1. ∫(x + 4x)4dx
6
Surface Areas of Curves
2. ∫ 𝑥2𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑆
DEFINITE INTEGRALS 11.Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the upper
3 2y portion of the curve x2 + y2 = 49 from x = 3 to x = 6 about the y
3. Evaluate ∫ ∫ (x2 + y2)dxdy. – axis.
1 0
12.Find the area of the surface formed by revolving the upper
4. A curve passes through (1,9). If y’’ = 2 and the slope of the portion of the cardioid r = 2(1 + cosθ) about the x – axis.
curve at the given point y’ = 6, what is the equation of the curve?
Centroids
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
Plane Areas 𝐴𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝐴 𝐴𝑦̅ = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴
Vertical Strip: Horizontal Strip: 13. Find the coordinates of the centroid of the area bounded by
𝐴 = ∫(𝑦 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 = ∫(𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑦 the parabola y2 = 16x and the line y = 4x – 8, on the first
𝑥
𝑈 𝐿 𝑅 𝐿
quadrant.
5.Find the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4x and the line 2x
– y = 12. 14.Given the curve described by the polar equation r = 2cosθ
from θ = 0 to θ = π/2.
6.Find the area enclosed by the curve r = 2sin2θ.
15.Determine the location of the centroid of the solid formed by
Volume of Solid of Revolution revolving about the y-axis, the area bounded by the curve y = x 3,
Disk Method: the line y = 5 and the y-axis.
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑅2𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑅2𝑑𝑦 Miscellaneous Volumes of Solids
Ring Method: 16. The base of the solid in the first quadrant is bounded
by the line 4x + 5y = 20 and the coordinate axes. Find the
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫(𝑅2 − 𝑟2) 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫(𝑅2 − 𝑟2) 𝑑𝑦 volume if every plane section perpendicular to the x – axis is a
Shell Method: semicircle.
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 Work and Motion Problems
17.The force used in moving an object varies according to the
7.Find the volume generated by the region bounded by y = x2, x
function F(x) = x2 + 2x + 1, where x is in meters and F(x) is in
= 1, and the x – axis when it is revolved about the
Newtons. What is the work required to move the object from x =
a.the line x – axis 2 to x = 4?
b.the line y = –1
c. the line y – axis 18.A spring of natural length 5 cm stretches to a length of 8
cm when a force of 15 N is exerted. Find the work done in N-
Length of Curve cm in stretching the spring to a length of 10 cm.
Parametric:
19. The motion of a particle moving in space from rest from t =
0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2 to t = 5 s is defined the following acceleration:
𝑆 = ∫ √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡 ax = 5t ay = 5
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 a.Determine the velocity of the particle after 5 seconds.
Rectangular: b. Determine the total distance travelled by the particle after 5
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2 seconds.
√
𝑆=∫ 1+ ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑆 = ∫ √1 + ) 𝑑𝑦 c. Determine the total displacement of the particle after 5
𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑦 seconds.
(
20. An open-top conical tank having a top radius of 1.2 m,
and a height of 2 m full of water, is being drained by a
Polar:
vertical pipe
2
𝑆 = ∫ √𝑟2 + ( 𝑑𝑟) whose exit end is 0.8 m above the top of the tank. How much
𝑑𝜃 work is done in emptying the full content of the tank?
𝑑𝜃
8.Determine the arc length in the first quadrant of the function x2
+ y2 = 36 on [3,5].
9. Find the length of the curve described by its parametric
equations x = t2 and y = t3 – 1 from y = 0 to y = 7.