Anatomy & Physiology Workbook:

Answers
Chapter 1 An introduction to anatomy and physiology:
how the body is organised
Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 b away from the centre
2 b palmar
3 c groin
4 a head
5 c crural
6 d contralateral
7 c abdomen
8 b armpit
9 c oral cavity
10 d inner walls of a body cavity

Activity 2: Exam-style questions

1 It is determined from an imaginary line running down the centre or mid-line of the body. The body is erect
and facing forwards; arms are to the side. The palms are facing forwards with the thumbs to the side. The feet
are slightly apart with toes pointing forwards.
2 Frontal or coronal plane
Median or sagittal plane
Transverse plane
3 a  i Superior: situated towards the head, or above
ii Supine: lying face up in a horizontal position
iii Lateral: away from the mid-line
iv Proximal: nearest to the point of reference
b  i Buccal: cheek (head and neck)
ii Inguinal: groin (trunk: thorax and abdomen)
iii Cubital: elbow (upper limbs)
iv Femoral: thigh (lower limbs)
4 The dorsal cavity, which is located in the posterior (back) region of the body.
The ventral cavity, which occupies the anterior (front) region of the trunk.

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Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 3: Labelling

Pectoral
Costal Thoracic
Axillary Pericardial
Mammary Vertebral
Brachial
Abdominal
Cubital
Umbilical
Forearm Forearm
Pelvic Lumbar
Carpal Sacral
Inguinal
Gluteal
Palmar
Femoral
Digital/
phalangeal Perineal

Femoral
Patellar
Popliteal

Crural
Sural

Calcaneal
Pedal
Digital/
phalangeal Plantar

Anterior view Posterior view

Activity 4: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Lateral Away from the mid-line Caudal Away from the head, or below
Deep Further from the body surface Prone Lying face down in a horizontal position
Anterior Front surface of the body/structure Superior Situated towards the head, or above
Proximal Nearest to the point of reference Visceral Term used when referring to any internal organs
Ipsilateral On the same side as another structure Plantar Relating to the sole of the foot

Activity 5: Fill in the blanks

1 The vertebrae in the lower back are the lumbar.
2 The axillary lymph nodes are situated under the arm.
3 The radius and ulna are bones of the forearm.
4 The frontal bone is found in the forehead.
5 The mammary glands are also known as the breasts.
6 The carpal bones are located in the wrist.
7 The buccal cavity is in the cheek.
8 The costal cartilages are between the ribs.
9 The femoral artery is in the thigh.
10 The bones of the neck are called the cervical vertebrae.

Activity 6: True or false?

1 False 2 True 3 True 4 True 5 True 6 False

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 Chapter 2 Cells and tissues

Chapter 2 Cells and tissues

Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 c mitosis 7 b diffusion
2 b 46 chromosomes 8 d c hemical breakdown of complex substances
3 b telophase by the body to form simpler ones
4 c nucleus 9 c epithelial tissue
5 c mitochondrion 10 b mucous membranes
6 b manufacture protein

Activity 2: Exam-style questions

1 a  Mitochondria: provide the energy that powers the cell’s activities
b  Ribosomes: manufacture proteins for use within the cell
2 a  Mitosis: when a single cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells
b  Meiosis: type of cell division that produces four daughter cells, each having half the number
of chromosomes of the original cell
3 a Osmosis: movement of water through the cell membrane from areas of low chemical concentration
to areas of high chemical concentration
b  Diffusion: process by which small molecules move from areas of high concentration to those of lower
concentration
4 Three from respiratory, digestive, renal and reproductive tracts.
5 Two from skin, hair and nails.

Activity 3: Labelling
Rough
Lysosome endoplasmic
reticulum

Centriole
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

Golgi body

Nucleus

Vacuole
Cytoplasm

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Ribosome

Cell
membrane
Nuclear membrane Mitochondrion

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Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 4: Sorting
1 Chemical level
2 Cellular level
3 Tissue level
4 Organ level
5 System level

Activity 5: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Mitochondria Oval-shaped organelles that provide Endoplasmic A series of membranes continuous
the energy to power the cell’s activities reticulum with the cell membrane
Vacuole Empty spaces within the cytoplasm Golgi body A collection of flattened sacs
that contain waste materials within the cytoplasm
Centrioles Small spherical structures that are Cytoplasm A gel-like substance that is
associated with cell division enclosed by the cell membrane
Ribosomes Tiny organelles that help to manufacture Cell A fine film that encloses the cell
protein for use within the cell membrane and protects its contents
Nucleus Control centre of the cell; regulates the Chromosomes Thread-like structures in the
cell’s functions cell nucleus that carry genetic
information

Activity 6: Fill in the blanks

A cell must maintain a stable internal environment in order to function properly. The process by which the body
maintains a stable internal cellular environment is called homeostasis.
To sustain life, many substances need to be transported into, out of, and between cells. The term ‘cell respiration’
refers to the controlled exchange of nutrients (such as oxygen and glucose) and waste (such as carbon dioxide)
by the cell to activate the energy needed for the cell to function.
Substances are absorbed, or excreted, through the cell membrane in several different ways.
Diffusion is the process by which small molecules move from an area of high concentration to lower concentration.
It is the basis by which the cells lining the small intestines take in digestive products to be used by the body.
Osmosis refers to the movement of water through the cell membrane from areas of low chemical concentration
to areas of high chemical concentration. This allows for the dilution of chemicals, which are unable to cross the
cell membrane by diffusion, in order to maintain equilibrium within the cell.
The movement of water and dissolved substances across the cell membrane due to differences in pressure is
called filtration; an example of this is in the kidneys.
Active transport is used when cells needs to transport substances against their concentration gradient. This is an
energy dependent process in which the cell takes in larger molecules that would be otherwise unable to enter in
sufficient quantities. This process is the means by which the cell absorbs glucose.
The method by which a cell absorbs small particles outside the cell and brings them inside is called pinocytosis;
this process is usually used for taking in extracellular fluid.
Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs particles. such as bacteria, other micro-organisms and
foreign matter.

Activity 7: True or false?

1 True 3 False 5 True 7 True 9 True
2 True 4 False 6 True 8 False 10 False

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 Chapter 3 The skin, hair and nails

Chapter 3 The skin, hair and nails

Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
Skin
1 c stratum germinativum 7 c fats, cholesterol and cell debris
2 a stratum spinosum 8 b fibroblasts
3 b secrete sebum 9 d reticular layer
4 d melanin 10 d all of the above
5 c sustained touch and pressure 11 b eccrine
6 a keratinisation 12 c protection
Skin type and skin conditions
1 a t hick, coarse and congested 4 d all of the above
with enlarged pores 5 b papule
2 d sebum 6 b oily
3 d  reddening of the skin due to the 7 b black
dilation of blood capillaries. 8 a a pearly, hard white nodule under the skin
Skin diseases and disorders
1 c a pigmentation disorder
2 d malignant melanoma
3 c rosacea
4 a a round, nodular lesion with a smooth, shiny surface
5 b psoriasis
6 b a blue-black nodule that increases in size, shape and colour
7 a ringworm

Activity 2: Labelling the structure of the skin

Hair
Pain receptor
Touch receptor
(Meissner's corpuscle)

Capillary network
Epidermis
Sebaceous gland
Erector pili muscle
Heat receptor
(Ruffini endings)
Hair follicle
Cold receptor Dermis
(Krause corpuscle)
Motor nerve
Hair bulb
Vein
Artery
Nerve endings
Subcutaneous
Subcutaneous fat layer

Subdermal Deep Sweat (eccrine) Pacinian corpuscle

muscle layer fascia gland (pressure receptor)

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Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 3: Sorting
The layers of the skin

1 Stratum corneum 5 Stratum germinativum

2 Stratum lucidum 6 Papillary layer of dermis
3 Stratum granulosum 7 Reticular layer of dermis
4 Stratum spinosum 8 Subcutaneous layer

Skin disorders

Infectious Non-infectious
Impetigo Dermatitis
Herpes simplex Urticaria
Tinea pedis Rosacea
Scabies Chloasma
Conjunctivitis Eczema
Tinea corporis (ringworm) Seborrhea

Activity 4: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Epidermis Most superficial, thinner layer Stem A type of cell found in the stratum
of skin germinativum of the epidermis; it
is involved in the process of skin
renewal
Collagen A protein in the dermis Papillary The uppermost layer of the dermis
responsible for elasticity and
resilience
Keratinisation The process skin cells go Keratin Key structural protein material
through in which they change making up hair, nails and the outer
from living to dead layer of skin
Sebum An oily substance that coats Extracellular The support system of the dermis,
the surface of skin and hair matrix made up of collagen, elastin and
shafts glycosaminoglycans
Dermis The deeper, thicker layer of the Corneocyte A dead skin cell of the stratum
skin corneum
Glycosaminoglycans Water-binding molecules found Apocrine A type of sweat gland found in the
in the dermis that give the skin genital and underarm regions
its plumpness

Activity 5: Fill in the blanks

Normal skin is balanced in that it has a good oil and water balance. It has a smooth texture with a clear,
even surface free from blemishes.
Dry skin often has flaky patches, with small and tight pores due to lack of sebum production.
Oily skin is thick and coarse, with large open pores and a characteristic shine. Blemishes are often very apparent
in oily skins, along with blocked pores, comedones, papules and pustules being present to varying degrees.

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 Chapter 3 The skin, hair and nails

Sensitive skin presents with a pink tone and appears thin and translucent. It is prone to dry, flaky patches and is easily
irritated by products and other external factors such as the elements. It reddens easily from any form of stimulation.

Activity 6: Multiple-choice questions

1 d matrix
2 d all of the above
3 a dermal papilla
4 c Anagen is the active growing stage.
5 a cortex and medulla
6 d connective tissue sheath

Activity 7: Labelling the structure of a hair

Hair shaft

Erector pili muscle

Connective tissue sheath

Inner root sheath

Outer root sheath
Upper bulb
Matrix
Dermal papilla

Activity 8: Multiple-choice questions

1 b keratin 5 d hyponychium
2 c matrix 6 c paronychia
3 a cuticle 7 a the dermis
4 b proximal nail fold 8 c the intermediate layer

Activity 9: Labelling a cross-section of a nail

Free edge

Hyponychium

Nail grooves

Nail plate Nail wall

Nail bed
Lunula

Cuticle Nail matrix

(eponychium) Proximal nail
fold (nail
mantle)

Activity 10: Exam-style questions

1 Stratum germinativum of the epidermis
2 Papillary, reticular
3 Any two from:
● providing nourishment to the epidermis
● removing waste products from the epidermis

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Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

● giving a supporting framework to the tissues by providing shape and holding all its structures together
● contributing to skin colour
4 Fibroblast
5 Adipose
6 Haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and maturation
7 Any two from:
● sweat from sweat glands helps to cool the body down
● erector pili muscle contracts to hold heat in skin when cold
● vasodilation of skin capillaries helps to cool the body
● vasoconstriction of skin capillaries helps to conserve heat
● adipose tissue helps to insulate the body against heat loss
8 Any two from:
● fat cells in the subcutaneous layer help protect bones and major organs from injury
● acid mantle acts as an antibacterial agent to help prevent the multiplication of micro-organisms on the skin
● melanin helps to protect the body from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation
● the cells in the horny layer of the skin overlap like scales to prevent micro-organisms from penetrating
the skin and to prevent excessive water loss from the body
9 Any two from:
● dry, flaky patches
● tight pores
● matt looking
● thin
● loss of elasticity
10 Any two from:
● visible fine lines
● feeling of tightness on the skin
● parched; lacking in moisture
● soaks products up quickly
11 Physical protection; preventing friction caused by movement
12 Cuticle, cortex and medulla
13  a  Anagen, catagen, telogen
b  Anagen is the active growing stage; catagen is the transitional stage; telogen is the resting stage.
14  It is the area where the living cells are produced.
It is the area from which the health of the nail is determined.
15 a  It provides a protective seal against bacteria.
b Eponychium: base of nail near lunula
Perionychium: outlines nails plate
Hyponychium: under free edge
16 Dorsal (uppermost) layer
17 Stratum lucidum and stratum corneum
18 Stratums germinativum, spinosum and granulosum
19 Any two from:
● white or yellow scaly deposits at the free edge
● deposits may spread down to invade the nail walls or bed
● nails become thickened, brittle, opaque or discoloured
● nail plate appears spongy and furrowed

20 Nail growth occurs from the nail matrix by cell division. As new cells are produced in the matrix, older cells
are pushed forward and are hardened by the process of keratinisation, which forms the hardened nail plate. It
takes approximately six months for cells to travel from the lunula to the free edge of the nail for fingernails,
and approximately nine to twelve months for toenails.

Activity 11: True or false?

1 True 5 True 9 True 13 True
2 False 6 False 10 True 14 True
3 True 7 True 11 True 15 False
4 False 8 True 12 False 16 True

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 Chapter 4 The skeletal system

Chapter 4 The skeletal system

Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 a synovial
2 c humerus
3 b sternum
4 a lumbar
5 c fingers and toes
6 d A ligament links bones together at joints.
7 c flexion and extension
8 d between the vertebrae
9 c palatine
10 a osteoarthritis

Activity 2: Exam-style questions

1 Epiphyseal cartilage
2 Radius and ulna
3 Scapula and clavicle
4 Ilium, ischium and pubis
5 Any two from:
● ball and socket: hip and shoulder joints
● hinge: elbow and knee joints
● gliding: in between vertebrae
● pivot joint between atlas and axis (neck) and between radius and ulna
● saddle joint: thumb
6 a i  Kyphosis: abnormally increased outward curvature of the thoracic spine
ii  Lordosis: abnormally increased inward curvature of the lumbar spine
b Kyphosis: can cause tightening of pectoral muscles.
Lordosis: can cause tightening of the back muscles, weakening of the abdominal muscles and hamstring
problems.

Activity 3a: Labelling

Frontal Parietal

Sphenoid

Temporal
Occipital

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Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 3b: Labelling Activity 3d: Labelling

Ethmoid

Nasal Humerus
Lacrimal
bone

Zygomatic Turbinate
Vomer
Maxilla
Ulna
Mandible Radius

Activity 3c: Labelling

Carpals

Metacarpals
Cervical
vertebrae Phalanges

Clavicle
(collar bone)

Scapula
(shoulder
blade)

Sternum
Femur
Humerus

Ribs Patella

Fibula

Tibia

Tarsals

Metatarsals
Phalanges

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 Chapter 4 The skeletal system

Activity 3e: Labelling

Skull
Cervical vertebrae
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum Scapula

Humerus
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae

Ulna Vertebral
column
Lumbar vertebrae
Radius
Ilium
Sacrum
Carpals Pubis

Metacarpals Femur Coccyx

Patella
Phalanges

Fibula
Ischium
Tibia

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Activity 4: Sorting
Bones

Long Short Irregular Flat Sesamoid

Femur Carpals Vertebral column Sternum Patella
Humerus Tarsals Scapula
Ulna Ribs
Fibula Frontal
Metacarpals

Joints

Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Saddle Gliding

Hip Knee Atlas and axis Thumb Between vertebrae
Shoulder Elbow Radius and ulna

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Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 5: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Axial Part of the skeleton consisting of the bones of the Ossification Process of bone
skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs development
Compact Hard portion of the bone that makes up the main Synovial Freely movable joint
shaft of long bone
Femur Long bone of the thigh Tarsals Bones of the ankle
Kyphosis Postural defect in which there is an abnormally Periosteum Fibrous covering of a long
increased outward curvature of the thoracic spine bone
Ischium Bone forming the inferior (lower) and posterior Joint Point at which two or more
(back) part of pelvic girdle bones or cartilage meet

Activity 6: Fill in the blanks

Bone is one of the hardest types of connective tissue in the body and when fully developed is composed of
water, protein and mineral salts.
Bone tissue is a type of living tissue that is made from special cells called osteoblasts.
There are two main types of bone tissue: compact and cancellous.
Compact bone is the hard portion of the bone that makes up the main shaft of the long bones and the outer
layer of other bones. It protects spongy bone and provides a firm framework for the bone and body.
The bone cells in this type of bone are called osteocytes and are located in concentric rings (called lamellae)
around a central haversian canal, which consists of minute tubes that form a network in bone through which
nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels pass.
In contrast, cancellous bone is more porous and lighter in weight than compact bone. It has an open, sponge-
like appearance and is found at the ends of long bones or at the centre of other bones. It does not have a
haversian system but consists of a web-like arrangement of spaces that are filled with red bone marrow. Blood
vessels run through every layer of cancellous bone, conveying nutrients and oxygen.
The process of bone development is called ossification. The bones of a foetus are made of cartilage rods that
change into bone as the baby develops and grows. This process begins in the embryo, near the end of the second
month, and is not complete until about the 25th year of life.
Ossification takes place in three stages. The cartilage-forming cells, called chondrocytes, enlarge and arrange
themselves in rows similar to the bone they will eventually form. Calcium salts are then laid down by special
bone-building cells called osteoblasts.
A second set of cells called osteoclasts, known as cartilage-destroying cells, bring about an antagonistic action,
enabling the absorption of any unwanted bone.

Activity 7: True or false?

1 True 4 False 7 True 10 True 13 False
2 True 5 False 8 True 11 True 14 True
3 True 6 True 9 False 12 False 15 False

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 Chapter 5 The muscular system

Chapter 5 The muscular system

Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 c chest 6 c flaccid
2 b Triceps 7 a actin and myosin
3 d fasciculi 8 b orbicularis oculi
4 a isometric 9 b trapezius
5 d synergist 10 c fibromyalgia

Activity 2: Exam-style questions

1 a  Synergist: muscles on the same side of a joint that work together to perform the same movement.
b Agonist: main activating muscle.
c Isometric contraction: when the muscle works without actual movements.
2 Muscle fibre contraction results from a sliding movement within the myofibrils in which actin and myosin
filaments merge.
3 Glucose
4 a  Frontalis
● Position: extends across forehead
● Action: wrinkles the forehead and raises the eyebrows
b Corrugator
● Position: in between eyebrows
● Action: brings eyebrows together
c Buccinator
● Position: in centre of cheek
● Action: helps hold food in contact with the teeth when chewing and compresses the cheek
d Orbicularis oris
● Position: surrounds the mouth
● Action: closes the mouth
e Depressor anguli oris
● Position: side of chin, extending down at an angle from the side of mouth
● Action: depression of the angle of the mouth
f Risorius
● Position: corners of mouth
● Action: pulls the corner of the mouth sideways and upwards
5 a Sternocleidomastoid: side of neck
b Trapezius: upper back/shoulders
c Deltoid: top of shoulder/humerus
d Gastrocnemius: calf
e Rectus abdominus: medially along the length of the abdomen
f Triceps: back of upper arm
6 a Brachioradialis: flexes forearm at the elbow
b Extensor carpi radialis: extension of the wrist
c Quadriceps: extends the knee and flex the hip
d Sartorius: flexes the hip and knee, and rotates the thigh laterally
e Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexes and inverts foot
f Flexor digitorum longus: extension of the second to fifth toes, dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot

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Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 3a: Labelling

Frontalis
Temporalis

Corrugator
Orbicularis oculi
Procerus
Nasalis
Zygomaticus minor Levator labii superioris

Zygomaticus major Levator anguli oris

Masseter
Risorius
Buccinator
Orbicularis oris

Depressor anguli oris

Mentalis (chin) Depressor labii inferioris
Platysma

Sternocleidomastoid

Activity 3b: Labelling

Surface muscles Deep muscles

Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis

Deltoid

Biceps
Flexors of forearm Pectoralis minor
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Tensor fasciae latae
Internal oblique

Adductor
Transversus
Sartorius abdominis

Quadriceps Rectus femoris

Vastus
Vastus lateralis
intermedius
(deep to Vastus medialis
rectus femoris) Vastus intermedius
Tibialis anterior
Peroneus longus
Extensor digitorum
longus

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 Chapter 5 The muscular system

Activity 3c: Labelling

Surface muscles Deep muscles

Supraspinatus
Rhomboid
Trapezius minor
Rhomboids
Rhomboid
major
Deltoid
Infraspinatus

Erector spinae
Latissimus dorsi

Triceps
Extensors of
forearm

Gluteus maximus Gluteus minimus

Gluteus medius
Semitendinosus

Hamstrings Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius
Flexor hallucis longus

Tibialis posterior

Soleus
Flexor digitorum longus

Activity 4: Sorting
Muscles of the head Muscles of the arm Anterior muscles Posterior muscles Muscles of the leg
and face and hand of trunk of trunk and foot
Corrugator Abductor pollicis External and Erector spinae Biceps femoris
brevis internal obliques
Depressor labii Brachialis Intercostals Latissimus dorsi Flexor hallucis longus
inferioris
Masseter Extensor carpi Pectoralis minor Quadratus Gastrocnemius
ulnaris and major lumborum
Mentalis Flexor carpi radialis Rectus abdominis Rhomboids Peroneus tertius
Nasalis Palmar aponeurosis Serratus anterior Supraspinatus Sartorius
Sternocleidomastoid Supinator radii Transversus Trapezius Tibialis posterior
brevis abdominis

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Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 5: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Skeletal Type of muscle tissue Neuromuscular Site where nerve fibres and muscle fibres meet
attached to bone junction
Cardiac Type of muscle tissue found in Motor point End part of nerve through which the stimulus
the walls of the heart to contract is given to the muscle fibre
Myofibrils Contractile elements of a Insertion Most movable part of the muscle during
skeletal muscle fibre contraction
Tendon Tough fibrous band that links Muscle tone State of partial contraction of a muscle
muscle to bone
Fascia Fibrous connective tissue Linea alba Long tendon extending from the bottom of
that envelops a muscle the sternum to the pubic symphysis

Activity 6: Fill in the blanks

When a stimulus is applied to voluntary muscle fibres via a motor nerve, a mechanical action is initiated.
During contraction a sliding movement occurs within the contractile fibres of the muscle. The actin protein
filaments move inwards towards the myosin and the two filaments merge.
This action causes the muscle fibres to shorten and thicken and then pull on their attachments (bones and
joints) to effect the movement required. The attachment of myosin cross-bridges to actin requires calcium.
The nerve impulses leading to contraction cause an increase in sodium ions within the muscle cell. During
relaxation, the muscle fibres elongate and return to their original shape.

Activity 7: True or false?

1 True 4 False 7 False 10 True
2 True 5 True 8 True 11 False
3 True 6 True 9 False 12 True

16
 Chapter 6 The cardiovascular system

Chapter 6 The cardiovascular system

Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 d platelet
2 a to carry oxygenated blood around the body
3 b right and left coronary arteries
4 a myocardium
5 a carbon dioxide
6 b internal carotid artery
7 a liver
8 c left ventricle
9 d common facial vein
10 a aneurysm
11 c 55%
12 d closing of the heart’s valves

Activity 2: Exam-style questions

1 a  Proteins in the blood that control bleeding
b Fibrinogen, prothrombin
2 a  Artery
● Structural: thick muscular and elastic walls, no valves, narrow lumen, deeper seated
● Functional: carries (oxygenated) blood away from the heart under high pressure
b Vein
● Structural: thinner muscular and elastic walls, valves, wide lumen, superficially seated
● Functional: carries (deoxygenated) blood towards the heart under lower pressure
3 Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the vessels, resulting in a decreased vascular diameter and heat being
conserved in the blood for the body to be kept warm.
Vasodilation: is the widening of the vessels, resulting in an increased vascular diameter; heat in the blood is
lost through radiation, allowing the body to cool down.
4 Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
5 a Diastolic: minimum pressure of the heartbeat; when the heart muscle relaxes and blood flows into the
heart from the veins.
b Systolic: maximum pressure of the heartbeat; represents the pressure exerted on the arterial wall during
active ventricular contraction.

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Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 3: Labelling the structure of the heart

Branches of ascending aorta

Arch of aorta

Right pulmonary artery

Branch of pulmonary artery

Left pulmonary artery

Superior vena cava

Left pulmonary veins

Right pulmonary veins Left atrium

Bicuspid valve

Right atrium

Tricuspid valve Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Descending aorta

Activity 4: Sorting
1 Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the superior and inferior vena cava and flows into the right atrium.
2 When the right atrium is full, it empties through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
3 When the right ventricle is full, it contracts and pushes blood through the pulmonary valve into the
pulmonary artery.
4 The pulmonary artery divides into the right and left branch and takes blood to both lungs, where the blood
becomes oxygenated.
5 The four pulmonary veins leave the lungs carrying oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium.
6 Oxygen-rich blood leaves the left atrium and passes through the left ventricle via the bicuspid (or mitral)
valve.
7 When the left ventricle is full it contracts, forcing blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and to all
parts of the body (except the lungs).

18
 Chapter 6 The cardiovascular system

Activity 5: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Capillary Smallest type of blood vessel that Vein Blood vessel carrying blood towards heart
unites arterioles and venules
Thrombocyte/ Specialised blood cell involved in Leucocyte Largest of all the blood cells
platelet clotting
Artery Blood vessel carrying blood away Inferior Large vein draining deoxygenated blood
from the heart vena cava from the upper parts of the body above the
diaphragm (head, neck, thorax and arms)
Haemostasis The process by which bleeding is Lumen An opening inside a blood vessel through
stopped which blood flows
Fibrin Insoluble protein that forms a Superior Large vein receiving deoxygenated blood
fibrous mesh during blood clotting vena cava from the lower parts of the body below
the diaphragm
Septum Partition separating the two Ventricle One of the two lower chambers of the
chambers of the heart heart

Activity 6: Fill in the blanks

Blood is the primary transport medium for a variety of substances that travel throughout the body. Oxygen is
carried from the lungs to the cells of the body in red blood cells, and carbon dioxide is carried from the body’s
cells to the lungs. Other substances carried in the blood include nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins
and minerals, and cellular wastes such as water, lactic acid and urea to be excreted.
Hormones, which are internal secretions that help to control important body processes, are transported by the
blood to target organs.
White blood cells are collectively called leucocytes. They play a major role in combating infection and fighting
disease.
Phagocytes have the ability to engulf and ingest micro-organisms that invade the body and cause disease.
Specialised white blood cells called lymphocytes produce antibodies to protect the body against infection.
Blood also helps to regulate heat in the body by absorbing large quantities produced by the liver and the
muscles. This is then transported around the body to help to maintain a constant internal temperature. Blood
also helps to regulate the body’s pH balance.
Clotting is an effective mechanism in controlling blood loss from blood vessels when they have become
damaged, as in a cut. Specialised blood cells called thrombocytes, or platelets, form a clot around the damaged
area to prevent the body from losing too much blood and to prevent the entry of bacteria.

Activity 7: True or false?

1 True 4 True 7 False 10 True
2 True 5 False 8 True 11 False
3 False 6 True 9 True 12 True

19
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Chapter 7 The lymphatic system and immunity

Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 c circulatory
2 c thoracic and right lymphatic
3 b spleen
4 d subclavian veins
5 c pancreas
6 c to carry excess fluid away from the tissue spaces
7 b under the chin
8 a drain lymph laden with digested fat from the small intestine
9 d afferent
10 b Hodgkin’s disease

Activity 2: Exam-style questions

1 Lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic nodes, lymphatic ducts
2 Any two from:
● drainage of excess fluid from the tissues
● fighting infection
● absorption of the products of fat digestion
3 a  Submental: middle of the neck, under the chin
b Mastoid: behind the ear
4 One-way valves; thin collapsible walls
5 Collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, left arm, lower limbs and abdomen and drains into
the left subclavian vein to return it to the bloodstream.

Activity 3a: Labelling

Mastoid nodes
Parotid nodes

Buccal nodes
Occipital nodes
Submental nodes

Superficial cervical
nodes Deep cervical nodes

Submandibular
nodes

20
 Chapter 7 The lymphatic system and immunity

Activity 3b: Labelling

Right lymphactic duct

Cervical nodes
Axillary nodes
Thoracic duct

Thoracic nodes

Abdominal nodes
Cubital/supratrochlear
nodes

Cisterna chyli
Pelvic nodes

Inguinal nodes

Popliteal nodes

Activity 4: Sorting
1 Plasma escapes blood capillaries and bathes tissue cells.
2 Excess fluid flows through a network of lymphatic capillaries.
3 Tissue fluid enters lymph vessels where it becomes lymph.
4 Larger lymphatic vessels lead to lymph nodes.
5 Lymph passes through at least one lymphatic node where it is filtered.
6 Filtered lymph is collected into lymphatic ducts.
7 Collected lymph is drained into the venous system via the subclavian veins.

21
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 5: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Lymph Transparent, colourless, watery Lymphatic Tube that transports lymph through its
(lymphatic fluid) liquid derived from tissue fluid vessel circulatory pathway
Lymphocyte Specialised type of white Lymphatic Minute, blind-end tube that drains excess
blood cell capillary fluid and waste from the tissue spaces of
the body
Spleen Largest of the lymphatic organs Oedema Excess fluid within the tissue spaces that
causes the tissues to become waterlogged
Lymphatic duct Collecting vessel of the Mastoid Lymphatic nodes behind the ear
lymphatic system
Lymphatic node Oval or bean-shaped structure Cisterna Drains lymph laden with digested fats from
that filters lymph of chyli the intestine
micro-organisms

Activity 6: Fill in the blanks

Lymph is a transparent, colourless, watery liquid and is contained within lymphatic vessels. It resembles blood
plasma in composition, except that it has a lower concentration of plasma proteins. Lymph contains only one
type of cell – these are called lymphocytes.
As blood is distributed to the tissues, some of the plasma escapes from the capillaries and flows around the
tissue cells, delivering nutrients such as oxygen and water and picking up cellular waste such as urea and
carbon dioxide. Once the plasma is outside the capillary and is bathing the tissue cells, it becomes tissue fluid.
Some of the tissue fluid passes back into the capillary walls to return to the bloodstream via the veins, and some
is collected by lymph vessels, where it becomes lymph.
As the lymphatic system lacks a pump, lymphatic vessels have to make use of skeletal muscles contracting, and
changes in internal pressure during respiration, to assist the movement of lymph.
Lymph is then taken through its circulatory pathway and is ultimately returned to the bloodstream via the
subclavian veins.

Activity 7: True or false?

1 True 4 True 7 True 10 True
2 False 5 True 8 False 11 True
3 False 6 True 9 False 12 True

22
 Chapter 8 The respiratory system

Chapter 8 The respiratory system

Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 d diaphragm 7 d t o prevent friction between the visceral
2 c alveoli and parietal layers
3 b oxyhaemoglobin 8 b pharynx
4 c medulla and pons 9 c during sleep
5 b mucus 10 b emphysema
6 b adenoids

Activity 2: Exam-style questions

1 Any two from:
● exchange of gases
● olfaction (the sense of smell)
● speech
● homeostasis
2 Diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals
3 It involves the absorption of oxygen from the air in exchange for carbon dioxide, which is released by the
body as a waste product of cell metabolism.
4 Mucus
5 a  Alveoli
b They provide a large surface area for gas exchange.

Activity 3: Labelling

Nasopharynx
(nasal cavity) Pharynx

Epiglottis
Larynx Oesophagus

Trachea
Right lung Left lung

Bronchioles
Rib

Bronchus
Pleural cavity

Intercostal muscle

Pleural membrane

23
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 4: Sorting
1 Nasopharynx
2 Pharynx
3 Larynx
4 Trachea
5 Bronchi
6 Bronchioles
7 Lungs

Activity 5: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Larynx Box-like cavity containing the Lungs Cone-shaped spongy organs situated on
vocal cords either side of the heart
Trachea Tube made of cartilage that Alveoli Tiny air sacs in the lungs
transports air from the larynx into
the bronchi
Bronchi Two short tubes that lead to and Diaphragm Dome-shaped muscular partition separating
carry air into each lung the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
Nose Organ that moistens, warms and Mucus Sticky fluid that prevents dust and bacteria
filters incoming air, and senses smell from entering the lungs
Pharynx Large muscular tube that acts as a Sinuses Air-filled spaces located within the maxillary,
passageway for air, food and drink frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones of the skull

Activity 6: Fill in the blanks

The mechanism of respiration is the means by which air is drawn in and out of the lungs.
It is an active process where the muscles of respiration contract to increase the volume of the thoracic
cavity. During inspiration the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
It is responsible for 75% of air movement into the lungs. The external intercostal muscles are also involved
in respiration: on contraction they increase the depth of the thoracic cavity by pulling the ribs upwards and
outwards. They are responsible for bringing approximately 25% of the volume of air into the lungs.
During normal respiration, the process of expiration is passive and is brought about by the relaxation of the
diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles, along with the elastic recoil of the lungs. This increases the
internal pressure inside the thorax, so that air is pushed out of the lungs.
Breathing is controlled by a group of neurones in the parts of the brain called the medulla oblongata and the
pons (known as the respiratory centre).

Activity 7: True or false?

1 True 4 False 7 True 10 True
2 True 5 True 8 True 11 True
3 False 6 False 9 True 12 False

24
 Chapter 9 The nervous system

Chapter 9 The nervous system

Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 c axon
2 a cerebellum
3 d brain stem
4 c cervical
5 d all of the above
6 b neurilemma
7 c myelin sheath
8 d medulla oblongata
9 b synapse
10 c multiple sclerosis

Activity 2: Exam-style questions

1 Any two from:
● It senses changes from both from the internal and external environment.
● It analyses sensory information, stores some aspects and makes decisions as to how to respond.
● It may respond to stimuli by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
2 Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system
3 a  A neurone is a specialised nerve cell that is designed to receive stimuli and conduct impulses.
b Cell body, axon and dendrites
4 Sensory nerves receive stimuli from sensory organs and receptors, and transmit the impulse to the spinal
cord and brain.
Motor nerves conduct impulses away from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands in order to
stimulate them into carrying out their activities.
5 Cerebrum

Activity 3: Labelling

Pineal gland Cerebrum

Mid-brain
Thalamus
Brain stem Pons

Medulla Hypothalamus
oblongata

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

25
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 4: Sorting
Effects of sympathetic nervous system Effects of parasympathetic nervous system
stimulation stimulation
Increases heart rate Slows down heart rate
Increases breathing rate Slows down breathing rate
Dilates blood vessels Constricts blood vessels
Decreases secretion of saliva Increases secretion of saliva
Increases conversion of glycogen to glucose by liver Increases conversion of glucose to glycogen
Reduces peristalsis Increases peristalsis
Dilates pupils Constricts pupils
Relaxes bladder Contracts bladder
Increases the secretion of sweat
Stimulates release of adrenalin

Activity 5: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Central nervous Main control system consisting of Reflex action Rapid and automatic response to
system brain and spinal cord a stimulus without any conscious
thought of the brain
Peripheral System of nerves that link the Dendrites Highly branched extensions of the
nervous system central nervous system to the rest nerve cell
of the body
Autonomic Part of the nervous system that Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter that causes
nervous system controls the automatic body muscles to contract, activates pain
activities of smooth and cardiac responses and regulates endocrine/
muscle and the activities of glands sleep functions
Neurone Functional unit of the nervous Cerebellum Part of brain concerned with
system muscle tone, the co-ordination
of skeletal muscles and balance
Afferent Type of nerves that receive stimuli Noradrenaline Neurotransmitter designed to
from sensory organs and receptors, mobilise the brain and body for
and transmit the impulse to the action
spinal cord and brain

Activity 6: Fill in the blanks

The autonomic nervous system controls the automatic body activities of smooth and cardiac muscle and the
activities of glands. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The sympathetic system prepares the body for expending energy and dealing with emergency situations. It
increases the heart and respiration rate, dilates skeletal blood vessels, stimulates the sweat and adrenal glands,
dilates the pupils, decreases the secretion of saliva, and decreases gastrointestinal activity.
The parasympathetic nervous system works to conserve energy and create the conditions needed for rest and
sleep. It slows down the body processes, except digestion, and the functions of the genito-urinary system.

Activity 7: True or false?

1 False 3 False 5 True 7 True 9 True 11 False
2 True 4 False 6 True 8 False 10 False 12 True

26
 Chapter 10 The endocrine system

Chapter 10 The endocrine system

Activity 1: Multiple-choice Activity 2: Exam-style questions
questions 1 Oxytocin
1 d all of the above 2 a  Hypothalamus: undersurface of the brain
2 b adrenal cortex b Thyroid: front of neck, either side of the trachea
3 a gonadotrophic hormones from the anterior c Adrenals: top of kidneys
pituitary 3 Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
4 c amenorrhea 4 Any three from:
5 a thyrotoxicosis ● controls the metabolic rate by stimulating

6 a pituitary metabolism
7 c T lymphocytes ● influences growth and cell division

8 c pineal gland ● influences mental development

9 b the level of calcium in the blood ● responsible for the maintenance of healthy

10 d thyrotoxicosis skin and hair

● stores the mineral iodine, which it needs to
manufacture thyroxin
● stimulates the involuntary nervous system
and controls irritability.
5 Any two from:
● dilates the arteries, increasing blood
circulation and the heart rate
● dilates the bronchial tubes, increasing oxygen
intake and the rate and depth of breathing
● raises the metabolic rate
● constricts the blood vessels to the skin and
intestines, diverting blood from these regions
to the muscles and brain to effect action.

Activity 3: Labelling

Pineal Pituitary

Thyroid Pancreas

Adrenal Ovary

Testis

27
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 4: Sorting
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Growth hormone
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Prolactin
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Thyroid gland Calcitonin
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Parathyroid glands Parathormone
Thymus Thymosin
Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids
Mineral corticoids
Sex corticoids
Adrenal medulla Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Pancreas Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin
Ovaries Inhibin
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Relaxin
Testes Testosterone

Activity 5: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Pituitary Lobed structure attached by a stalk Islets of Endocrine tissue located within the
gland to the hypothalamus of the brain Langerhans pancreas
Thyroid Gland in neck responsible for Noradrenaline Hormone produced by the adrenal
gland controlling metabolism medulla when the body is at rest
Adrenal Triangular-shaped glands that lie Beta cells Cells in the pancreas responsible for
glands on top of each kidney producing the hormone insulin
Parathyroid Four small glands situated on the Alpha cells Cells in the pancreas responsible for
glands posterior of the thyroid producing the hormone glucagon
Thymosin Hormone of the thymus gland Melatonin Hormone produced by the pineal gland

28
 Chapter 10 The endocrine system

Activity 6: Fill in the blanks

Puberty is the time at which the onset of sexual maturity occurs and the reproductive organs become functional.
Changes are brought about by an increase in sex hormone activity, due to stimulation of the ovaries and testes
by the pituitary gonadotrophic hormones.
Starting at puberty, the female reproductive system undergoes a regular sequence of monthly events known as
the menstrual cycle.
There are three stages of the cycle, which lasts approximately 28 days. The first stage (days 7–14) is the
proliferative stage, days 14–28 is the secretory phase and the third phase (days 1–7) is the menstrual phase.
At the beginning of the cycle an ovum develops within an ovarian follicle in the ovaries in response to a
hormone released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland called the follicle-stimulating hormone, which
stimulates the follicles of the ovaries to produce the hormone oestrogen.
When mature, the ovum bursts from the follicle and travels along the fallopian tube to the uterus. This occurs
about 14 days after the start of the cycle and is known as ovulation.
A temporary endocrine gland, the corpus luteum, develops in the ruptured follicle in response to stimulation
from the luteinising hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This temporary gland
secretes the hormone progesterone which, together with oestrogen, causes the lining of the uterus to become
thicker and richly supplied with blood in preparation for pregnancy.
After ovulation, the ovum can only be fertilised during the next 8–24 hours. If fertilisation does occur,
the fertilised ovum becomes attached to the endometrium and the corpus luteum continues to secrete
progesterone. Pregnancy then begins. If the ovum is not fertilised, the cycle continues – the corpus luteum
shrinks and the endometrium (lining of uterus) is shed. This is called menstruation. The cycle then begins again.

Activity 7: True or false?

1 False 4 True 7 True 10 True
2 True 5 True 8 False 11 False
3 False 6 False 9 True 12 False

29
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Chapter 11 The reproductive system

Activity 1: Multiple-choice Activity 2: Exam-style
questions questions
1 a vulva 1 Epididymis (epididymides)
2 b endometrium 2 Zygote
3 c fallopian tubes 3 Fallopian tubes
4 c amenorrhea 4 It is the common pathway for the flow of urine
5 b two short tubes that join the seminal vesicle and the secretion of semen.
to the urethra 5 a  Vas deferens
6 b to produce and maintain sperm cells b They are the tubes through which the sperm
7 a colostrum are released.
8 b oestrogen
9 b endometriosis
10 c the end of the first trimester
11 b fibroids

Activity 3a: Labelling

Fallopian Ovary
tube

Uterus

Ovum
Vagina
Cervix

Activity 3b: Labelling

Ureter

Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland

Vas deferens Penis

Urethra
Epididymis
Testis

30
 Chapter 11 The reproductive system

Activity 4: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Ovum Egg cell Labia majora Lip-like folds at the entrance of the vagina
and minora
Uterus Muscular organ in which Endometrium Lining of the uterus that is shed each month
embryo grows during menstruation
Ovaries Female sex glands Progesterone Stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining in
anticipation of implantation of a fertilised egg
Vagina Muscular and elastic tube that Vas deferens Tubes through which sperm is released
provides a passageway for
menstruation and childbirth
Testes Male reproductive glands Urinary meatus Vertical slit located at the tip of the glans penis

Activity 5: Fill in the blanks

Numerous physical changes occur in women with increasing age as the levels of the hormones oestrogen and
progesterone decline.
Ovulation usually stops between one and two years before the menopause. As the ovaries reach the end of their
productive cycle, they become unresponsive to gonadotrophic stimulation. With age, the ovaries atrophy and
become thicker and smaller.
The vulva also atrophies with age and the tissue shrinks. Atrophy causes the vagina to shorten and the mucus
lining to become thin, dry and less elastic.
After the menopause the uterus shrinks rapidly to half its premenstrual weight. The cervix atrophies and no
longer produces mucus for lubrication.
In the breasts, the glandular, supporting and fatty tissues atrophy and, as the Cooper’s ligaments lose their
elasticity, large breasts become pendulous.
Physiological changes in older men include reduced testosterone production, which in turn may cause decreased
libido. A reduced testosterone level also causes the testes to atrophy and soften, and decreases sperm
production by around 48–69% between the ages of 60 and 80. Normally, the prostate gland enlarges with age
and its secretions diminish. Seminal fluid also decreases in volume and becomes less viscous.

Activity 6: True or false?

1 True 4 False 7 False 10 False
2 True 5 False 8 True 11 False
3 False 6 True 9 True 12 False

31
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Chapter 12 The digestive system

Activity 1: Multiple-choice Activity 2: Exam-style
questions questions
1 d in all sections of the alimentary canal 1 Any three from:
2 c salivary amylase ● water
3 d neutralise the germs in food ● hydrochloric acid
4 b villi in the small intestine ● mucus
5 a liver ● pepsinogen
6 b rectum 2 Any two from:
7 d water ● pancreatic amylase
8 c cholecystokinin ● pancreatic lipase
9 b trypsin and chymotrypsin ● pancreatic proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin)
10 a haemorrhoids 3 Caecum, appendix, colon and rectum
11 c colon 4 Villi
12 c duodenum, jejunum and ileum
5 Small intestine
13 c pepsin
14 a provide energy for cells to function

Activity 3: Labelling

Mouth

Salivary
glands

Oesophagus

Liver
Stomach
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Pyloric
sphincter
Duodenum Jejunum

Colon
IIeum

Caecum
Small
intestine
Rectum

Anal canal
IIeocaecal Anal
valve sphincter
Appendix

32
 Chapter 12 The digestive system

Activity 4a: Sorting

1 Mouth 8 Caecum
2 Pharynx 9 Ascending colon
3 Oesophagus 10 Transverse colon
4 Stomach 11 Descending colon
5 Duodenum 12 Sigmoid colon
6 Jejunum 13 Rectum
7 Ileum 14 Anus

Activity 4b: Sorting

Mouth Stomach Pancreas Small intestine
Salivary amylase Pepsin Trypsin and chymotrypsin Enteropeptidases (enterokinase)
Pancreatic amylase Maltase
Pancreatic lipase Sucrase
Lactase

Activity 5: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Enzyme Chemical catalyst that activates and Colon Main part of the large intestine
speeds up a chemical reaction
Digestion The process of breaking down food Anus Opening at the lower end of the
alimentary canal
Ingestion The act of taking food into the Defaecation The expulsion of semi-solid waste
alimentary canal through the mouth called faeces through the anal canal
Peristalsis Co-ordinated rhythmical contractions Liver Largest organ in the body
of the circular and oblique muscles in
the wall of the alimentary tract
Oesophagus Long, narrow tube linking the pharynx Absorption Movement of soluble materials out
to the stomach through the walls of the small intestine

33
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 6: Fill in the blanks

Digestion commences in the mouth, where food is chewed by the teeth and mixed thoroughly with saliva,
which contains an enzyme called amylase that starts to digest starch.
Food then passes down the oesophagus to the stomach. It is conveyed by a process of rhythmic muscular
contractions called peristalsis.
In the stomach the food is churned up and mixed with gastric juice containing the enzyme pepsin, which starts
to digest protein.
The food stays in the stomach for approximately five hours, until it has been churned down into a liquid state
called chyme.
Food is then passed into the small intestine where more enzymes continue the chemical breakdown of food.
The food is also mixed with bile, which is manufactured in the liver to help emulsify fat, pancreatic juice from
the pancreas to continue the digestion of protein and carbohydrates, and intestinal juice, which completes the
final breakdown of nutrients (including simple sugars) to glucose and protein to amino acids.
The absorption of digested food occurs by diffusion through the villi of the small intestine, which are small,
finger-like projections that are well supplied with blood capillaries.
Vitamins and minerals are absorbed in the blood capillaries while products of fat digestion are absorbed into
the lymphatic system by lymph vessels called lacteals.
The capillaries join to form the hepatic portal vein, which transports the digested food to the liver to be
regulated before being utilised by the body’s tissues.
Undigested food passes into the colon where a large amount of water is absorbed. The solid, undigested
matter, known as faeces, passes into the rectum where it is stored before being passed out of the body
through the anus.

Activity 7: True or false?

1 True 4 False 7 True 10 False
2 True 5 True 8 True 11 False
3 False 6 False 9 True 12 True

34
 Chapter 13 The renal system

Chapter 13 The renal system

Activity 1: Multiple-choice Activity 2: Exam-style questions
questions 1 Posterior wall of the abdomen on either side
1 c cortex of the spine, between the level of the twelfth
2 b bladder thoracic vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra.
3 d all of the above 2 It has an outer fibrous renal capsule and is
4 d glomerulus supported by adipose tissue. It has two main
5 c cortex parts: an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
6 a release ADH 3 Afferent arterioles: bring blood to the glomerulus,
7 b Bowman’s capsule have a larger diameter.
8 c to store urine Efferent arterioles: take blood away from the
9 a hilus glomerulus, have a smaller diameter.
10 c cystitis 4 Micturition
5 Cortex

Activity 3: Labelling
Right kidney Left kidney

Renal artery Medulla

Cortex
Renal vein

Renal pelvis

Ureter

Bladder

Urethra

35
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers

Activity 4: Match the key words

Key term Description Key term Description
Kidney Main functional organ of urinary system Nephrons Tiny blood filtration units inside the kidney
Ureter Long tube that transports urine from Medulla Inner part of kidney’s structure
the kidney to the bladder
Bladder Pear-shaped sac that stores urine Renal Conical-shaped sections inside the
pyramids medulla of the kidney
Urethra Tube through which urine is discharged Calyces Cup-shaped cavities in which urine
from the bladder to the exterior (calcyx) collects
Cortex Outer part of kidney’s structure Aldosterone Hormone that regulates the reabsorption
of sodium and water in the kidneys

Activity 5: Fill in the blanks

The blood that needs to be processed enters the medulla of the kidney from the renal artery. Inside the kidney
the renal artery splits into a network of capillaries called the glomerulus, which filters the waste. Almost
encasing the glomerulus lies a sac called the Bowman’s capsule.
The blood pressure in the glomerulus is maintained at a high level, assisted by the fact that the afferent arteriole
feeding into the glomerulus has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole leaving it. This pressure forces fluid
out through the walls of the glomerulus, together with some of the substances of small molecular size able to
pass through the capillary walls into the Bowman’s capsule. This process constitutes simple filtration.
The filtered liquid continues through a series of twisted tubes called the convoluted tubules, which are
surrounded by capillaries. The tubules of the nephron that lead away from the Bowman’s capsule are known as
the proximal convoluted tubules, which straighten out to form a long loop called the loop of Henle. There are
then another series of twists called the distal convoluted tubules.
The composition of the filtered liquid alters as it flows through the convoluted tubules. Some substances
contained within the waste, such as glucose, amino acids, mineral salts and vitamins, are reabsorbed back into
the bloodstream as the body cannot afford to lose them.
Excess water, salts and the waste product urea are all filtered and processed through the kidneys. The treated
blood leaves the kidney via the renal vein.
The wastes remaining in the distal convoluted tubule, now known as urine, then flow on via a collecting tubule
to the renal pelvis of the kidney. From here it passes into the ureter and on to the bladder and urethra to be
excreted through a process known as micturition.

Activity 6: True or false?

1 True 4 True 7 True 10 True
2 True 5 True 8 False 11 False
3 False 6 True 9 False 12 True

36