Innovative Computing Review (ICR)

Volume 2 Issue 1, Spring 2022

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Exploring Recent Trends in Blockchain Technology A Systematic

Title: Literature Review

Author (s): Shanza Mehboob2, Ajab Khan2, Hira Khalid2, Muhammad Zahid Khan1

Affiliation (s): 1
Department of Computer Science & I.T, Network Systems & Security Research
Group, University of Malakand, 18800, Chakdara, Pakistan.
2
Department of Information Technology, Abbottabad University of Science and
Technology, 22500, Havelian, Abbottabad,Pakistan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350.icr.21.01

History: Received: April 2, 2022, Revised: May 26, 2022, Accepted: June 12, 2022

S. Mehboob, A. Khan, H. Khalid, and M. Z. Khan, “Recent trends in blockchain

Citation: technology (A systematic literature review),” UMT Artif. Intell. Rev., vol. 2, no.
1, pp. 00-00, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.32350.icr.21.01

Copyright: © The Authors

Licensing: This article is open access and is distributed under the terms of
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Conflict of
Interest: Author(s) declared no conflict of interest

A publication of
School of Systems and Technology
University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
 Exploring Recent Trends in Blockchain Technology:
A Systematic Literature Review
Shanza Mehboob2, Ajab Khan2, Hira Khalid2 Muhammad Zahid Khan *1 0F

1
Department of Computer Science & I.T, Network Systems & Security
Research Group, University of Malakand, 18800, Chakdara, Pakistan.
2
Department of Information Technology, Abbottabad University of Science
and Technology, 22500, Havelian, Abbottabad, Pakistan
Abstract- Blockchain technology is report, or other information. The
used to maintain the ever-growing current study aims to describe a
list of data records. Blockchain can comprehensive synopsis of the
be an authentic ledger which blockchain concept which could also
includes applications such as fund be used in many other applications.
transfers, settling trades voting, and The most essential material goods of
several other useful components. blockchain are made with the aim
However, there are still many that there is no essential overseer or
underlying challenges associated any centralized information storage
with blockchain technology. space routine. Hence, Blockchain
Blockchain (database) is older but a transactions occur only in peer to
new approach in information peer network which is distributed
technology whose first among several nodes. Therefore,
implementation is Bitcoin (crypto Blockchain expertise could be an
currency). Bitcoin has also used innovative implementation of
Blockchain technology at its back possible applications, in favor of an
end to keep a permanent record organization that enables a safe and
(chains of block) of all the data. sound connection exclusive of the
Bitcoin is the primary appliance that necessitated essential power. The
formed decentralized surroundings current study proposed and analyzed
designed for Crypto money, the possible function of blockchains
wherever the participant is capable within a structure throughout a case
of acquiring and substituting examination. In addition to do a
production with Digital cash. systematic literature analysis
Therefore, a confirmed contract Blockchain technology is expected to
could involve crypto cash, contracts, bring developments in diverse

*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
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 Khan et al.

fields, such as politics, economy, regarding each transaction is

culture, industry, and business accomplished during Blockchain
models. Therefore, the scholarly which is available to each part of
research discovered the variety of the nodes [1]. Their features make a
drivers designed for blockchain structure by establishing and
accomplishment while highlighting identifying organizational
the barriers and risk inborn within boundaries which are translucent
the chunk string (Blockchain). than other central connections that
connect a third-social network [4].
Index Terms- blockchain, bitcoin, During accumulation, nodes inside
crypto currency, peer-to-peer the Blockchain is entirely unnamed,
network, scalability. which makes it additionally
I.Introduction protected for the further nodes to
verify the contact [5]. First of all,
Blockchain is a decentralized blockchain is an immutable ledger
ledger of every part of connections which facilitates the recording
transversely, a Peer-to-Peer system transactions of a business network
[1]. By using this type of tool, the [6]. Bitcoin has produced
participant could authenticate decentralized surroundings
contact which is exclusive of the designed for Crypto cash, for a
necessitated essential power [1]. It participant who is ready to acquire
includes appliances like account and swap over commodities by
transfer and locale trade using digital currency [7].
appointment, in addition to Blockchain organism is a
numerous added uses of these tools decentralized distributed ledger that
[1]. Block Chain is a scattered provides a lot of reward; creates
record resolution with the purpose immutability, simplicity, reliance,
to retain a constantly increasing defense audit ability, and distinct
record of information account, with resource of accuracy among others.
the aim of being deep-rooted by A database usually has in progress
means of nodes participating inside the direction of dislocating an
it [2]. Therefore, in the order of each amount of industry such as
operation accomplished facts are endowment, assurance, logistics,
stored within a free ledger. [1]. and power in addition by means of
Block Chain is a decentralized its capable compensation in addition
outcome which does not have any to a variety of applications [3].
social gathering involvement [3]. Blockchain is calculated to work in
Therefore, the order within, a decentralized manner, while

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Exploring Recent Trends…

databases are all time centralized invention for tools [9]. The concept
[8]. This exclusive characteristic of used behind the blockchain
blockchain gives it the control it technology is discussed below in the
requires to become the subsequent Figure.1.

CRYPTOGRAPHY • It used hash function for privacy .

• It uses consenuses mechanism such as

GRAPH THEORY proof of work ,proof of stack .

• It stored identical copies of the

P2P application.

Fig. 1. Basic terms of BST

Fig. 2. Types of BST

A. Distributed Ledger (DLT). Within DLT contacts are

Technology record by the way of an
unchallengeable cryptographic
Block chain is a kind of
name which is called a jumble [10].
distributed ledger technology
Blockchain is a system that protects
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 Khan et al.

the structure of the database [11]. The transaction is

2nd
Properties of DLT are discussed 3rd broadcasted to a peer-
below. to-peer network[12].

Table I 3.The network of nodes

uses algorithms to
validate the transaction
Properties of DLT and users status[12].

A blockchain is
1. Programmable programmable [11].
4th
All stored facts are
2. Secure discretely encrypted [11].
Each and every network 4. A verified transaction
participant comprises a can involve
3. Disseminated
duplicate of ledger cryptocurrency
designed for an entire ,contracts ,recrds or
simplicity [11]. other information[12].
The characteristics of
4. unspecified participants are 5th
pseudonymous [11]. 1st.
The entire system’s A trasaction is
participants are of the requested[12] . The transaction is
5. Unanimous same opinion about the
combined with other
authority stored data
transactions ,once
[11].
verified ,to create a new
All the updated and
block of data for the
6. Unchallengeable existing reports cannot
ledger[12].
be distorted [11].
A transaction timestamp
6th
7. Time stamped is stored on every block
[11].
B. Types of Block Chain
Blockchain has different types. The new block is added
It is categorized according to its to the existing
specific criteria. We have discussed blockchain (which is
its major types in Figure.2 and permanent and
unalterable)[12].
Figure.3.
7th
The transaction is now
finished[12] .

Fig. 3. Working Flow of Block

Chain Technology

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C. Working of Block Chain Technology

Proof-of-elapsed
Proof-of- Work Proof-of-Space
time
•Proof-of-work is one •Proof-of-space, also •Proof-of-Elapsed
of the first knows as PoSpace, time is a network.
consensus protocols and it is similar to consensus protocol
that are used in the proof of work developed by the
blockchain consensus protocol intel corporation
application [13]. [13]. [13].
•It depend on •Insted of the •The algorithm is
computing the hash computational predominantly used
values and resourses, PoSpace in permissioned
validating the use disk storage to blockchain
transctions until a vaildate transactions ledgers[10].
specified number of [13]. •The hardware use in
trailing zeros are PoET is specially
found in the hash desognedfor this
value [13]. protocol[10].
•The number that •for example, Intel
generates the hash Software Guarded
with the specifed Extension (SGX)is
number of trailing used in network
zeros is known as a using PoET[13].
nonce [10].
•A nonce is defined
as a rendom number
that generates the
specifiefd number of
trailing zero in the
hash function [10].

Fig. 4. Country implementation detail

II.Research Methodology transparency. Therefore, SLR

allows an examination of
Systematic Literature Review
conventional reviews and
(SLR) is a scheme which estimates
synthesized findings. Hence, SLR
and summarize the empirical
uses both qualitative (existing
evidences of the primary research.
literature) and quantitative
.SLR allows the gatherings from
approaches (existing experimental
databases restrictively and provides
study findings) for the metaanalysis.
an empirical process that values
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 Khan et al.

Block chain technology has been

PLANNING:Ide implemented in different countries.
ntify Research
Question,Identif Hence, a few countries are discussed
y Reserch in Figure.6 and Table.2.
Objectives,Liter
ature Review. Springe
r Links

CONDUCTING:Re
search
Strategy,Primary Blogs, Sources Of Confer
Studies,QualityAses Literature ence
Google Of block Procee
sment,Data Scholar chains dings
Extraction.

DOCUMENTIN Journal
G:Result,Conclu Article
sion. s

Fig. 6. Literature resources

Fig. 5. Country implementation Table II
details Objective of Examine
S.N Examined Motivations
A. Research Objectives questions
1 What is the The main
The primary objective of this role of block motivation to
research is to investigate specific chain in study the
subject research questions. different area different
Therefore, to do a systematic of state? states for data
storing
analysis we have incorporated SLR method.
as a methodology.. Therefore, these 2 Define data The aim is to
specific research questions play an stored examine the
essential role in stating these framework in data storage
research questions. To study these different techniques.
aspects?
questions for the SLR we 3 Discuss The reason is
thoroughly planned and discussed implementation to write this
briefly these objectives in Table.2. of block chain question is to
technology in identify large
B. Implementation of Block Chain different scale data
Technology in Different countries? storage
Countries efforts
procedures.

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Table III

Implementation of BCT in Various Countries

Tools Consensus algorithms/
S.N Papers names Year Challenges Focuses Block chain application
/parameters functions
An Overview of Block Financial domain
Proof of work Blockchain
chain Technology: DLT (distributed Scalability, Privacy (Traditional industries
Byzantine consensus technology
1 Architecture, 2017 ledger Leakage, Selfish to enhance the system
algorithm (Ripple, (architecture)
Consensus, and Future technology). Mining. by blockchain
Tender mint). .
Trends [1]. technology).
Finance, Iota, public,
A Survey of
Technical social service,
Blockchain from the Decentralized
challenges, Elliptic curve digital reputation system,
Perspectives of Infrastructure Blockchain
2 2018 Scalability, Privacy signature algorithm security, and privacy
Applications, and peer-to-peer technology.
Leakage, Selfish (ECDSA). representative
Challenges, and nature.
Mining. application domains of
Opportunities [15].
the blockchain.
Cryptographic
functions (hash
function) , SHA-256
and consensus Permission This paper presents
Immutability, Users
Digital ledgers algorithm(Proof of and many areas that
Blockchain Involved in
are implemented work, Proof of stack, permission organizations should
3 Technology Overview 2018 Blockchain
in a distributed round robin, Delegated less consider when
[3]. Governance, Cyber
fashion. PoS, Proof of blockchain investigating
security.
Authority, Proof of network. blockchain technology.
Elapsed Time
(PoET).And also
performed mining.
Business Innovation The Shared
Machine Usage in business,
based on artificial DLT and values and
Business model learning the social and
4 intelligence and 2022 A.I(Machine concept in
framework. and shared economic
Blockchain learning) business is more
data. institutions.
technology [19]. challenging.

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 Khan et al.

Tools Consensus algorithms/

S.N Papers names Year Challenges Focuses Block chain application
/parameters functions
Blockchain and e-
government potential
innovation: DLT, E- regulatory Blockchain registry Digitalized Automation in e-
5 2021
Automation of public government. collisions and chronologically. economy. government.
information information leaks
processes [11].
Blockchain Solutions The ecosystem of Multiparty Smart contracts;
Storing big
6 for Big Data 2017 DLT, Bitcoin tools that Big Computation MPC internet of things;
data.
Challenges [18] Data use. protocol. healthcare.
Block chain 1.0 for
Industry crypto currencies.
4.0. Its Block chain 2.0 was
Security, constructio recognized for
Blockchain Data Privacy,
Anonymity, No n industry economic, market,
Technology: Is it Data Storage,
Single Point of mitigates and financial
7 Hype or Real in the 2020 DLT Scalability, High
Trust, Fraud the existing applications.
Construction Computation
Resistance, Non- issues in Blockchain 3.0 was
Industry? [2]. Power.
Physicality. the current identified as
constructio applications beyond
n systems. currency, finance,
and markets.
Introduction to
Various
Blockchain Denial of Service Glob us Security
8 2019 DLT Cyber security types of
Technology [3]. (DoS) attacks. Architecture.
attacks
Application of The system of
higher education,
Blockchain higher education
Massive open online Copyright smart contract,
9 Technology in 2020 DLT and the entire
courses. protection digitalization of
Higher Education society is
education,
[17]. currently facing.

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Tools Consensus algorithms/ Block chain

S.N Papers names Year Challenges Focuses
/parameters functions application
Hash log blockchain
Blockchain It detects newly solution can be Focuses on
technology and its infected cases and enabled by COVID -19.
Usage in health
10 applications to 2020 DLT predicts distributed Res. Also,
care.
combat COVID-19 coronavirus Biomed. Eng. document on
pandemic [16]. infection risk. Blockchain ledger ledger.
technology.
Blockchain Ethereum Decision-
Technology network for data makers in
Technology Usage in the
11 Adoption in Smart 2022 DLT protection in building a
Adoption Models. education system.
Learning online education smart learning
Environments [6]. platforms. environment
Blockchain
DLT Scalability, Different
Technology and Its
12 2020 (distributed security, Consensus fields of the Smart contracts.
Applications: Case
ledger). decentralization. algorithms. use cases.
Studies [11].
Spreadsheet Techno-social
The Politics of Block Blockchain Consensus
13 2018 DLT for registering futurity of
chain [10]. ecosystem. algorithm.
all assets. blockchain.
Blockchain Including the
Technology in Errors in data management Usage in
Prototype
14 Healthcare: A 2019 DLT extraction or of electronic healthcare.
implementations.
Systematic Review miscalculation medical
[10] records.
Electronic voting,
Non
healthcare records
Blockchain 3.0 The academic cryptocurrenc
Consensus management and
15 Applications Survey 2020 DLT community and y related to
algorithm. identity
[14]. industry sector. distributed
management
ledger.
systems.

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Search string was established

C. Sources of Literature Review
for gathering updated data about
Different research sources are blockchain technology. Sources
used in this current research. which were used to collect data were
Therefore, the gathered data is from Google scholars, journal
collected from different journal articles, conference proceedings and
articles, conference proceedings, Springer links. This string was used
and springer links. Furthermore, as ‘Blockchain technology or
Google Scholar was also used to blockchain application or
discover literature on this scientific blockchain implementation’.
study. Hence, Google Scholar has
been established as a helpful means E. Search Keywords
for carrying out this research. Blockchain has diverse
platforms. Therefore, different
D. Search String
blockchain platforms are discussed
in Figure.8

AxCORE
RIPPLE

TANGLE BYIOTA
MICROSOFT AZURE BLOCK
CHAIN

BLOCK STREAM
BlockChain
Platforms HYPERLEDGER FABRIC

BITCOIN

CHAINALYSIS KYT

IBM BLOCK
CHAIN

ETHEREUM

Fig. 8. BCT platforms

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F. Implementation of Block Chain III. Literature Review

Many agencies and Overviews about blockchain
organizations have inhabited guide technology are compared
toward block chain which is distinctively with consent
appropriate for of a challenging algorithms of blockchains.
structure. In addition variety of Therefore, in this current research
blockchain facts would be useful analyzes and compares this protocol
and advantageous. A numeral of in dissimilar respect. Moreover, we
articles and suggestions are have also listed various challenges
highlighted in this current study for and troubles that would delay
the centralized directions, academic blockchain expansion and
circles, procedural publications, summarized several accessible
tools websites, and Software approaches for resolving these
Developers. troubles. We discussed briefly the
summary of all papers below in
1. United States department of
Table.4 region wise to contribute in
Homeland Security (DHS)
the literature which is represented in
Science & Technology
Figure 9.
Directorate.
2. The American Council for
Technology and Industry REGION WISE
Advisory Council (ACT-IAC).
3. The Institute of Electrical and CONTRIBUTION
Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
4. Technology sites.
5. Software Developers are the 29%
authority organizations to study
the resolution aspects of 57%
Blockchain Technology 14%
6. These all organizations have
discussed the need for blockchain
technology to implement ASIA EUROPE Apac
blockchain frameworks.
Therefore, this current study states
Fig 9. Region Wise Contributions
the recent trends of blockcahin
technology by incorporating SLR
as a methodology to investigate
the future of Blockchain.

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A. Block chain Applications usage 2. One of the biggest issues of

chart Blockchain technology is
scalability.
Blockchain plays a vital role in
different applications. These
applications are discussed briefly in 3. An additional, test which lies
Figure.9. on the border of its equipment is
privacy preservation.

MEDIA… C. Future Directions and

Recommendations
INSURANCE
RETAIL…
Blockchain is a foundational
technology. With the recent trend of
GOVERNM…
Series 1 information technology Blockchain
HEALTHCARE has created an eye-catching image
ENERGY… with its contracts and transparent
FINANCIAL… database. Therefore, the researchers
have briefly discussed the usage,
0 50 scope, and strategic implications of
Blockchain by using a systematic
literature review methodology
Fig. 10. Usage of Blockchain (SLR). Therefore, Blockchain
Application presentations attract investors by
providing enormous returns. For
B. Limitations of Block Chain this reason, in the current study we
Blockchain is a recent and new used different techniques in favor
trend in information technology of blockchain-based solution to
which has numerous advantages establish its significance and the
which promises to solve all the tradeoffs. Its procedure is
problems. However, the technology categorized in two phases of
at the heart has the following consistency and difficult stage. The
disadvantages: primary stage confirms the claim of
developers concerning their
1. It requires powerful hardware blockchain resolution based on a
resources. few set criteria. It also studies the
smart contracts which are further
divided into two types: expansion
and estimation. Furthermore,
ethereal has given the
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infrastructures to organize acquire lay in a decentralized

numerous smart-contracts based behavior. Block chain-based
solution, such as car auctions, online applications could help individuals,
trade, and so on. Whereas, organizations, machines and
assessment refers to concert and algorithms to freely interact and
rules examination. For instance, in transact without any friction.,
the here and swift examination we Furthermore, blockchain observable
do not usually study blockchain facts affect a variety of aspects of
mixing through other technology for human life. This exclusive attribute
defense and confidentiality purpose. of blockchain, is simply based on
However, during the upcoming independent Peer-to-Peer
detailed examination, blockchain connections. In addition to
assimilation with huge data, association, resolve finally allows to
simulate acumens and Internet of essentially advance unrestricted
thing can be measured for enhanced examine release sculpt; and
sustainability. Ethereal plays a consequently, enlarge unrestricted
foundational purpose to organize assurance in e-government by
the smart-contracts used to constructing it more competent,
decentralize computing. Therefore, answerable as well as apparent.
the data for every transaction is Blockchain creates a decentralized
stored and shared with all its users. distributed ledger that provides a
Blockchain has significantly few compensations; creates
captured the customer market immutability, simplicity, reliance,
because of its secure networking defense, and audit ability. This
and control records. Hence, the particular fact highlights the
current study highlights that progress of the numeral industry
Blockchain technology networks such as economics, assurance,
have unique characteristics which logistics, and power. Hence, this
could be aligned with different current study concludes and expose
digital platforms for their smooth the variety of drivers that are in
running. favor of blockchain
accomplishment. A small number
IV.Conclusion
of researchers have established the
Blockchain, the establishment barriers and intrinsic risks of the
of Bitcoin, has been recently blockchain. Therefore, this paper
acknowledged for its secured provides a significant examination
networks. Blockchain serves like a of blockchain technology
firm ledger that allows contact to applications by considering its

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applicability opportunities. Thus, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 56, Apr. 2019,

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blockchain technology to higher re7020056
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Volume 2 Issue 1, Spring 2022