Expt.no. 01 Name of the experiment: Determination of radius of curvature of a spherical surface using Spherometer. Iris the geometrical radius of the sphere of which the given surface is a part. The radius of curvature of a spherical surface is the geometrical radius of the sphere. - 4 - ‘The radius of curvature of a given surface, R= +2 nean distance between the fixed legs of Spherometer and vertical height through which the central leg has to be raised or lowered in order that it may touch the given surface. Least count (L.C.) where, d ich (p) total number of circular scale divisions (n) Pitch is the distance through which the spherometer screw moves for one complete rotasienrOF the lar scale. ‘The height of the spherical surface, h=M + (N x L.C) where, M = number of complete rotation of the circular scale and N = additional circular divisions required for lowering the central leg from its point of contact on the test to its point of contact on the glass plate. Apparatus: The spherometer, the spherical surface (concave or convex mirror or lens), thick plane glass plate, scale, pencil, paper etc. Procedurt E 1. At first the pitch i. distance through which the spherometer screw moves for one complete rotation of the circular scale was determined. Value of 1 small division of vertical (linear) ‘Seale was determined and number of divisions of the circular scale was determined and then dTvidina the pitch by total number of divisions of the circular scale, the least count of the spherometer were determined. 2, The spherical surface (convex or concave) was placed on the base plate (which is usually thick glass plate) and the spherometer then. was placed on the spherical usvface in such a way that the central leg and three other legs touch the spherical surface. The circular scale reading was taken, Now the spherical surface was removed and slowly was turned the central leg down until it touches the base plate. ich full tum was counted. Next the reading of the cireular scale was noted and the height of the spherical surface was calculated. 4. The spherometer was placed on plane white paper and the imp: ‘outer legs (A, B, C) was taken by pressing the spherometer. ‘Then the distanced between the fixed légs of spherometer4 Higher Secondary Practical Physics 1" Paper Linear Scale \ Rotating Head ro Circular < Scale }<-Outer Leg A 4 B \ Central Leg ' a Fig (Expt. No-01): Determination of Radius of curvature of a spherical surface by Spheromieter. Central leg = Number of complete Base plate rotations x pitch | lumber of circular scale’ Fig (Expt. No-01): Determination of height (h) by Spherometer | | | | |oe Higher Secondary Practical Physics I" Paper 5 Data and table: Value of 1 small division of vertical (linear) scale = 1 mm Pitch of the instrument = 1 mm = 0.1 em Number of divisions of the circular scale = 100 " itch See Sa Cea oT oRCHM nial eaVIS OTN) 1 = 799 = 0.01 mm = 0.001 em B c di +dp+dy _3.2cm.+3.1 em. +3.3 cm oorcas Mean value of d = T= Q2S: 3 2em.*3.Lem. +35 om 5 om Table: Determination of vertical height (h): No | Circular | Number [Value of | Circular] Number | 1.C |Valueof| Total | Mean | of fealereading — of complete | scale of IN =a-b| M+N | obs. Jon the test complete| rotation reading of additional LC | =h | plate | rotation [M’ x piteh =M| the base | circular | plate after scale | complete! reading | rotation oe | a M! cm b | N=a-b | cm cm cm cm_| r 21 1 Or 95 26 0.026 [0.126 [2 23 1 OL 95 28 | 0.001 [0.028 [0.128 | 0.127 | 3 24, 1 Or 97 27 0.027 | 0.127 Calculations: Radius of curvature of spherical (concave or convex) surface, r=& + SEE + 12 = 13,4383 + 0.0635 = 13.50 cm= 13.50 x 102m=0.135m “R= 13.50 em = 0.135 m Result with Explanation: Radius of curvature of spherical surface, R= 13.50cm = 0.135 m. If the plane surface and the spherical surface are not uniform, then error may come. To avoid backlash error screw should always move in one direction. Care also should be taken central leg and other three legs just touch the spherical surface. To minimize error ‘d’ should be measured very carefully. Precautions: 1. Pitch and least count should be determined very carefully. 2. Care should be taken to determine ‘d’. 3. Backlash error should be avoided. 4. Care should be taken to observe whether the central leg has just touches the test or base plate. 5. All the readings should be taken very carefully. Discussions: 1. The spherical surface was not smooth, so the result was not satisfactory. 2. The spherometer was very old, so the reading was not perfect.a Expt. no. 05 Name of the experiment: Verification of the laws of Galileo’s falling bod laws of falling body are as follows: In vacuum, (i) all bodies starting from rest fall with equal rapidity, ( body falling from rest is proportional to the time of its fall and (ii falling body from rest is proportional to the square of the time. From 2™ law, if a body acquires velocities v;, v2, Vs..., during time intervals of ty, t th..., then the velocity acquired by a i) the space traversed by a From 3 law, if a body falls through distances hy, hz, hs....... during the time intervals, ti, t Eee eta 4 th.-.-+-, then by this law, Apparatus: Plank, bricks/books, metre scale, marble, stopwatch. [Instead of bricks/books you can take stand with clamp] Procedure: 1._A plank long as possible was taken 2. Brick or book was placed under one and of the plank to make it high (approximately 25cm). So the plank will be inclined with the horizontal, 3. A marble at the upper end of the plank was hold and the stop watch was started the moment was released the marble. The stopwatch was stopped the moment when it striked the ground and the time was taken and average were taken. 4. Similarly taking 2” and 3" marble of different sizes the time were noted. 5. The procedure-(3) was repeated at least 3 times and average of the time was taken and square s of the time was taken and then velocity (> = 2) and 9/, was calculated 6. More bricks or books were placed under one end of the plank to make it more high (50cm) and the procedure-(3) and (4) were repeated, Making the heights 75cm and 100cm, the procedure-(3) and (4) were also repeated. All the readings were written down in the table, ‘A graph of time (t) along X-axis and corresponding v along along Y-axis was plotted. The graph was a straight line passing through the origin (Fig-2(a)] 10. A graph of time’(1") along X-axis and corresponding s along Y-axis was plotted. The graph was straight line passing through the origin [Fig-2(b)] [You may think of a better one experiment] Table of observations: Table-1: Verification of 1" law: en Marble of different sizes [ Height of slope | Distance travelled | Time of fall Ss h (cm) s(m) A(s) First marble 25 2 4 fa Second marble 25 2 4 Third marble 25 2+ Secondary Practical Physics 1" Paper Marble St 8 Expt. No-0S): Verification of the law of Galileo's fatting body. Fig-2(2) (Expt. No-05): (v-t) graph Fig-2(b) (Expt. No-05); (s-t?) graphHigher Secondary Practical Physies 1" Paper “Height of | it | slope, | traveled te, pera | lengthatthe | 4 A | plank re | cm cm 6 & 2 ! 28 | 484 : | E 16 oso | 02s | —— 4 E a 5 2 =| = (0.60 0.12 ae tO 4 156 31.36 ona | 0.1275 [For simplicity h=s is supposed] Calculations: From the table-1, itis seen that for all the marbles time of fall is same. So, 1" law is proved. From the table-2: s Velocity, v, =— = £0357ms" ih OS Similarly, v2, va, a Were calculated. _0.357ms" Again, ma 0.1275ms~ and all the time ~ is constant hence the 2%! law is Bs 1 proved Similarly, =>, Cae Result with Explanation: calculated again since constant, hence 3™ law is proved. From the table it is seen that —is always constant ‘hich proves 2" law. t Again the graph of v v.s.t is a straight line and passed through origin-which also proves 2" law. se A Again, from the table it is seen that —> is always constant-which proves 3" law, t The graph of s.v.s. tis a straight line and passed through origin-which also proves 2™ law also. It is seen that distance (s) and height or slope can be measured easily; but it is very difficult to measure time (t) correctly since time is very short. Still we have tried to measure time correctly and the result is very good. Precautions: 1. Each time marble should be released from the same point. 2, The distance and height should be measured carefully. 3. Time must be measured very carefully also. 4. Parallax error should be avoided. Discussions: 1. The stop watch was defective. So. 1e was not so perfect. 2. Marble and plank were not smooth.Expt. no. 07 Dat Name of the experi Determin: Theory: We know, in case of spring, within elastic limit, foree o extension (which is Hooke’s Jaw). <. Fe yorF=ky or 4 -k y, where k is the spring constant. Apparatus: A spiral spring A, scale pan B, metre scale C, two clamps and stands, two boxes of weight, light pointer P for spring ete. Procedure: 4. The spring from the clamp was suspended and the light pointer P was attached to the spring. A vertical metre scale C was fixed beside the spring A. 5. The scale pan, B was attach to the lower end of the spring and then suitable load was added and the reading of the pointer P was noted and extension (y) for each load was noted. 6. Procedure-(2) was repeated several times increasing load gradually. 1 lope 7. A graph of load (m) vs extension (y) was dravn and from the graph —— was found s out and the from equation (1) spring constant was determined. [You may think of a better one experiment] Table: Determination of extension: Load on scale | Reading of Extension of No. of Mass of scale pan pointer spring | abe pan my m y gm _gm cm cm 0 13.5 0 50 18.3 48 y 100 21.5 8.0 = 50 150 23.65 OAs 200 28.6 15.1 if 250 33.5 20.0 [To get the extension initial pointer reading (13.Sem) should be subtracted each time from the obtained reading when loaded the pan.Higher Seconlary Practical Physiy yo Fig (Expt. No-07); Determination of spring constant of a spring, a E & > E rE 3 ~! & ea EEEEEEELEH 4 | Ht EERE z (0.0) 50 100159 200 250 300 — F9ad.in (gm) (1 diy }Ogm) Fig (Expt. No-07): Load (m) ys, *xtension (y) graphHigher Secondary Practical Physics I" Paper Calculations: From graph, we get slope = cm gm 0 Sion SO 1 150 ‘ ole =p n/m = 12.5gm/ em = 12.5 1000 gg /m “slope 100 = 1.25kg/m= 1.25x9.8Nm'!= 12.25 Nm! Result with Explanation: Spring constant, k= 12.25 Nm’! Here load (m) and extension are variable we have taken different of them. Since the graph is straight line and passes through origin, so our measurement of m and / are correct. Hence our result of k is correct. So, we can say our experiment is correctly done. Precautions: 1. Reading of pointer should be taken avoiding parallax error, . Load should be added within elastic limit. 5 3. Avoiding jerking load should be given—should not be more than half of the breaking stress. 4. Expansion of spring should be measure carefully. Discussions: : : 1. The spring was not good, so, it was very difficult to take reading. 2. Metre scale and pointer was not in a good conditions; so, the result was not so good.