AP CHEMISTRY Test Booklet
8.1 Intro to acid and base
1. Which of the following accounts for the observation that the pH of pure water at 37°C is 6.8?
(A) At 37 ° C water is naturally acidic.
(B) At 37 ° C the autoionization constant for water, Kw, is larger than it is at 25 ° C.
(C) At 37 ° C water has a lower density than it does at 25 ° C; therefore, [H+] is greater.
(D) At 37 ° C water ionizes to a lesser extent than it does at 25 ° C
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Test Booklet
8.1 Intro to acid and base
2. For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used and the steps
involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer. Examples and
equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.
A student is given of a solution of of unknown concentration. To determine the
concentration of the solution, the student mixes the solution with excess , causing a
precipitate to form. The balanced equation for the reaction is shown below.
(a) Write the net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when the solutions of and are
mixed.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
(b) The diagram below is incomplete. Draw in the species needed to accurately represent the major ionic species
remaining in the solution after the reaction has been completed.
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Test Booklet
8.1 Intro to acid and base
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
The student filters and dries the precipitate of (molar mass ) and records the data in the
table below.
Volume of solution
Volume of added
Mass of precipitate collected
(c) Determine the number of moles of in the original of solution.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
(d) The student realizes that the precipitate was not completely dried and claims that as a result, the calculated
molarity is too low. Do you agree with the student’s claim? Justify your answer.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
(e) After the precipitate forms and is filtered, the liquid that passed through the filter is tested to see if it can
conduct electricity. What would be observed? Justify your answer.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
The student decides to determine the molarity of the same solution using a second method. When
is dissolved in water, hydrolyzes to form , as shown by the following
equation.
(f) The student decides to first determine in the solution, then use that result to calculate the initial
concentration of .
(i) Identify a laboratory method (not titration) that the student could use to collect data to determine in the
solution.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
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8.1 Intro to acid and base
(ii) Explain how the student could use the measured value in part (f)(i) to calculate the initial concentration of
. (Do not do any numerical calculations.)
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
(g) In the original solution at equilibrium, is the concentration of greater than, less
than, or equal to the concentration of ? Justify your answer.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
(h) The student needs to make a buffer. Is the solution suitable for making a
buffer with a of ? Explain why or why not.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
3.
2 H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
The autoionization of water is represented by the equation above. Values of pKw at various temperatures are listed
in the table below.
Based on the information above, which of the following statements is true?
(A) The dissociation of water is an exothermic process.
(B) The pH of pure water is 7.00 at any temperature.
(C) As the temperature increases, the pH of pure water increases.
(D) As the temperature increases, the pH of pure water decreases.
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Test Booklet
8.1 Intro to acid and base
4. C6H5COOH(s) ⇄ C6H5COO–(aq) + H+(aq) Ka = 6.46 x 10–5
Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, dissociates in water as shown in the equation above. A 25.0 mL sample of an aqueous
solution of pure benzoic acid is titrated using standardized 0.150 M NaOH.
a. After addition of 15.0 mL of the 0.150 M NaOH, the pH of the resulting solution is 4.37. Calculate each
of the following.
i. [H+] in the solution
ii. [OH–] in the solution
iii. The number of moles of NaOH added
iv. The number of moles of C6H5COO– (aq) in the solution
v. The number of moles of C6H5COOH in the solution
b. State whether the solution at the equivalence point of the titration is acidic, basic, or neutral. Explain your
reasoning.
In a different titration, a 0.7529 g sample of a mixture of solid C6H5COOH and solid NaCl is dissolved
in water and titrated with 0.150 M NaOH. The equivalence point is reached when 24.78 mL of the base
solution is added.
c. Calculate each of the following.
i. The mass, in grams, of benzoic acid in the solid sample
ii. The mass percentage of benzoic acid in the solid sample
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
5.
5 H2O2(aq) + 2 MnO4-(aq) + 6 H+(aq) → 2 Mn2+(aq) + 8 H2O(l) + 5 O2(g)
In a titration experiment, H2O2(aq) reacts with aqueous MnO4-(aq) as represented by the equation above. The dark
purple KMnO4 solution is added from a buret to a colorless, acidified solution of H2O2(aq) in an Erlenmeyer flask.
(Note: At the end point of the titration, the solution is a pale pink color.)
Which of the following best describes what happens to the pH of the H2O2 solution as the titration proceeds?
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8.1 Intro to acid and base
(A) The +2 charge on the manganese ions maintains the acidity of the solution.
(B) The production of water dilutes the solution, making it basic.
(C) As H+ ions are consumed, the solution becomes less acidic and the pH increases.
(D) As H+ ions are consumed, the solution becomes less acidic and the pH decreases.
6. At 25°C, aqueous solutions with a pH of 8 have a hydroxide ion concentration, [OH-], of
(A) 1 x 10-14 M
(B) 1 x 10-8 M
(C) 1 x 10-6 M
(D) 1 M
(E) 8M
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Test Booklet
8.1 Intro to acid and base
7. HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2−(aq)
The dissociation of ethanoic acid, HC2H3O2(aq), is represented above. A student is given the task of determining
the value of Ka for HC2H3O2(aq) using two different experimental procedures.
a. The student is first asked to prepare 100.0 mL of 0.115 M HC2H3O2(aq) using a 2.000 M standard
solution.
i. Calculate the volume, in mL, of 2.000 M HC2H3O2(aq) the student needs to prepare 100.0 mL
of 0.115 M HC2H3O2(aq).
ii. Describe the procedure the student should use to prepare 100.mL of 0.115 M HC2H3O2(aq)
using appropriate equipment selected from the list below. Assume that the student uses
appropriate safety equipment.
▪ 100 mL beaker
▪ 100 mL graduated cylinder
▪ 100 mL volumetric flask
▪ Eye dropper
▪ 500 mL wash bottle filled with distilled water
▪ 2.000 M HC2H3O2(aq) in a 50 mL buret
b. Using a pH probe, the student determines that the pH of 0.115 M HC2H3O2(aq) is 2.92.
i. Using the pH value, calculate the value of Ka for HC2H3O2(aq)
ii. Calculate the percent dissociation of ethanoic acid in 0.115 M HC2H3O2(aq)
In a separate experimental procedure, the student titrates 10.0 mL of the 2.000 M HC2H3O2(aq) with an
NaOH(aq) solution of unknown concentration. The student monitors the pH during the titration. The
following titration curve was created using the experimental data presented in the table.
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8.1 Intro to acid and base
c. Write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when HC2H3O2(aq) and NaOH(aq) are
combined.
d. Calculate the molar concentration of the NaOH(aq) solution.
e. Explain how the student can estimate the value of Ka for HC2H3O2(aq) using the titration curve.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
8. The value of at is . What is the of pure water at ?
(A) 3.0
(B) 6.8
(C) 7.0
(D) 7.2
9. In pure water, some of the molecules ionize according to the equation . The extent of the
ionization increases with temperature. A student heats pure water and records the measured at as 6.6.
Based on this information, which of the following mathematical relationships gives the of pure water at
?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
10. The value of for water at is . What is the of water at ?
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Test Booklet
8.1 Intro to acid and base
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
11. CH3CH2COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ CH3CH2COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Propanoic acid, CH3CH2COOH, is a carboxylic acid that reacts with water according to the equation above. At
25°C the pH of a 50.0 mL sample of 0.20 M CH3CH2COOH is 2.79.
a. Identify a Brønsted-Lowry conjugate acid-base pair in the reaction. Clearly label which is the acid and
which is the base.
b. Determine the value of Ka for propanoic acid at 25°C.
c. For each of the following statements, determine whether the statement is true or false. In each case,
explain the reasoning that supports your answer.
i. The pH of a solution prepared by mixing the 50.0 mL sample of 0.20 M CH3CH2COOH with a
sample 50.0 mL 0.20 M NaOH is 7.00.
ii. If the pH of a hydrochloric acid solution is the same as the pH of a propanoic acid solution, then
the molar concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution must be less than the molar
concentration of the propanoic acid solution.
A student is given the task of determining the concentration of a propanoic acid solution of unknown
concentration. A 0.173 M NaOH solution is available to use as the titrant. The student uses a 25.00 mL
volumetric pipet to deliver the propanoic acid solution to a clean, dry flask. After adding an appropriate
indicator to the flask, the student titrates the solution with the 0.173 M NaOH, reaching the end point
after 20.52 mL of the base solution has been added.
d. Calculate the molarity of the propanoic acid solution.
e. The student is asked to redesign the experiment to determine the concentration of a butanoic acid solution
instead of a propanoic acid solution. For butanoic acid the value of pKa is 4.83. The student claims that a
different indicator will be required to determine the equivalence point of the titration accurately. Based
on your response to part (b), do you agree with the student’s claim? Justify your answer.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
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8.1 Intro to acid and base
12.
In pure water, some of the molecules ionize according to the equation . The extent of the
ionization increases with temperature. The graph above shows the of pure water at different temperatures.
Which of the following represents the variations in the of pure water under the same conditions?
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8.1 Intro to acid and base
(A)
(B)
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8.1 Intro to acid and base
(C)
(D)
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8.1 Intro to acid and base
13. For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used and the
steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer.
Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.
A student is given a solution of phenol red of unknown concentration. Solutions of phenol red are bright pink
under basic conditions.
(a) The student uses a probe and determines that the of the solution is . Calculate the hydrogen ion
concentration, , in the solution of phenol red.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
The student analyzes a sample of the solution using a spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of , the
wavelength of maximum absorbance for phenol red. The measured absorbance of the phenol red solution at
is .
(b) Based on the calibration curve shown below, what is the concentration of the solution in micromoles per liter
?
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
(c) If the student mixed of distilled water with of the sample, would this diluted solution have an
absorbance greater than, less than, or equal to the absorbance of the original solution? Justify your answer.
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Test Booklet
8.1 Intro to acid and base
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
(d) If the student measured the absorbance of the solution at a wavelength of , would the absorbance be
greater than, less than, or equal to the absorbance of the solution at ? Justify your answer.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
14. At , enough distilled water is added to a sample of with a of so that the
final of the diluted solution is . The volume of distilled water added to the original solution is closest to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
15.
At , the value of for the equilibrium shown above is and the value of is 14.73. Based
on this information, which of the following is correct for pure water at this temperature?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
16. The value of at is . Which of the following statements about the and of pure
water at is correct?
(A) and because water dissociates to a lesser extent at than at .
(B) and because the dissociation of water is endothermic, and .
(C) because water dissociates to a greater extent at than at .
(D) because for pure water.
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