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EE 231 WRTE - Lecture Notes PDF

This course covers water resources and transportation engineering. Students will learn to design and supervise construction of water distribution systems by the end of the course. Topics covered include water sources, hydraulics, distribution methods, analysis, rural/urban supplies, economics, planning, materials, construction, operation and maintenance, and management. The course will be delivered through lectures, tutorials, coursework and a final exam.

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72 views

EE 231 WRTE - Lecture Notes PDF

This course covers water resources and transportation engineering. Students will learn to design and supervise construction of water distribution systems by the end of the course. Topics covered include water sources, hydraulics, distribution methods, analysis, rural/urban supplies, economics, planning, materials, construction, operation and maintenance, and management. The course will be delivered through lectures, tutorials, coursework and a final exam.

Uploaded by

el diablo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 231: Water Resources and

Transportation Engineering (3 Units)

2018
Instructor: Nyamboge Chacha, EE Department, SEST
Office: Behind SEST experimental Hall
WRTE: Expected Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, students are expected


to be able to design and supervise construction
of distribution systems for water supply.
Course Outline
• Water sources,
• Closed conduit hydraulics,
• Water distribution methods,
• Water distribution network analysis,
• Rural and urban water supplies,
• Engineering economy of water resources,
• Planning for water resources development,
• Pipe materials and their properties,
• Construction and laying of water pipes,
• Operation and maintenance of water works;
• Environmental considerations for water resources
development and institutionalization of water
resources management
Delivery mode
45 hours Lectures and 30 hours Tutorials

Assessment: Coursework 30%, Final Examination 70%.

Reference books
1. McGhee, T.J. (1991), Water Supply and Sewerage, McGraw-Hill,
Inc. New York.
2. Twort, A.C., Law, F.M. and Growley, F.W. (2000), Water supply.
4th ed. Edward Arnold, London.
3. Peavy, H.S. Rowe, D.R. and Tchobanoglous, S. (1985),
Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York.
4. James, A. (1993), An Introduction to Water Quality Modelling,
2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons; Chichester.
5. Franzini, J.B. and Linsley, R.K. (1992), Water Resources
Engineering, Mc-GrawHill, New York.
Introduction to WRTE
• Imagine life without WATER
• What will happen to human beings, animals, plants
and other forms of life
• Both quantity and quality of water is equally
important for life
• In order to ensure the availability of sufficient
quantity of good quality water, it becomes almost
imperative in a modern society to plan and build
suitable water supply schemes which may provide
potable water to the community in accordance with
their demands and requirements.
Introduction to WRTE
• The provision of water supply scheme shall
ensure a constant and reliable water supply
• Common water uses
– Domestic
– Commercial
– Industrial
– Agriculture
– Gardening (beautification of surroundings)
– Fire fighting
– Others (if any)
Design of a water supply scheme for a
community

• Important consideration include;

– Amount of water available

– Present and future demand

– Potential water sources


Global water resources distribution
• Water is the most widespread substance
found in the natural environment
• To assess the total water storage on the Earth
reliably is a complicated problem because
water is so dynamic
• It is in permanent motion, constantly changing
from liquid to solid or gaseous phase, and
back again
Global water resources distribution
• Water exists in three states: liquid, solid, and
vapour (hydrologic cycle)
• It forms the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers and the
underground waters found in the top layers of
the Earth’s crust (2000 km)
• In a solid state, it exists as ice and snow cover
in polar and mountainous regions
• A certain amount of water is contained in the
air as water vapour, water droplets and ice
crystals, as well as in the biosphere
Global water resources distribution
Fresh water supply is about 2.5 % of the total
global water resources and only less than 1 %
is available and accessible for human needs
and ecosystems (Gleick, 1993; Shiklomanov,
1999). Large part of global water resources
(~97.5 %) is saltwater with the remaining per
cent distributed in ice caps and glaciers,
groundwater, fresh lakes, soil moisture,
atmosphere and rivers
Global water resources distribution
Water sources
• Surface sources

• Sub-surface sources
Planning for water supply scheme
• In project planning, projects are identified,
studied, designed, appraised and objectives of
the project clearly defined, implemented and
managed

• In the project planning the engineer has to


translate the social objectives into Engineering
objectives
Planning for water supply scheme
Important aspects to be assessed prior project design;
– Population
– Industries
– Institutions and other consumers to be served,
– Design period
– The per capita consumption
– Raw water quality and quantity
– The hourly, daily, monthly or seasonal variations of the source
and the storage requirements to meet the peak demand
– The nature and location of various facilities to be provided such
as source of water, intake, treatment plants, pumping stations,
reservoirs, pipe alignments, public stand posts, local
construction materials
– Labor level of community participation,
– Community ownership and their responsibilities,
– Tariffs etc.
Planning for water supply scheme
• In order to optimize the project planning
and design, construction is done in stages
by determining appropriate number of
phases and investment and recurrent
costs of the project
Planning for water supply scheme
• Project design period - a period within which the
project long term projected demands are estimated
for a least cost project
• It is generally accepted that the optimum design
period is between 5-10 years and should rarely
exceed 20 years
• Short term – 5years, Medium term – 10 years and
Long term – 20 years
• However a project design period is not to be
confused with the design life of system components
which may be 50 years or even more
Planning for water supply scheme
• Demand Forecasting - it is the most critical
element in project planning

• It should be done carefully to avoid over-estimating


or under-estimating the water demand

• Over-estimation of demand may justify a project that


should not have been built and leads to unnecessary
costs, over-estimation of intended revenue and
premature implementation of a project
Planning for water supply scheme
• Population Forecasting and Projections

– Detailed population projections should be based on a


study of the present situation and recent historic data

– The choice of method to be adopted in each particular


case will depend upon the nature of the supply area,
habits of the people, in or out migration, scope for future
expansion etc
Planning for water supply scheme
• Population projection methods
– Arithmetical increase method
– Geometrical increase method
– Incremental increase method
– Decreasing rate method
– Simple graphical method
– Comparative graphical method
– Master plan method
– The apportionment method
– The logistic curve method
Planning for water supply scheme

Population Projections: Geometrical method


Planning for water supply scheme
• Project Phasing – sometimes project implementation is carried
out in phases due amongst other things to the following parameter
— Financial resources available

— Opportunity cost of money

— Economies of scale

— Rate of growth rate in the area

— Rate of development in the area

— The design (working) life of various installations

— Development in levels of services


Water demand estimation
IWA “Best Practice” Standard water balance
Water demand categories
• Domestic Consumption (Table 4.3)

• Institutional Water Demands (Table 4.9)

• Industrial Water Demands (Table 4.10 & 4.11)

• Commercial Water Demands (Table 4.12)

• Fire fighting Demands (Table 4.13 – 4.17)

• Operational demands (5-7% of gross water demand)

• System losses(20-25% of gross water demand, Table 4.18 &19)

• Agricultural and Livestock Requirements


Variations in water consumption
• water demand is normally calculated according
to the average requirements
• Actual consumption varies from hour to hour
and from day to day
• Due to this non uniformity of water demand,
provision needs to be made in different units of
the water supply system to cater for these
variations
– Average Daily Demand
– Maximum Daily Demand
– Peak Hour Demand
Variations in water consumption
Variations in water consumption

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