Valentinianism

Valentinianism was one of the major Gnostic Christian movements. Founded by Valentinus in
the 2nd century AD, its influence spread widely, not just within Rome but also from Northwest
Africa to Egypt through to Asia Minor and Syria in the East.[1] Later in the movement's history
it broke into an Eastern and a Western school. Disciples of Valentinus continued to be active
into the 4th century AD, after the Roman Emperor Theodosius I issued the Edict of
Thessalonica (380 AD), which declared Nicene Christianity as the State church of the Roman
Empire.[2]

The doctrine, practices and beliefs of Valentinus and the Gnostic movement that bore his
name were condemned as heretical by proto-orthodox Christian leaders and scholars.
Prominent Church Fathers such as Irenaeus of Lyons and Hippolytus of Rome wrote against
Gnosticism. Because early church leaders encouraged the destruction of Gnostic texts, most
evidence for the Valentinian theory comes from its critics and detractors, most notably
Irenaeus, since he was especially concerned with refuting Valentinianism.[3]

History

Valentinus was born in approximately 100 AD and died in Alexandria circa 180 AD.[4]
According to the Christian scholar Epiphanius of Salamis, he was born in Egypt and schooled
in Alexandria, where the Gnostic Basilides was teaching. However Clement of Alexandria
(c.150 – c.215), another Christian scholar and teacher, reports that Valentinus was taught by
Theudas, a disciple of the apostle Paul.[5] He was reputed to be an extremely eloquent man
who possessed a great deal of charisma and had an innate ability to attract people.[6] He
went to Rome some time between AD 136 and 140, in the time of Pope Hyginus, and had
risen to the peak of his teaching career between AD 150 and 155, during the time of Pius.[7]
For some time in the mid-2nd century he was even a prominent and well-respected member
of the Catholic community in Rome. At one point during his career he had even hoped to
attain the office of bishop, and apparently it was after he was passed over for the position
that he broke from the Catholic Church.[5] Valentinus was said to have been a prolific writer;
however, the only surviving remains of his work come from quotes that have been
transmitted by Clement of Alexandria, Hippolytus and Marcellus of Ancyra. Most scholars
also believe that Valentinus wrote the Gospel of Truth, one of the Nag Hammadi texts.[4]

Notable Valentinians included Heracleon (fl. ca. 175), Ptolemy, Florinus, Axionicus and
Theodotus.

The Valentinian system

The theology that Irenaeus attributed to Valentinus is extremely complicated and difficult to
follow. There is some skepticism among scholars that the system actually originated with
him, and many believe that the system Irenaeus was counteracting was the construct of later
Valentinians.

Synopsis

According to Irenaeus, the Valentinians believed that at the beginning there was a Pleroma
(literally, a 'fullness'). At the centre of the Pleroma was the primal Father or Bythos, the
beginning of all things who, after ages of silence and contemplation, projected thirty Aeons,
heavenly archetypes representing fifteen syzygies or sexually complementary pairs. Among
them was Sophia. Sophia's weakness, curiosity and passion led to her fall from the Pleroma
and the creation of the world and man, both of which are flawed. Valentinians identified the
God of the Old Testament as the Demiurge,[8] the imperfect creator of the material world.
Man, the highest being in this material world, participates in both the spiritual and the
material nature. The work of redemption consists in freeing the former from the latter. One
needed to recognize the Father, the depth of all being, as the true source of divine power in
order to achieve gnosis (knowledge).[9] The Valentinians believed that the attainment of this
knowledge by the human individual had positive consequences within the universal order and
contributed to restoring that order,[10] and that gnosis, not faith, was the key to salvation.
Clement wrote that the Valentinians regarded Catholic Christians "as simple people to whom
they attributed faith, while they think that gnosis is in themselves. Through the excellent seed
that is to be found in them, they are by nature redeemed, and their gnosis is as far removed
from faith as the spiritual from the physical".[11]
Aeons
The superstructure of the celestial system, the celestial world of Aeons, is summarized.[12]
Aeons belong to the purely ideal, noumenal, intelligible, or supersensible world; they are
immaterial, they are hypostatic ideas. Together with the source from which they emanate
they form the Pleroma. The transition from the immaterial to the material, from the noumenal
to the sensible, is brought about by a flaw, or a passion, or a sin, in the female Aeon Sophia.

Epiphanius alleges that the Valentinians "set forth their thirty aeons in mythologic fashion,
thinking that they conformed to the years of Jesus".[13] Of the eight celestial beings of the
Ogdoad, four are peculiar to the Valentinian system. The third pair of Aeons, Logos and Zoe,
occur only here, and the place of this pair is not firmly established, and occur sometimes
before and sometimes after the fourth pair of Aeons, the Anthropos and the Ekklesia. We
cannot be far wrong in suspecting that Valentinus was influenced by the prologue of the
fourth Gospel (we also find the probably Johannine names Monogenes and Parakletos in the
series of Aeons).[14]

Sophia

In Valentinianism, Sophia always stands absolutely at the center of the system, and in some
sense she seems to represent the supreme female principle.

Sophia is the youngest of the Aeons. Observing the multitude of Aeons and the power of
begetting them, she hurries back into the depth of the Father, and seeks to emulate him by
producing offspring without conjugal intercourse, but only projects an abortion, a formless
substance. Upon this she is cast out of Pleroma and into the primal sub-stratum of matter.[15]
In the Valentinian systems, the fall of Sophia appears in double guise. The higher Sophia still
remains within the upper world after creating a disturbance, and after her expiation and
repentance; but her premature offspring, Sophia Achamoth, is removed from the Pleroma, and
becomes the heroine of the rest of the drama.[14] This fallen Sophia becomes a world creative
power.

Plérome de Valentin, from Histoire critique du Gnosticisme; Jacques Matter, 1826, Vol. II, Plate II.

Sophia Achamoth, or "Lower Wisdom", the daughter of "Higher Wisdom", becomes the mother
of the Demiurge, identified with the God of the Old Testament.

The Gnostics are children of Sophia; from her the heavenly seed, the divine spark, descended
into this lower world, subject to the Heimarmene (destiny) and in the power of hostile spirits
and powers; and all their sacraments and mysteries, their formulae and symbols, must be in
order to find the way upwards, back to the highest heaven. This idea that the Gnostics know
themselves to be in a hostile and evil world reacted in the same direction upon the
conception of Sophia. She became likewise a fallen Aeon, who has sunk down into the
material world and seeks to free herself from it, receiving her liberation at the hands of a
heavenly Redeemer, exactly like the Gnostics.[16]

The goddess who sinks down into the material may readily be identified with Ruach (‫)רוח‬, the
Spirit of God, who broods over Chaos, or even with the later Chokhmah, who was generally
conceived of as a world-creating agent.[16]

This system was very closely followed by Valentinus, who may have come to know these
doctrines in Egypt.[16][Note 1] Irenaeus characterizes the Gnostics as believing themselves to
be pneumatici i.e those who exclusively have a perfect knowledge of God, and have been
initiated into the mysteries of Achamoth.[17]

Anthropos

The chief influence at work here seems to have been the idea of the celestial Anthropos (i.e.
the Primal Man) – of whom the myth originally relates that he has sunk into matter and then
raised himself up from it again – which appears in its simple form in individual Gnostic
systems, e.g. in Poimandres (in the Corpus Hermeticum) and in Manichaeism.[16]

According to Valentinus,[18] the Anthropos no longer appears as the world-creative power

sinking down into the material world, but as a celestial Aeon of the upper world (or even as
the supreme god), who stands in a clearly defined relationship to the fallen Aeon.[16] Adam
was created in the name of Anthropos, and overawes the demons by the fear of the pre-
existent man. This Anthropos is a cosmogonic element, pure mind as distinct from matter,
mind conceived hypostatically as emanating from God and not yet darkened by contact with
matter. This mind is considered as the reason of humanity, or humanity itself, as a
personified idea, a category without corporeality, the human reason conceived as the World-
Soul. It is possible that the role of the Anthropos is here transferred to Sophia Achamoth.[16]

It is also clear why the Ekklesia appears together with the Anthropos. With this is associated
the community of the faithful and the redeemed, who are to share the same fate with him.
Perfect gnosis (and thus the whole body of Gnostics) is connected with the Anthropos.[14][19]

Christ

Next to Sophia stands a male redeeming divinity. In the true Valentinian system, the Christ is
the son of the fallen Sophia, who is thus conceived as an individual. Sophia conceives a
passion for the First Father himself, or rather, under pretext of love she seeks to draw near to
the unattainable Bythos, the Unknowable, and to comprehend his greatness. She brings forth,
through her longing for that higher being, an Aeon who is higher and purer than herself, and
at once rises into the celestial worlds. Christ has pity on the abortive substance born of
Sophia and gives it essence and form, whereupon Sophia tries to rise again to the Father, but
in vain. In the enigmatic figure of Christ we again find hidden the original conception of the
Primal Man, who sinks down into matter but rises again.[14]

In the fully developed Ptolemaean system we find a kindred conception, but with a slight
difference. Here Christ and Sophia appear as brother and sister, with Christ representing the
higher and Sophia the lower element. When this world has been born from Sophia in
consequence of her passion, two Aeons, Nous (mind) and Aletheia (truth), by command of
the Father, produce two new Aeons, Christ and the Holy Ghost; these restore order in the
Pleroma, and in consequence all Aeons combine their best and most wonderful qualities to
produce a new Aeon (Jesus, Logos, Soter, or Christ), the "First Fruits" whom they offer to the
Father. And this celestial redeemer-Aeon now enters into a marriage with the fallen Aeon;
they are the "bride and bridegroom". It is boldly stated in the exposition in Hippolytus'
Philosophumena that they produce between them 70 celestial angels.[20]

This myth can be connected with the historic Jesus of Nazareth by further relating that
Christ, having been united to the Sophia, descends into the earthly Jesus, the son of Mary, at
his baptism, and becomes the Saviour of men.[16]

Horos

A figure entirely peculiar to Valentinian Gnosticism is that of Horos (the Limiter). The name is
perhaps an echo of the Egyptian Horus.[14][21]

The task of Horos is to separate the fallen Aeons from the upper world of Aeons. At the same
time he becomes a kind of world-creative power, who in this capacity helps to construct an
ordered world out of Sophia and her passions. He is also called Stauros (cross), and we
frequently meet with references to the figure of Stauros. Speculations about the Stauros are
older than Christianity, and a Platonic conception may have been at work here. Plato had
already stated that the World-Soul revealed itself in the form of the letter Chi (X), by which he
meant that figure described in the heavens by the intersecting orbits of the sun and the
planetary ecliptic. Since through this double orbit all the movements of the heavenly powers
are determined, so all "becoming" and all life depend on it, and thus we can understand the
statement that the World-Soul appears in the form of an X, or a cross.[14]

The cross can also stand for the wondrous Aeon on whom depends the ordering and life of
the world, and thus Horos-Stauros appears here as the first redeemer of Sophia from her
passions, and as the orderer of the creation of the world which now begins. Naturally, then,
the figure of Horos-Stauros was often assimilated to that of the Christian Redeemer.[14] We
possibly find echoes of this in the Gospel of Peter, where the Cross itself is depicted as
speaking and even floating out of the tomb.

Monism

Peculiarly Valentinian is the above-mentioned derivation of the material world from the
passions of Sophia. Whether this already formed part of the original system of Valentinus is
questionable, but at any rate it plays a prominent part in the Valentinian school, and
consequently appears with the most diverse variations in the account given by Irenaeus. By it
is effected the comparative monism of the Valentinian system, and the dualism of the
conception of two separate worlds of light and darkness is overcome:[14]

This collection [of passions] ... was the substance of the matter from
which this world was formed. From [her desire of] returning [to him
who gave her life], every soul belonging to this world, and that of the
Demiurge himself, derived its origin. All other things owed their
beginning to her terror and sorrow. For from her tears all that is of a
liquid nature was formed; from her smile all that is lucent; and from
her grief and perplexity all the corporeal elements of the world.[22]

Demiurge

This derivation of the material world from the passions of the fallen Sophia is next affected
by an older theory, which probably occupied an important place in the main Valentinian
system. According to this theory the son of Sophia, whom she forms on the model of the
Christ who has disappeared in the Pleroma, becomes the Demiurge, who with his angels now
appears as the real-world creative power.[14]

According to the older conception, he was an evil and malicious offspring of his mother, who
has already been deprived of any particle of light.[18] In the Valentinian systems, the Demiurge
was the offspring of a union of Sophia Achamoth with matter, and appears as the fruit of
Sophia's repentance and conversion.[14] But as Achamoth herself was only the daughter of
Sophia, the last of the thirty Aeons, the Demiurge was distant by many emanations from the
Supreme God. The Demiurge in creating this world out of Chaos was unconsciously
influenced for good by Christ; and the universe, to the surprise even of its Maker, became
almost perfect. The Demiurge regretted even its slight imperfection, and as he thought
himself the Supreme God, he attempted to remedy this by sending a Messiah. To this
Messiah, however, was actually united Christ the Saviour, who redeemed men.

Creation of Man

With the doctrine of the creation of the world is connected the subject of the creation of man.
According to it, the world-creating angels – not one, but many – create man, but the seed of
the spirit comes into their creature without their knowledge, by the agency of a higher
celestial Aeon, and they are then terrified by the faculty of speech by which their creature
rises above them and try to destroy him.[14]

It is significant that Valentinus himself is credited with having written a treatise upon the
threefold nature of man,[23] who is represented as at once spiritual, psychical, and material. In
accordance with this there also arise three classes of men: the pneumatici, the psychici, and
the hylici.[14] This doctrine dates at least as far back as Plato's Republic.

The first, the material, will return to the grossness of matter and finally be consumed by
fire.

The second, or psychical, together with the Demiurge as their master, will enter a middle
state, neither heaven (Pleroma) nor hell (matter).

The third, the purely spiritual men will be completely freed from the influence of the
Demiurge and together with the Saviour and Achamoth, his spouse, will enter the Pleroma
divested of body and soul.

However, it is not unanimous the belief that material or psychical people were hopeless.
Some have argued from the existent sources that humans could reincarnate in any of the
three times, therefore a material or psychical person might have the chance to reborn in a
future lifetime as a spiritual one.[24]

We also find ideas that emphasize the distinction between the soma psychikon and the soma
pneumatikon:

Perfect redemption is the cognition itself of the ineffable greatness:

for since through ignorance came about the defect ... the whole
system springing from ignorance is dissolved in gnosis. Therefore
gnosis is the redemption of the inner man; and it is not of the body,
for the body is corruptible; nor is it psychical, for even the soul is a
product of the defect and it is a lodging to the spirit: pneumatic
(spiritual) therefore also must be redemption itself. Through gnosis,
 then, is redeemed the inner, spiritual man: so that to us suffices the
gnosis of universal being: and this is the true redemption.[25]

Soteriology

Salvation is not merely individual redemption of each human soul; it is a cosmic process. It is
the return of all things to what they were before the flaw in the sphere of the Aeons brought
matter into existence and imprisoned some part of the Divine Light into the evil Hyle (matter).
This setting free of the light sparks is the process of salvation; when all light shall have left
Hyle, it will be burnt up and destroyed.

In Valentinianism the process is extraordinarily elaborate, and we find here developed

particularly clearly the myth of the heavenly marriage.[26] This myth, as we shall see more
fully below, and as may be mentioned here, is of great significance for the practical piety of
the Valentinian Gnostics. It is the chief idea of their pious practices mystically to repeat the
experience of this celestial union of the Saviour with Sophia. In this respect, consequently,
the myth underwent yet wider development. Just as the Saviour is the bridegroom of Sophia,
so the heavenly angels, who sometimes appear as the sons of the Saviour and Sophia,
sometimes as the escort of the Saviour, are the males betrothed to the souls of the Gnostics,
which are looked upon as feminine. Thus every Gnostic had her unfallen counterpart
standing in the presence of God, and the object of a pious life was to bring about and
experience this inner union with the celestial abstract personage. This leads us straight to the
sacramental ideas of this branch of Gnosticism (see below). And it also explains the
expression used of the Gnostics in Irenaeus,[27] that they always meditate upon the secret of
the heavenly union (the Syzygia).[20]

"The final consummation of all things will take place when all that is spiritual has been
formed and perfected by gnosis."[17]

Gnosis

The central point of the piety of Valentinus seems to have been that mystical contemplation
of God; in a letter preserved in Clement of Alexandria,[28] he sets forth that the soul of man is
like an inn, which is inhabited by many evil spirits.

But when the Father, who alone is good, looks down and around
him, then the soul is hallowed and lies in full light, and so he who
has such a heart as this is to be called happy, for he shall behold
God.[29]
But this contemplation of God, as Valentinus declares, closely and deliberately following the
doctrines of the Church and with him the compiler of the Gospel of John, is accomplished
through the revelation of the Son. This mystic also discusses a vision which is preserved in
the Philosophumena of Hippolytus:[29]

Valentinus ... had seen an infant child lately born; and questioning
(this child), he proceeded to inquire who it might be. And (the child)
replied, saying that he himself is the Logos, and then subjoined a
sort of tragic legend...[30]

With celestial enthusiasm Valentinus here surveys and depicts the heavenly world of Aeons,
and its connection with the lower world. Exalted joy of battle and a valiant courage breathe
forth in the sermon in which Valentinus addresses the faithful:

Ye are from the beginning immortal and children of eternal life, and
desire to divide death amongst you like a prey, in order to destroy it
and utterly to annihilate it, that thus death may die in you and
through you, for if ye dissolve the world, and are not yourselves
dissolved, then are ye lords over creation and over all that passes
away.[29][31]

Sacraments

The authorities for the sacramental practices of the Valentinians are preserved especially in
the accounts of the Marcosians given in Irenaeus i. 13 and 20, and in the last section of
Clement of Alexandria's Excerpta ex Theodoto.[29]

In almost all the sacramental prayers of the Gnostics handed down to us by Irenaeus, the
Mother is the object of the invocation. There are moreover various figures in the fully
developed system of the Valentinians who are in the Gnostic's mind when he calls upon the
Mother; sometimes it is the fallen Achamoth, sometimes the higher Sophia abiding in the
celestial world, sometimes Aletheia, the consort of the supreme heavenly father, but it is
always the same idea, the Mother, on whom the faith of the Gnostics is fixed. Thus a
baptismal confession of faith of the Gnostics[32] runs:

In the name of the unknown Father of all, by Aletheia, the Mother of

all, by the name which descended upon Jesus.[29]

Bridal Chamber
The chief sacrament of the Valentinians seems to have been that of the bridal chamber
(nymphon).[29] The Gospel of Philip, a probable Valentinian text, reads:

There were three buildings specifically for sacrifice in Jerusalem.

The one facing the west was called "The Holy". Another, facing south,
was called "The Holy of the Holy". The third, facing east, was called
"The Holy of the Holies", the place where only the high priest enters.
Baptism is "the Holy" building. Redemption is the "Holy of the Holy".
"The Holy of the Holies" is the bridal chamber. Baptism includes the
resurrection and the redemption; the redemption (takes place) in the
bridal chamber.

As Sophia was united with the Saviour, her bridegroom, so the faithful would experience a
union with their angel in the Pleroma (cf. the "Higher Self" or "Holy Guardian Angel"). The
ritual of this sacrament is briefly indicated: "A few of them prepare a bridal chamber and in it
go through a form of consecration, employing certain fixed formulae, which are repeated over
the person to be initiated, and stating that a spiritual marriage is to be performed after the
pattern of the higher Syzygia."[32] Through a fortunate chance, a liturgical formula which was
used at this sacrament appears to be preserved, though in a garbled form and in an entirely
different connection, the author seeming to have been uncertain as to its original meaning. It
runs:

I will confer my favor upon thee, for the father of all sees thine angel
ever before his face ... we must now become as one; receive now this
grace from me and through me; deck thyself as a bride who awaits
her bridegroom, that thou mayest become as I am, and I as thou art.
Let the seed of light descend into thy bridal chamber; receive the
bridegroom and give place to him, and open thine arms to embrace
him. Behold, grace has descended upon thee.[33][34]

Other key features of the doctrine of the Bridal Chamber included the use of mirrors as part
of the decor and the idea that those who had partaken in the rituals would be able to beget
children in the world to come.

Baptism
Besides this the Gnostics already practiced baptism, using the same form in all essentials as
that of the Christian Church. The name given to baptism, at least among certain bodies, was
apolytrosis (liberation); the baptismal formulae have been mentioned above.[33]

The Gnostics are baptized in the mysterious name which also descended upon Jesus at his
baptism. The angels of the Gnostics have also had to be baptized in this name, in order to
bring about redemption for themselves and the souls belonging to them.[33][35]

In the baptismal formulae the sacred name of the Redeemer is mentioned over and over
again. In one of the formulae occur the words: "I would enjoy thy name, Saviour of Truth." The
concluding formula of the baptismal ceremony is: "Peace over all upon whom the Name
rests."[32] This name pronounced at baptism over the faithful has above all the significance
that the name will protect the soul in its ascent through the heavens, conduct it safely
through all hostile powers to the lower heavens, and procure it access to Horos, who
frightens back the lower souls by his magic word.[35] And for this life also baptism, in
consequence of the pronouncing of the protecting name over the baptized person,
accomplishes his liberation from the lower daemonic powers. Before baptism the
Heimarmene is supreme, but after baptism the soul is free from her.[33][36]

According to Jorunn J. Buckley, a Mandaean baptismal formula was adopted by Valentinian

Gnostics in Rome and Alexandria in the 2nd century CE.[37]: 109 

Death

With baptism was also connected the anointing with oil, and hence we can also understand
the death sacrament occurring among some Valentinians consisting in an anointing with a
mixture of oil and water.[25] This death sacrament has naturally the express object of
assuring the soul the way to the highest heaven "so that the soul may be intangible and
invisible to the higher mights and powers".[25] In this connection we also find a few formulae
which are entrusted to the faithful, so that their souls may pronounce them on their journey
upwards. One of these formulae runs:

I am a son from the Father – the Father who had a pre-existence, and
a son in Him who is pre-existent. I have come to behold all things,
both those which belong to myself and others, although, strictly
speaking, they do not belong to others, but to Achamoth, who is
female in nature, and made these things for herself. For I derive
being from Him who is pre-existent, and I come again to my own
place whence I went forth...[38]
Another formula is appended, in which there is a distinction in the invocation between the
higher and lower Sophia. Another prayer of the same style is to be found in Irenaeus i. 13, and
it is expressly stated that after prayer is pronounced the Mother throws the Homeric helmet
(cf. the Tarnhelm) over the faithful soul, and so makes him invisible to the mights and powers
which surround and attack him.[33]

Reaction

On the other hand, a reaction took place here and there against the sacramental rites. A pure
piety, rising above mere sacramentalism, breathes in the words of the Gnostics preserved in
Excerpta ex Theodoto, 78, 2:

But not baptism alone sets us free, but knowledge (gnosis): who we
were, what we have become, where we were, whither we have sunk,
whither we hasten, whence we are redeemed, what is birth and
what rebirth.[33]

Relationship with the Church

The distinction between the human and divine Saviour was a major point of contention
between the Valentinians and the Church. Valentinus separated Christ into three figures; the
spiritual, the psychical and material. Each of the three Christ figures had its own meaning and
purpose.[39] They acknowledged that Christ suffered and died, but believed that "in his
incarnation, Christ transcended human nature so that he could prevail over death by divine
power".[40] These beliefs are what caused Irenaeus to say of the Valentinians, "Certainly they
confess with their tongues the one Jesus Christ, but in their minds they divide him."[41] In one
passage in the account of Irenaeus, it is directly stated that the redeemer assumed a
psychical body to redeem the psychical, for the spiritual already belong by nature to the
celestial world and no longer require any historical redemption, while the material is incapable
of redemption,[17] as "flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God; neither doth
corruption inherit incorruption".[42]

Many Valentinian traditions and practices also clashed with those of the Church. They often
met at unauthorized gatherings and rejected ecclesiastical authority, based on their belief
that they were all equal. Members of the movement took turns administering sacraments, as
well as preaching.[43] Among the Valentinians, women were considered to be equal, or at
least nearly equal to men. There were female prophets, teachers, healers, evangelists and
even priests, which was very different from the Church's view of women at the time.[44]
Valentinians held normal jobs, got married and raised children just like Christians; however
they regarded these pursuits as being less important than gnosis, which was to be achieved
individually.[45] The beliefs of the Valentinians were much more oriented towards the
individual than the group, and salvation was not seen as being universal, as it was in the
Church.

The main disagreements between the Valentinians and the Church were in the notions that
God and the creator were two separate entities, the idea that the creator was flawed and
formed man and Earth out of ignorance and confusion, and the separation of Christ's human
form and divine form. Church authorities believed that Valentinian theology was "a wickedly
casuistic way of subverting their authority and thereby threatening the ecclesiastical order
with anarchy."[43] The practices and rituals of the Valentinians were also different from those
of the Christian Church; however they considered themselves to be Christians and not
pagans or heretics. By referring to themselves as Christians they worsened their relationship
with the Church, who viewed them not only as heretics, but as rivals.[46]

Although the Valentinians publicly professed their faith in one God, "in their own private
meetings they insisted on discriminating between the popular image of God – as master,
king, lord, creator, and judge – and what that image represented: God understood as the
ultimate source of all being."[47] Aside from the Church fathers, however, "the majority of
Christians did not recognize the followers of Valentinus as heretics. Most could not tell the
difference between Valentinian and orthodox teaching."[47] This was partially because
Valentinus used many books that now belong to the Old and New Testaments as a basis for
interpretation in his own writing. He based his work on proto-orthodox Christian canon
instead of on Gnostic scripture, and his style was similar to that of early Christian works. In
this way, Valentinus tried to bridge the gap between Gnostic religion and early Catholicism.[48]
By attempting to bridge this gap, however, Valentinus and his followers became the
proverbial wolves in sheep's clothing. "The apparent similarity with orthodox teaching only
made this heresy more dangerous – like poison disguised as milk."[47] Valentinian Gnosticism
was "the most influential and sophisticated form of Gnostic teaching, and by far the most
threatening to the church."[47]

Early Christianity has been described as "a complex network of individual parties, groups,
sects, or denominations."[49] This inconsistency made Gnostic sects such as Valentinianism
threatening to the proto-orthodox sect.

Texts

Valentinian works are named in reference to the bishop and teacher Valentinius. Circa 153
AD, Valentinius developed a complex cosmology outside the Sethian tradition. At one point
he was close to being appointed the Bishop of Rome of what is now the Roman Catholic
Church. Works attributed to his school are listed below, and fragmentary pieces directly
linked to him are noted with an asterisk:

The Divine Word Present in the Infant (Fragment A) *

On the Three Natures (Fragment B) *

Adam's Faculty of Speech (Fragment C) *

To Agathopous: Jesus' Digestive System (Fragment D) *

Annihilation of the Realm of Death (Fragment F) *

On Friends: The Source of Common Wisdom (Fragment G) *

Epistle on Attachments (Fragment H) *

Summer Harvest*

The Gospel of Truth*

Ptolemy's Version of the Gnostic Myth

Prayer of the Apostle Paul

Ptolemy's Epistle to Flora

Treatise on the Resurrection (Epistle to Rheginus)

Gospel of Philip

A Valentinian Exposition

See also

Gnosticism

Mandaeism

Sethianism

List of Gnostic sects

Notes

1. For the genesis of Apollo from Isis and Osiris that took place while the
Gods were still in the womb of Rhea, is an enigmatical way of stating that
before this [sensible] cosmos became manifest, and Matter was perfected
by Reason (Logos), Nature, proving herself imperfect, of herself brought
forth her first birth.
Wherefore also they say that that God was lame in
 the dark, and call him Elder Horus; for he was not cosmos, but a sort of
image and phantasm of the world which was to be.

— Plutarch, On the Worship of Isis and Osiris, LIV, 5-6 (http://sacred-te

xts.com/gno/th1/th136.htm) , in Mead 1906, 334, note (http://sacred-te
xts.com/gno/th1/th136.htm#fn_1153)

If Plutarch is not mistaken, Isis was the same with the self-existent Divine
Wisdom ... Apollo, or the elder Horus, born of Isis while yet in the womb
of her mother Rhea, allegorises the ancient difficulty of accounting for the
origin of matter, otherwise than by making it co-ordinate with the ideal
forms that it should eventually take. This part of the Egyptian myth must
certainly have suggested the idea of the Valentinian Demiurge; as Isis did
of Sophia or Achamoth; mutatis nominibus, the words of Plutarch very
nearly express the Valentinian theory; τὸν Ὥρον, ὃν ἡ ῏Ισις εἰκόνα τοῦ
νοητοῦ κόσμου αἰσθητὸν ὄντα γεννᾷ. Then again the terms in which
Plutarch speaks of the functions of Isis, are suggestive of the Valentinian
notion, where they are not Platonic. No doubt they may have received
from him a deeper Platonic colouring, but it is impossible not to believe
that the fundamental ideas of the Valentinian theory were received from
the theosophy of ancient Egypt, when he says, "For Isis is the female
principle of nature, the recipient of every Gnostic natural product, as the
nurse and comprehensive principle (πανδεχής) in Plato. But by the many
she is called the million-named, for moulded (τρεπομένη f. l. τυπουμένη)
by reason she embraces all forms and ideas. And congenital with her is
Love of the first and mightiest of all, which is one and the same with the
Good; this she desires and follows after, but she avoids and repels all
participation with Evil, being to both indeed as space and matter, but
inclining always of her own accord to the better principle, occasioning in
it the procreative impulse of inseminating her with emanations and types
in which she rejoices and exults, as impregnated with produce. For
produce is the material image of Substance, and the contingent is an
imitation of that which IS."

— Harvey 1857, pp. 22-4

References

1. Green 1985, 244

2. Green 1985, 245

 3. Wilson 1958, 133

4. Holroyd 1994, 32

5. Roukema 1998, 129

6. Churton 1987, 53

7. Filoramo 1990, 166

8. Goodrick-Clarke 2002, 182

9. Pagels 1979, 37

10. Holroyd 1994, 37

11. Roukema 1998, 130

12. Bousset 1911, pp. 853–854.

13. Mead 1903, 396.

14. Bousset 1911, p. 854.

15. Irenaeus i. 29

16. Bousset 1911, p. 853.

17. Irenaeus i. 6, 1

18. Irenaeus i. 29, 30

19. Irenaeus i. 29, 3

20. Bousset 1911, pp. 854–855.

21. Horus, according to Francis Legge, generally appeared in Alexandria "with hawk's head and human
body dressed in the cuirass and boots of a Roman gendarme or stationarius, which would be
appropriate enough for a sentinel or guard." Legge 1914, 105.

22. Irenaeus i. 4, 2

23. Schwartz, A porien, i. 292

24. Dina Ripsman Eylon, Reincarnation in Jewish mysticism and gnosticism, Edwin Mellen Press, 2003

25. Irenaeus i. 21, 4

26. Irenaeus i. 30

27. Irenaeus i. 6, 4

28. Clemens Stromata ii. 20, 114

29. Bousset 1911, p. 855.

30. Hippolytus Philosophumena 6, 37

31. Clemens iv. 13, 91

32. Irenaeus i. 21, 3

33. Bousset 1911, p. 856.

34. Irenaeus i. 13, 3,6

35. Excerpta ex Theodoto, 22

36. Excerpta ex Theodoto. 77

37. Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). Turning the Tables on Jesus: The Mandaean View. In Horsley,
Richard (March 2010). Christian Origins (https://books.google.com/books?id=ncuQxl5Ate0C&dq=buc
kley+mandaean+turning+the+table+on+jesus&pg=PA109) . ISBN 9781451416640.(pp94-111).
Minneapolis: Fortress Press

38. Irenaeus i. 21, 5

39. Rudolph 1977, 166

40. Pagels 1979, 96

41. Rudolph 1977, 155

42. 1 Corinthians 15:50 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:50&version=nrsv)

43. Holroyd 1994, 33

44. Pagels 1979, 60

45. Pagels 1979, 146

46. Rudolph 1977, 206

47. Pagels 1979, 32

48. Layton (ed.) 1987, xxii

49. Layton (ed.) 1987, xviii

Bibliography

Bermejo, Fernando (1998). La escisión imposible. Lectura del gnosticismo valentiniano.

Salamanca: Publicaciones Universidad Pontificia.

Churton, Tobias (1987). The Gnostics. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson Limited.

Filoramo, Giovanni (1990). A History of Gnosticism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Limited.

Green, Henry A. (1985). The Economic and Social Origins of Gnosticism. Atlanta: Scholars
Press.

Harvey, William Wigan (1857). Sancti Irenaei (https://books.google.com/books?id=HIMOAA

AAQAAJ&pg=PR23) . Vol. I. Typis Academicis.

Holroyd, Stuart (1994). The Elements of Gnosticism. Dorset: Element Books Limited.
 Layton, Bentley, ed. (1987). The Gnostic Scriptures. New York: Doubleday.

Legge, Francis (1914). Forerunners and Rivals of Christianity. New York: University Books.
p. 105.

Markschies, Christoph (2020). Valentinianism: new studies. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-

41481-5. OCLC 1120784980 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1120784980) .

Mead, G.R.S (1903). Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.? (http://www.gnosis.org/library/grs-mead/jesu

s_live_100/index.htm) . London: The Theosophical Publishing Society.

Mead, G.R.S (1906). Thrice Greatest Hermes: Studies in Hellenistic Theosophy and Gnosis (h
ttp://sacred-texts.com/gno/th1/index.htm) . Vol. I. London and Benares: The
Theosophical Publishing Society.

Pagels, Elaine (1979). The Gnostic Gospels (https://archive.org/details/gnosticgospels00p

age_0) . New York: Random House. ISBN 9780394502786.

Roukema, Riemer (1998). Gnosis and Faith in Early Christianity. Harrisburg: Trinity Press
International.

Rudolph, Kurt (1977). Gnosis: The Nature and History of Gnosticism. San Francisco: Harper
and Row Publishers.

Thomassen, Einar (2005). The Spiritual Seed: The Church of the Valentinians. Nag Hammadi
and Manichaean Studies. Brill Academic Publishers.

Tite, Philip (2009). Valentinian ethics and paraenetic discourse: determining the social
function of moral exhortation in Valentinian Christianity. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2852-
7. OCLC 593295838 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/593295838) .

Wilson, Robert McLachlan (1958). The Gnostic Problem. London: A.R. Mowbray & Co.
Limited.

Wilson, Robert McLachlan (1980). "Valentianism and the Gospel of Truth". In Layton,
Bentley (ed.). The Rediscovery of Gnosticism. Leiden. pp. 133–45.

Attribution:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bousset,

Wilhelm (1911). "Valentinus and the Valentinians". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia
Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 852–857. Bousset's article
contains a detailed survey of the classical authorities writing on the topic, some of which is
replicated here in footnotes.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann,
Charles, ed. (1913). "Valentinus and Valentinians". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert
 Appleton Company.

External links

Bousset, Wilhelm (1911). "Valentinus and the Valentinians"  (https://en.wikisource.org/wik

i/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Valentinus_and_the_Valentinians) . Encyclopædia
Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 852–857.

Valentinus and the Valentinian Tradition (http://www.gnosis.org/library/valentinus/index.h

tml) – Comprehensive collection of material on Valentinian mythology, theology and
tradition (from the Gnosis Archive website).

Patristic Material on Valentinus (http://gnosis.org/library/polem.htm) Complete

collection of patristic sources mentioning Valentinus.

Valentinus – A Gnostic for All Seasons (http://www.gnosis.org/valentinus.htm)

Introductory essay by Stephan A. Hoeller (from the Gnosis Archive website).

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