PRINCIPLE OF STEEL DESIGN

CE0039

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-51

 MODULE 7
NSCP 2015 – 510 DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS
Intended Learning Outcomes
1. Identify NSCP provision governing analysis and design of structural
steel connection.
2. Analyze and design connection subjected different loading
conditions.
510.1 General Provisions

510.1.1 Design Basis

𝑹
The Design strength, ∅𝑹𝒏 , and the allowable strength 𝒏 , of connections shall be
𝜴
determined with the provisions of this section and the provisions of Section 502.

The required strength of the connections shall be determined by structural analysis for a
specified design loads, consistent with the type of construction specified, or shall be a proportion of
the required strength of the connection members when so specified herein.

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-89

510.3.6 Tension and Shear Strength of Bolts and Treaded Parts

Design the tension strength or shear strength, ∅𝑹𝒏 , and the allowable tensions or shear
strength, 𝑹𝒏 ⁄𝜴 , of a snug – tightened or pretensioned high strength bolts or treaded part shall be
determined according to the limit states of tensile rupture and shear ruptures as follows:

𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝒏 𝑨𝒃
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)
Where:
𝑭𝒏 = nominal tensile stress 𝑭𝒏𝒕 , or shear stress 𝑭𝒏𝒗 from table Table 510.3.2 , 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑨𝒃 = nominal unthreaded body area of bolts or threaded part, 𝑚𝑚'

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-101

http://www.areforum.org/up/GeneralStructures/Brandon%27s%20GS%20notes%20(Ballast)/ARE-Ch7%20Connections.pdf
510.3.10 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

The available bearing strength, ∅𝑹𝒏 , and 𝑹𝒏 ⁄𝜴 , at bolt holes shall be determined for the
limit state of bearing as follows:

𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)

1. For a bolt in a connection with standard, oversized, and shot - slotted holes, independent of the
direction of loading, or a long – slotted holes with the slot parallel to the direction of the bearing
force.
a. When deformation at the bolt hole at service load is a design consideration.

𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝑳𝒄 𝒕𝑭𝒖 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟒𝒅𝒕𝑭𝒖 510.3-6a

b. When deformation at the bolt hole at service load is not a design consideration.

𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝑳𝒄 𝒕𝑭𝒖 ≤ 𝟑. 𝟎𝒅𝒕𝑭𝒖 510.3-6b

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-102

2. For a bolt in a connection with long slotted holes with the slot perpendicular to the direction of
force:

𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝑳𝒄 𝒕𝑭𝒖 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟎𝒅𝒕𝑭𝒖

where

𝒅 = nominal bolt diameter

𝑭𝒖 = specified minimum tensile strength of the connected materials, MPa
𝑳𝒄 = clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge of the hole and the edge of the
adjacent hole or edge of the materials, mm
𝒕 = thickness of the connected material, mm

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-102

 Typical Properties of A36 Steel

Properties of Steel

Modulus of Elasticity, E 200,000 MPa.

Yield Strength, Fy 250 MPa.
Tensile Strength, Fu 400 MPa.
Density , 𝜌 7780 kg/m^3
Posson Ratio , 𝜇 0.3
Shear Modulus , G 77,000 MPa.
Coefficient of Thermal expansion , 𝛼 11.7 x 10^(-6)
 The splice is made up of 2- PL300x12 steel. The bolts are 4 – 20
mm (A307 bolt) diameter. Use Fy = 248 MPa.
Assume that the bolt service load deformation is critical.
Determine the strength of the connection based on the
T following :
T
a. Tensile force in the plate
b. Bearing and shear of the bolts. Use A307

T T

50 80 50
 a. Tensile Force in the plate
𝐴𝑔 = 300 12 = 3600.0 𝑚𝑚!

0.85𝐴𝑔 = 0.85(3600)
0.85𝐴𝑔 = 3060 𝑚𝑚!
T
T At Yielding:
𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑇𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦. 𝐴𝑔
248(3600)
𝑇𝑛 = = 892.8 𝐾𝑁
T T 1000

Design Strength (LRFD) Allowable Strength (ASD)

50 80 50
𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛 892.8
𝑇𝑎 = =
𝑇𝑢 = 0.90 892.8 Ω 1.67
𝑇𝑢 = 803. 52 𝑇𝑎 = 534.61 𝐾
 At Rupture:
𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛
𝐴𝑒 = 12 300 − 2(20 + 2)
𝐴𝑒 = 3072 𝑚𝑚! > 0.85𝐴𝑔 = 3060 𝑚𝑚!

𝑇𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢. 𝐴𝑒
T 400(3060)
T 𝑇𝑛 = = 1224.0 𝐾𝑁
1000

Design Strength (LRFD) Allowable Strength (ASD)

𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛 1224
T T 𝑇𝑎 = =
𝑇𝑢 = 0.75 1224 Ω 2.0
𝑇𝑢 = 918.0 𝐾𝑁 𝑇𝑎 = 612 𝐾𝑁
50 80 50
 b. Bearing and shear of the bolts. Use A307
T
T Bearing deformation:
𝑅" = 2.4𝑑𝑡𝐹#
2.4(20)(12)(400)
𝑅" = = 230.4 𝐾𝑁
1000
T T
Tear – out Strength:
50 80 50 ℎ = 20 + 2 = 22 𝑚𝑚
ℎ 22
𝑙$ = 𝑙% − = 50 − = 39.0 𝑚𝑚 hole nearest to the edge
2 2
lc lc
𝑅" = 1.2𝐿$ 𝑡𝐹#
1.2(39.0)(12)(400)
𝑅" = = 224.64 𝐾𝑁
1000
2 1

Since: 1.2𝐿$ 𝑡𝐹# < 2.4𝑑𝑡𝐹# Tear- out strength controls

le s
 Tear – out Strength:
T
T ℎ = 20 + 2 = 22 𝑚𝑚
𝑙$ = 𝑙% − ℎ = 80 − 22 = 58.0 𝑚𝑚 for the other holes

𝑅" = 1.2𝐿$ 𝑡𝐹#

1.2(58)(12)(400)
T 𝑅" = = 334.08 𝐾𝑁 > 230.4 𝐾𝑁
T 1000

50 80 50 Since: 1.2𝐿$ 𝑡𝐹# > 2.4𝑑𝑡𝐹# Bearing Deformation controls

lc lc 𝑅" = 2 224.64 + 2 230.4

𝑅" = 910.08 𝐾𝑁

2 1 For Shear Strength.

𝑅" = 𝐹"& 𝐴'
𝜋 20 !
165 (4)
𝑅" = 4 = 207.345𝐾𝑁
1000
le s
 T
T Design Strength (LRFD) Allowable Strength (ASD)
𝑇𝑢 = ∅𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛 207.345
𝑇𝑎 = =
𝑇𝑢 = 0.75 207.345 Ω 2.0
𝑇𝑢 = 155.509 𝐾𝑁 𝑇𝑎 = 103.672 𝐾𝑁
T T

50 80 50

lc lc

2 1

le s
 How many 20 mm bolt in standard size holes with thread
excluded from the shear plane are required for a bearing type
connection shown. Use Fu = 400 MPa and assume edge
distance to be 50 mm and the distance center to center of the
holes to be 75 mm. Assume deformation at bolts holes in a
design considerations.
Use Pu = 700 KN and Pa = 467 KN

P/2
P
P/2

50 75 50
13mm
 Bearing strength of 1 bolt:
𝑅" = 2.4𝑑𝑡𝐹#
2.4(20)(13)(400)
𝑅" = = 249.6 𝐾𝑁
1000
P/2
P
P/2

50 75 50
13mm
Tear – out Strength:
lc lc ℎ = 20 + 2 = 22 𝑚𝑚
ℎ 22
𝑙$ = 𝑙% − = 50 − = 39.0 𝑚𝑚 hole nearest to the edge
2 2
2 1
𝑙$ = 𝑙% − ℎ = 75 − 22 = 53.0 𝑚𝑚 for the other holes
Use the smallest 𝑙$ = 39.0 𝑚𝑚

le s 𝑅" = 1.2𝐿$ 𝑡𝐹#

1.2(39.0)(13)(400)
𝑅" = = 243.36 𝐾𝑁
1000
Shearing Strength of 1 bolt.

𝑅" = 𝐹"& 𝐴'

𝜋 20 !
4 457 (1)
𝑅" = = 287.14 𝐾𝑁
1000
Use the smallest 𝑅" = 243.36 𝐾𝑁

Design Strength (LRFD) Allowable Strength (ASD)

∅ = 0.75 Ω=2
𝑅# = ∅𝑅" = 182.52 𝐾𝑁 𝑅"
𝑃# 700 = 121.61 𝐾𝑁
Ω
𝑛= = = 3.83 𝑃( 467
𝑅# 182.52 𝑛= = = 3.84
𝑅" 121.61
Say 4 – 20mm diameter bolts Ω

Say 4 – 20mm diameter

bolts
Determine the shear force on the most stressed bolts as shown in the figure. 8 - 22 mm
diameter bolts (A490-N) with 𝐹YZ = 457 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑢 = 100 𝐾𝑁.
200 250

P = 100 KN

80

100

100

100
 𝑃
= 12.5 𝐾𝑁
8

𝑀. 𝑦
𝑃𝑥 =
∑(𝑥 " + 𝑦 ")
P = 100 KN

200 250 𝑀. 𝑥
𝑃𝑦 =
80 ∑(𝑥 " + 𝑦 ")
Px
P/8
100 Py 1(𝑥 " + 𝑦 ") = 4(100)"+4(100)"+2 150 " 2 + 2 50 "(2)
M
100 1(𝑥 " + 𝑦 ") = 180,000 𝑚𝑚"

100 𝑀 = 100 350 = 35,000 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

 𝑀. 𝑦 35000(150)
𝑃𝑥 = = = 29.167 𝐾𝑁
∑(𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! ) 180000

𝑀. 𝑥 35000(100)
P = 100 KN 𝑃𝑦 = = = 19.444 𝐾𝑁
∑(𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! ) 180000
200 250
80 !
Px 𝑃
P/8 𝑅= + 𝑃𝑦 + 𝑃𝑥 !
100 Py 8
𝑅 = 43.257 𝐾𝑁
M
100
𝑃 43.257 𝑥 10)
𝑓𝑣 = = = 113.793 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 457𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑆𝐴𝐹𝐸
𝐴 𝜋(22)!
100 4
Determine the shear force on the most stressed bolts as shown in the figure. 8 - 22
mm diameter bolts (A490-N) with 𝐹YZ = 457 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑢 = 100 𝐾𝑁.

200 250

P = 100 KN

80

100

100

100
 𝑃
= 14.286 𝐾𝑁
7

𝐴1 = 1
𝐴𝑡 = 7
P = 100 KN

200 250
3 0 + 4(200)
𝑥= = 114.286 𝑚𝑚
80
7
Px
P/7 1 0 + 2 100 + 2 200 + 2(300)
100 Py 128.571 𝑦= = 171.429 𝑚𝑚
7

100 M ∑(𝑥 " + 𝑦 ") = 3 114.286 " + 4 85.714 " + 1 171.429 " +
2 71.429 " + 2 28.571 " + 1 128.571 "
171.429
100
1(𝑥 " + 𝑦 ") = 142,857.143 𝑚𝑚"
114.286 85.714
 𝑀 = 100 250 + 85.714 = 33,571.4 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
Rivet A:
𝑃
= 14.286 𝐾𝑁
7
P = 100 KN

200 250
𝑀. 𝑦 33,571.4(171.429)
𝑃𝑥 = = = 40.285 𝐾𝑁
∑(𝑥 " + 𝑦 ") 142,857.143
80 B
Px

100
P/7 𝑀. 𝑥 33,571.4(85.714)
Py 128.571 𝑃𝑦 = = = 20.143 𝐾𝑁
∑(𝑥 " + 𝑦 ") 142,857.143

100 M "
𝑅= (𝑃𝑥)"+ (𝑃𝑦 + 𝑃⁄7) = 52.993 𝐾𝑁
171.429
100
A

114.286 85.714
 Rivet B:
𝑃
= 14.286 𝐾𝑁
7
P = 100 KN

200 250
𝑀. 𝑦 33,571.4(128.571)
𝑃𝑥 = = = 30.214 𝐾𝑁
∑(𝑥 " + 𝑦 ") 142,857.143
80 B
Px

100
P/7 𝑀. 𝑥 33,571.4(85.714)
Py 128.571 𝑃𝑦 = = = 20.143 𝐾𝑁
∑(𝑥 " + 𝑦 ") 142,857.143

100 M "
𝑅= (𝑃𝑥)"+ (𝑃𝑦 + 𝑃⁄7) = 45.807 𝐾𝑁
171.429
100
A

114.286 85.714
 P = 100 KN

200 250
80 B
Px
P/7
100 Py 128.571

100 M

171.429
100
A

114.286 85.714
Most stress part

𝑃 52.993 𝑥 10)
𝑓𝑣 = = = 139.61 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 457𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑆𝐴𝐹𝐸
𝐴 𝜋(22)!
4
Structural Welding – is a process whereby the parts to be connected are heated and
fused, with supplementary molten metal added to the joints.
Common Types of Welds
1. Groove Weld or Butt Welds – are those deposit in a gap or groove, between two parts
to be connected.
a. Complete Joint Penetrations:

square V Bevel
b. Partial Joint Penetrations:
2. Plug and Slot weld – welds are principally used to transmit shear in a lap joint
when the size of the connections limits the space for fillet or other edge welds.

3. Fillet Welds – widely used because of their economy and ease of fabricating and
adaptability.
 Fillet Weld

https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/job-knowledge/fillet-welded-joints-a-review-of-the-practicalities-066
 Theoretical face
Leg w
Throat t.

Leg w

𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝒘 (𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒆𝒈)

𝒘𝒉
T𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒕 𝒕 = (Unequal Leg)
𝒘 𝟐 A 𝒉𝟐

𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 , 𝑷 = 𝑭𝒏𝒘. 𝒕. 𝑳

Matching Weld Filler Metal
The strength of the weld metal vs base metal should be matching or over
matching.

Base Metal Matching Filler Metal

A36 < 19 mm 60 and 70 ksi Electrodes
A36 > 19 mm ; A572 (Grade 50 & 55) SMAW: E7015, E7016, E7018, E7028
A913 (Grade 50) Other processes: 70 ksi Electrodes
A588 A992
A1011 A1018
A913 ( Grade 60 & 65) 80 ksi Electrodes
510.2.4 Design Basis
𝑹
The Design strength, ∅𝑹𝒏 , and the allowable strength 𝒏 , of weld shall be the lower value of
𝜴
the base materials and the weld metal strength determined according to the limit states of tensile
rupture, shear rupture or yielding as follows:
For the base metal:
𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝑩𝑴𝑨𝑩𝑴

For the base metal:

𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝒘𝑨𝒘
Where:
𝑭𝒃𝒎 = nominal strength of the base metal per unit area, MPa.
𝑭𝒘 = nominal strength of the weld metal per unit area, MPa.
𝑨𝒃𝒎 = cross sectional area of the base metal, 𝑚𝑚'
𝑨𝒘 = effective area of the weld, 𝑚𝑚'

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-93

The value of ∅, Ω, 𝐹./ , 𝐹0 and the limitation thereon are given in Table 510.2.5

Alternatively, for fillet weld loaded in-plane the design strength 𝜙𝑅1 , and the allowable strength,
2#
of welds is permitted to be determined as follows:
3

𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)

1. For Linear weld group loaded in-plane through the center of gravity
𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝒘𝑨𝒘

where:
𝑭𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝑬𝑿𝑿 𝟏. 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟏.𝟓 𝜽

𝑭𝑬𝑿𝑿 = electrode classification number, MPa

𝜽 = angle of loading measured from the weld longitudinal axis, degrees
𝑨𝒘 = effective area of the weld, 𝑚𝑚'

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-94

Design the lap splice to develop the full strength of
the connection shown. Thickness of the base metal
is 13 mm.
Use A36 steel.
E70
a. Use ASD
b. Use LRFD

T T 200

T
T
 E70

T T 200

Tension in the plate:

𝑇" = 𝐹* 𝐴+ T
T
248(13)(250)
𝑇" = = 806 𝐾𝑁 Tension in the plate:
1000
𝑇" = 𝐹* 𝐴+
248(13)(250)
𝑇" = = 806 𝐾𝑁
ASD 1000
𝑇" 806
𝑇= = = 482.63 𝐾𝑁
Ω 1.67
LRFD
𝑇 = 𝜙𝑇" = 0.90 806 = 725.4 𝐾𝑁
Weld shear capacity:
0.60𝐹,-- 𝐴.
𝑇= Weld shear capacity:
Ω
)
0.60(483)𝐴. 𝑇 = 𝜙0.60𝐹,-- 𝐴.
482.63 𝑥 10 =
2.0 725.4 𝑥 10) = 0.75(0.60)(483)𝐴.
𝐴. = 3330.78 𝑚𝑚! 𝐴. = 3337.187 𝑚𝑚!

𝜋 ! 𝜋 !
𝑑 = 3330.77 𝑑 = 65.12 𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑎𝑦 70 𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 3337.187 𝑑 = 65.19 𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑎𝑦 70 𝑚𝑚
4 4
Determine the fillet size of the lap splice shown to
develop the full strength of connection using A36
steel. 𝐹9:: = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎

E60
E60 w w

T T 250

T
T
 E60
E60 w w

T T 250

T
T

LRFD ASD
Tensile Capacity of the plate ( LRFD ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 ) Tensile Capacity of the plate ( ASD 𝛀 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 )
0.90 248 250 (13) 248 250 (13)
𝑇 = ∅𝐹$ 𝐴% = = 725.4 𝐾𝑁 𝐹$ 𝐴% 1.67
1000 𝑇= = = 482.63 𝐾𝑁
𝛺 1000

Weld Shear Capacity ( ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 )

𝑇 = ∅(0.60)𝐹&'' 𝐴( Weld Shear Capacity (𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎 )
725.4 𝑥 10) = 0.75(0.60)(414)𝐴( (0.60)𝐹&'' 𝐴(
𝑇=
𝐴( = 3893.72 𝑚𝑚" 𝛺
0.60(414)𝐴(
482.63 = 𝐴( = 3885.91 𝑚𝑚"
2.0
For fillet weld: For fillet weld:
𝐴( = 𝑡* 𝐿 𝑥 2.0 𝐴( = 𝑡* 𝐿 𝑥 2.0
3893.72 = 0.707𝑎(250) 𝑥 2.0 3885.91 = 0.707𝑎(250) 𝑥 2.0
𝑎 = 11.01 𝑚𝑚 Say 12 mm 𝑎 = 10.99 𝑚𝑚 Say 11 mm
Determine the maximum load P that the bracket
could carry. Use A36 and E70.

300 200 P
E70
10 200

200

8 200 E70
 300 200 P
E70 Solve the centroid of the weld
10 200 𝐴1 = 200 10 = 2,000 𝑚𝑚"
𝐴2 = 200 8 = 1,600 𝑚𝑚"
𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 3,600 𝑚𝑚"

200
3600𝑥̅ = 1600 300
𝑥̅ = 133.33 𝑚𝑚

8 200 3600𝑦R = 2000 100 + 1600(100)

E70
𝑦R = 100.0 𝑚𝑚

300 200 P
Effective throats
𝑡𝑒1 = 0.707 10 = 7.07 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑒2 = 0.707 8 = 5.66 𝑚𝑚

100 𝐴 = 7.07 200 + 5.66(200)

𝐴 = 2546 𝑚𝑚!
200

100
𝑀 = 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃 𝑥 10) (200 + 166.67))
a

133 .33 166 .67

 300 200 P
E70 Polar Moment of Inertia:
10 200 𝐿"
𝐽 = 1𝐿 + 𝑥" + 𝑦"
12
! !
200 ! !
200 ! !
𝐽 = 200 7.07 + 133.33 + 0 + 200(5.66) + 166.67 + 0
200 12 12
𝐽 = 65.069 𝑥 10/ 𝑚𝑚0

𝑃 (10)! 𝑃(10))
8 200 E70 𝑃𝑦 = = = 0.393𝑃 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 2546
300 200 P
𝑀(𝑥) 366.67𝑃 10 ) (166.67)
𝐹𝑦 = = = 0.939𝑃 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽 65.069 𝑥 10/

𝑀(𝑦) 366.67𝑃 10 ) (100.0)

100 𝐹𝑥 = = = 0.564𝑃 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽 65.069 𝑥 10/
200

100 !
𝑅= 𝐹1 ! + 𝐹* + 𝑃*
a

133 .33 166 .67

 300 200 P
E70 !
10 200 𝑅= 𝐹1 ! + 𝐹* + 𝑃*
𝑅 = (0.564𝑃)! + 0.939𝑃 + 0.393𝑃 !
𝑅 = 1.446𝑃
200

Weld Capacity:
8 200 1. ASD
E70
2./2 4! 2./2(07))
𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = 144.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎
P 5 !
300 200
1.446𝑃 = 144.9
𝑃 = 100.21 𝐾𝑁
2. LRFD
100
𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜙 0.60 𝐹* = 0.75 0.60 483
200
𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 217.35 𝑀𝑃𝑎
100 1.446𝑃𝑢 = 217
a 𝑃𝑢 = 150.07 𝐾𝑁
133 .33 166 .67
• Alberto Canete (2020), Principle of Steel Design 1st Edition (Based on
NSCP Volume 1, 2015)
• William T. Segui – Mason(2017), Steel Design
• ASEP Steel Handbook (2004)
• Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines(2015), National
Structural Code Of The Philippines, Volume 1 – Buildings, Towers, And
Other Vertical Structures.