Plan of Work

A-Level Physics Paper 5

1-week Online Crash Course by Sir A N Chowhan

 Introduction to paper 5
 Structure of graph question
lesson 1  Logarithmic identities
 Determining expressions for gradient and y-intercept from the given equation
 Writing column heading

 Determining number of significant figures and decimal places

 Rounding off a calculated quantity
lesson 2  Determining absolute uncertainty in a quantity
 Plotting points
 Drawing error bars

 Drawing the line of best fit

 Drawing the worst-acceptable line
 Determining gradient and uncertainty in it
lesson 3
 Determining y-intercept and uncertainty in it
 Determining units of a quantity
 Determining percentage uncertainty in a quantity

 Planning question on “Kinematics”

lesson 4  Planning question on “Electricity”
 Planning question on “D.C. circuits”

 Planning question on “Magnetic field”

lesson 5  Planning question on “Electromagnetic induction”
 Planning question on “Alternating current”

* Duration of each lesson is 45 minutes

* First lesson is FREE
* Fee for the full course is 30 USD
* For registration and further queries, contact us through WhatsApp/WeChat at
+92 307 5059 857 (or visit our website www.quality-notes.com)
PUBLISHED BY STUDENTS RESOURCE

Airport Road, Lahore, Pakistan

Phone: +92 (042) 35700707; +92 307 5059857

https://studentsresource.net
[email protected]

Copyright © 2020 by A.N. Chowhan

All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever
without the prior written permission of the author except for the use of brief quotations in a book review. For
permission requests, write to the author, addressed “Attention: Permissions Coordinator,” at the address below.
[email protected]
Phone: + 92 307 5059857

Printed in Pakistan
First edition was published in 2016
Second edition was published in 2018
Third edition was published in 2020
CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Generic mark scheme of planning question 2

1.1 Rules for defining the problem 3

1.2 Rules for method of data collection 3

1.3 Rules for describing method of data analysis 3

1.4 Rules for safety considerations 4

1.5 Additional detail marks 4

1.6 Some important electrical components and their circuit symbols 4

Solved planning questions 6 - 77

Generic mark scheme of analysis, conclusions and evaluation question 78

2.1 Determining expressions for gradient and y-intercept from a linear equation 79

2.2 Properties of logarithm 81

2.3 Rules for writing column headings 82

2.4 Rules for determining number of significant figures and decimal places 83

2.5 Rules for rounding off calculated quantities 85

2.6 Rules for determining absolute and percentage uncertainties 90

2.7 Rules for stating calculated quantities with their absolute uncertainties 92

2.8 Rules for plotting points and drawing error bars 96

2.9 Rules for drawing line of best fit and worst-acceptable line 97

2.10 Determining gradient and uncertainty in gradient from graph 106

2.11 Determining y-intercept and uncertainty in y-intercept from graph 107

Exercise 118

Mark scheme and answers 122

INTRODUCTION

Paper 5 consists of two questions (each carrying 15 marks) and the time duration of this paper is 1 hour and 15
minutes.
The examination paper does not require laboratory facilities.
The first question is the planning question, in which candidates are required to design an experimental
investigation of a given problem, and answer the question with a labelled diagram and an extended piece of
writing.
The second question is the analysis, conclusions and evaluation question, in which candidates are given an
equation and some experimental data. From these they are required to determine the values for different
constants. They are also required to estimate the uncertainties in their answers.
Some questions on this paper may be set in areas of Physics that are difficult to investigate experimentally in
school laboratories, but no question requires prior knowledge of theory or equipment that is beyond the syllabus:
candidates are given all the information that they need.
Note: Average score in this paper to secure A grade is 21 (out of 30).

1
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

Generic Mark Scheme

(Before October/November 2015)

Breakdown of skills Mark allocation

Defining the problem 3 marks

Methods of data collection 5 marks

Method of analysis 2 marks

Safety considerations 1 mark

Additional detail 4 marks

(After October/November 2015)

Breakdown of skills Mark allocation

Defining the problem 2 marks

Methods of data collection 4 marks

Method of analysis 3 marks

Additional detail including 6 marks

safety considerations

Notes
In the mark scheme of question 1:
 P denotes problem-defining mark
 M denotes method-of-data-collection mark
 A denotes method-of-analysis mark
 S denotes safety-consideration mark
 D denotes additional-detail mark

2
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

In order to understand the following rules better, first go through sample question 1.1 and its solution (on page 6).

1.1 Rules for Defining the Problem (P-marks)

1 Of the two variables (i.e. quantities) in the given/suggested relationship, the independent variable is the one
that is changed by the experimenter; whereas the dependent variable is the one that changes as a result of
the changes to the independent variable.
2 All other variables (physical quantities) upon which the dependent and/or independent variables depend,
directly or indirectly, should be kept constant, because: when these variables vary, the dependent and/or
independent variables also vary with them. These variables may or may not be there in the given
relationship.
Note: Sometimes, any one of the two quantities in the given relationship may be chosen as the independent
variable, and the other quantity, as the dependent variable.

1.2 Rules for Method of Data Collection (M-marks)

1 A clear labelled diagram, illustrating the assembled experimental setup, should be drawn in the space
provided.
Note: Sometimes (e.g. in the experiments of electricity), a separate circuit diagram containing conventional
symbols of the circuit components should also be drawn.
2 Method of varying the independent variable should be described if appropriate.
3 Methods of determining the dependent and independent variables should be described, and the names of
the measuring instruments to be used should also be stated explicitly.
Note: The measuring instrument chosen should be appropriate; that is, it should be able to measure the
required physical quantity with appropriate accuracy (i.e. with reasonably small percentage uncertainty).
4 Method of minimising the environmental effect (e.g. background reading) on the readings to be taken should
be described if appropriate.
5 Methods of keeping other variables constant should be described if appropriate.
For full marks to be scored in this section, the overall arrangement should be workable; that is, it should be
possible to collect the required data without undue difficulty if the apparatus is assembled as described.

1.3 Rules for Describing Method of Analysis (A-marks)

1 From the equation given in the question, another equation should be written (either by simply rearranging the
given equation or by using logarithmic identities) so that a straight-line graph may be obtained between (the
functions of) dependent and independent variables.
2 The functions of dependent and independent variables, to be taken along the y- and x-axes respectively,
should be correctly specified.
3 The expressions for the gradient and y-intercept of the graph should be identified.
4 If the experiment is designed to test a relationship, then a statement of the following form should be given:
“The suggested relationship is correct if the graph is straight-line and passes/does not pass through the
origin”.
Note: Sometimes a statement like: “The suggested relationship is correct if the graph is straight-line” may
also serve the purpose.
5 If the experiment is designed to determine a value for some constant, then the constant must be made the
subject of the equation (from the expression of gradient or y-intercept).

3
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

1.4 Rule for Safety Considerations (S-mark)

Both, the risk of the experiment and the safety precaution to be taken to minimize the risk, should be stated.

1.5 Additional Detail Marks (D-marks)

These marks may be awarded for:
 identifying which additional variable is to be kept constant;
 describing method how additional variable is to be kept constant;
 describing method to reduce random and/or systematic errors in the measurements to be taken (i.e. to
increase the precision and/or accuracy in the results);
 drawing a separate diagram of a circuit needed to make a particular measurement;
 identifying an additional risk of the experiment and stating a safety precaution to minimise it.
Note: A candidate can score only four D-marks at the most.

1.6 Some Important Electrical Components and Their Circuit Symbols

The table below shows some electrical components and their circuit symbols that are important from the
examination point of view.

Component Symbol Component Symbol Component Symbol

power supply thermistor loudspeaker

variable power
heater microphone
supply

a.c. power Inductor

motor
supply (or coil)

signal generator G transformer galvanometer

junction of
lamp ammeter
conductors

fixed resistor diode voltmeter

variable resistor light-emitting

ohmmeter
(or rheostat) diode (LED)

light-dependent oscilloscope
electric bell
resistor (LDR) (CRO)

4
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

Advantage of Variable D.C. Power Supply over Simple D.C. Power Supply
 The output voltage of variable power supply, and therefore the current in the circuit, can be controlled by
adjusting its voltage knob; hence no need for a separate variable resistor (or rheostat) in the circuit to control
current.

Advantages of Signal Generator over A.C. Power Supply

 The frequency of output voltage of signal generator can be increased or decreased to produce noticeable
effects (e.g. in the experiments involving electromagnetic induction).
 The output (peak or rms) voltage of signal generator, and therefore the current in the circuit, can be
controlled by adjusting its voltage knob; hence no need for a separate variable resistor (or rheostat) in the
circuit to control current.

Advantage of Storage CRO over Voltmeter

 A storage CRO can record a rapidly changing input voltage signal, and then display it on its screen as a still
trace (i.e. voltage vs. time graph).

Note: If a component is not represented by its conventional symbol in the circuit diagram, then it must be labelled.

5
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

Sample Question 1.1 (P05/M/J/07)

It is useful to know how the speed of an object is affected by its size when it moves through liquid in a confined
space. In a laboratory this can be modelled by dropping small steel balls through oil. It is suggested that the
terminal velocity v is related to the radius r of a steel ball by the equation:
2
v = kr
where k is a constant. Design a laboratory experiment to investigate whether v is related to r as indicated in the
above equation. You should draw a diagram showing the arrangement of your equipment. In your account you
should pay particular attention to:
(a) the procedure to be followed,
(b) how the radius of the steel ball would be measured,
(c) how the terminal velocity of the steel ball in oil would be measured,
(d) the control of variables,
(e) how the data would be analysed,
(f) any safety precautions that you would take. [15]

Conventions within the Account

BRACKETS
Where brackets are shown in the account, not in the diagram, the candidate is not required to give the bracketed
information in order to earn the available marks. Text written inside the brackets makes only the part of
explanation not required.
BLUE TEXT
In the account, blue text makes the part of information that has already been indicated in the diagram; so the
candidate is not required to give the blue-text information again in order to earn the available marks.
UNDERLINING
In the account, underlining indicates information that is essential for marks to be awarded.
Solution
In this experiment, I will:
 vary r and determine v (for each value of r). [P + P]
(i.e. r is the independent variable, and v is the dependent variable.)
 keep temperature (of the oil) constant. [P]
(so that the density of the oil upon which the drag force depends
remains constant.)
To collect and analyse the data, I will take the following steps:
1 Build the experimental setup as shown in Fig. 1.1.1. In the
experimental setup:
 the purpose of using the long tube of oil, having two marks on
it, is to measure the time taken for the ball to fall from one mark
to the other when dropped through the oil. [M]
 the purpose of using the clear oil is to view the ball, moving
through the oil, with ease. [D] Figure 1.1.1

 the purpose of using the retort stand and clamp arrangement is to hold the long tube in the upright
position. [D]

6
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

When building the experimental setup, I will:

 draw the starting mark well below the oil surface to make sure that the ball has attained terminal velocity
before it reaches the mark. [M]
 keep starting and finishing marks as far apart as possible so that the time t taken for the ball to fall
through the distance d is (reasonably) large, and hence the percentage uncertainty in its measurement
is (reasonably) small. [D + D]
 use a spirit level to make sure that the long tube is vertical. [D]
2 Measure distance d between the starting and finishing marks with a metre rule.
3 Take steel balls of different diameters.
4 Wash and dry them. [D]
5 Measure the diameter of a steel ball with a micrometer screw gauge. [M]
When measuring the diameter, I will take multiple readings in different directions and average.
[D]
6 Determine the radius r of the ball by dividing its average diameter by 2.
7 Drop the ball near the oil surface.
8 With a stopwatch, measure the time t taken for the ball to fall from the starting mark to the finishing mark. [M]
When measuring the time t, I will avoid parallax error by keeping the eye at right level as shown in Fig. 1.1.1.
[D]
9 Retrieve the ball using a magnet. [D]
10 Repeat steps 7 and 8 for the same ball and find the average value of t. [D]
11 Determine the terminal velocity v of the ball by:
d
v= [M]
t
12 Take another steel ball of different diameter.
13 Repeat the procedure from step 5 to 11, and thus obtain about 6 sets of results.
14 From the equation given in the question:
2
v = kr
2
it follows that the gradient of v vs. r graph is equal to k. [D]
2
15 Plot a graph of v against r . [A]
16 The suggested relationship is correct if the graph is straight-line and passes through the origin. [A]
Note: This mark is only awarded if the plotted graph is correct (i.e. dependent and independent variables’
functions have been correctly specified).
Safety Precautions
 To avoid splashing, I will drop the ball near the oil surface. [S]
 To prevent falling and rolling of the steel balls on the floor, I will keep them in a tray. [D]

Further additional-detail points might include:

 Allow oil to stand so that air bubbles escape/ball may trap air bubbles.
Note: A candidate can score only four D-marks at the most. However, as there is no negative marking in this
paper, candidates are advised to provide as much additional detail in their accounts as they can think of.

7
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

Sample Question 1.2 (P52/M/J/11)

A student wishes to investigate projectile motion. A small ball is rolled with velocity v along a horizontal surface.
When the ball reaches the end of the horizontal surface, it falls and lands on a lower horizontal surface. The
vertical displacement of the ball is p and the horizontal displacement of the ball is q, as shown in Fig. 1.2.1.

Figure 1.2.1

It is suggested that:
2 2
gq = 2pv
where g is the acceleration of free fall. Design a laboratory experiment to investigate how q is related to p and
how v may be determined from the results. You should draw a diagram showing the arrangement of your
equipment. In your account you should pay particular attention to:
(a) the procedure to be followed,
(b) the measurements to be taken,
(c) the control of variables,
(d) the analysis of the data,
(e) the safety precautions to be taken. [15]

Solution

Figure 1.2.2

In this experiment, I will:

 vary p and measure q (for each value of p). [P + P]
(i.e. p is the independent variable, and q is the dependent variable.)
 keep (horizontal) velocity v constant. [P]

8
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

To collect and analyse the data, I will take the following steps:
1 Build the experimental setup as shown in Fig. 1.2.2. In the experimental setup:
 the purpose of using the arrangement of retort stand, clamp and hard pipe is to vary p. [M]
 the purpose of using the tray of sand is to determine the position of the ball as it lands on the sand
surface. [M]
 the purpose of using the hard pipe, which is half curved and half straight, is to make sure that the
velocity of the ball, as it leaves the pipe, has horizontal component only. [D]
When building the experimental setup, I will:
 use a spirit level to make sure that the straight part of the pipe is horizontal.
 use a plumb line to draw, on the sand surface, a small mark O right below the end B of the pipe. [D]
2 Measure distance p between end B and mark O with a metre rule. [M]
3 Take a steel ball to minimise the effect of air resistance. [D]
4 Release the ball from the top end A of the pipe. The ball will roll, fall and land on the sand surface producing
a crater at point C.
5 Measure the distance q between point C and mark O with a metre rule. [D]
6 Repeat steps 4 and 5 for same p and find the average value of q. [D]
7 Change the height of the clamp so that the end B remains right above the mark O.
8 Repeat the procedure from step 4 to 6, and thus obtain about 6 sets of results. When repeating the
procedure to collect the data, I will:
 always use the spirit level to make sure that the straight part of the pipe is horizontal. [M]
 always release the ball from the top end A of the pipe (to make sure that the velocity v remains
constant). [M]
9 The equation given in the question can be rearranged as:

2  2v 2 
q = p
 g 
2 2v 2
From the above equation, it follows that the gradient of q vs. p graph is equal to the expression: .
g
2
10 Plot a graph of q against p. [A]
11 The suggested relationship is correct if the graph is straight-line and passes through the origin. [D]
12 Determine v by:
g  gradient
v= [A]
2
Safety Precaution
To prevent injury from the rolling ball, I will use safety screen. [S]

Further additional-detail points might include:

 Detail on method of determining position of ball; e.g. slow motion playback including scale.

9
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

Sample Question 1.3 (P51/M/J/10)

A hammer is often used to force a nail into wood. The faster the hammer moves, the deeper the nail moves into
the wood. This can be represented in a laboratory by a mass falling vertically onto a nail. It is suggested that the
depth d of the nail in the wood (see Fig. 1.3.1) is related to the velocity v of the mass at the instant it hits the nail
by the equation:
n
d = kv
where k and n are constants.

Figure 1.3.1

Design a laboratory experiment to investigate the relationship between v and d so as to determine a value for n.
You should draw a diagram showing the arrangement of your equipment. In your account you should pay
particular attention to:
(a) the procedure to be followed,
(b) the measurements to be taken,
(c) the control of variables,
(d) the analysis of the data,
(e) the safety precautions to be taken. [15]

Solution

Figure 1.3.2 Figure 1.3.3 (enlarged view)

10
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

In this experiment, I will:

 vary v and measure d (for each value of v). [P]
(i.e. v is the independent variable, and d is the dependent variable.)
 keep the mass (falling onto the nail) constant. [P]
 also keep the wood constant. [P]
(i.e. use the same wood type.)
To collect and analyse the data, I will take the following steps:
1 Build the experimental setup as shown in Fig. 1.3.2. In the experimental setup:
 the mass is positioned above the nail so that it falls onto the centre of the nail when dropped. [M]
 the purpose of using the vertical guide, the internal diameter of which is only slightly greater than the
diameter of the nail, is to make sure that the nail goes straight into the wood when hit by the falling
mass. [D]
 the purpose of using the large mass is to produce a large depth d, and thus reduce the percentage
uncertainty in its measurement. [D + D]
When building the experimental setup, I will use a set square to make sure that the nail is vertical. [D]
2 Hold the mass at a height h above the head of the nail.
3 Measure h with a metre rule. [M]
When measuring h, I will avoid parallax error by keeping the eye at right level as shown in Fig. 1.3.2. [D]
4 Drop the mass from height h. The mass will fall, hit and force the nail into the wood to depth d.
5 Determine the velocity v of the mass with which it hits the nail by:
2 2
v – u = 2gh
–2
where u = 0 and g = 9.81 m s . [M]
6 Mark the nail (with a thin hacksaw blade) at a point up to which it goes into the wood, as shown in Fig. 1.3.3,
(and then pull it out). [M]
7 Measure the depth d with vernier calipers. [D]
8 Repeat steps 4, 6, and 7 for same h and find the average value of d. [D]
When repeating the steps 4, 6 and 7, I will use different part of the wood every time. [D]
9 Change the height of the falling mass (to vary v). [M]
10 Repeat the procedure from step 3 to 8, and thus obtain about 6 sets of results.
11 From the equation given in the question, it can be shown that:
lg d = n lg v + lg k [D]
From the above equation, it follows that the gradient and y-intercept of lg d vs. lg v graph are equal to n and
lg k respectively.
12 Plot a graph of lg d against lg v. [A]
13 The suggested relationship is correct if the graph is straight-line. [D]
(Note: The graph line might or might not pass through the origin; it all depends upon the value of k. For
example: if k = 1, then the graph will pass through the origin, as lg 1 = 0; otherwise not.)
14 Determine n by:
n = gradient [A]
Safety Precaution
To prevent injury from the falling mass, I will keep my hands and feet well away from it. [S]
Further additional-detail points might include:
 Use microscope when measuring d.

11
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

Sample Question 1.4 (P51/M/J/13)

A student is investigating the flow of water
through a horizontal tube. The rate Q (volume
per unit time) at which water flows through a
tube depends on the pressure difference per unit
length across the tube. The student has the use
of a metal can with two holes. A narrow
horizontal tube goes through the hole in the side
of the can. The can is continuously supplied with
water from a tap. The level of water in the can is
kept constant by the position of a wide vertical
tube which passes through the hole in the
bottom of the can as shown in Fig. 1.4.1. Both
tubes may be moved along the holes.
It is suggested that the relationship between the
flow rate Q of water through the narrow
horizontal tube and the vertical height h is: Figure 1.4.1

2 ghd 4
Q=
l
where  is the density of water, g is the acceleration of free fall, d is the internal diameter of the tube, l is the
length of the tube and η is a constant. Design a laboratory experiment to test the relationship between Q and h
and determine a value for η. You should draw a diagram showing the arrangement of your equipment. In your
account you should pay particular attention to:
(a) the procedure to be followed,
(b) the measurements to be taken,
(c) the control of variables,
(d) the analysis of the data,
(e) the safety precautions to be taken. [15]

Solution
In this experiment, I will:
 vary h and determine Q (for each value of
h). [P + P]
 keep l constant. [P]
 also keep the temperature of water
constant. [D]
(so that the density  of water remains
constant.)
To collect and analyse the data, I will take the
following steps:
1 Take some water in a measuring cylinder
and record its volume Vw.
2 Measure the combined mass mcw of the
cylinder and water with a digital balance.
3 Empty the cylinder and measure its mass Figure 1.4.2
mc with the digital balance.

12
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

4 Determine the mass mw of the water by:

mw = mcw – mc
5 Determine the density  of water by:
mw
= [D]
Vw
(Note: All steps, from 1 to 5, are required to score this mark.)
6 Measure the internal diameter d of the narrow tube with vernier calipers. [M]
When measuring d, I will take multiple readings in different directions and average. [D]
7 Measure the length l of the narrow tube with a rule.
8 Build the experimental setup as shown in Fig. 1.4.2. In the experimental setup:
 the purpose of using the measuring cylinder is to receive and measure the volume of water flowing out
of the narrow tube. [M]
 the purpose of using the coloured water is to take the reading of volume of water with ease. [D]
 the purpose of using the large container is to receive the overflow. [D]
 the purpose of using the retort stand and clamp arrangement is to hold the steel can in position above
the container. [D]
When building the experimental setup, I will use a spirit level to make sure that the narrow tube is horizontal.
[D]
9 Measure the vertical height h of the wide tube with the rule. [M]
10 Note the capacity V of the measuring cylinder.
11 With a stopwatch, measure the time t taken for the water flowing out of the horizontal tube to fill the empty
measuring cylinder. [M]
12 Repeat step 11 for same h and find the average value of t. [D]
13 Determine the flow rate Q of water through the horizontal tube by:
V
Q=
t
14 Change the position of the vertical tube (to vary h). [M]
15 Repeat the procedure from step 9 to 13, and thus obtain about 6 sets of results.
16 From the equation given in the question:
 2 gd 4 
Q = h
 l 
2 gd 4
it follows that the gradient of Q vs. h graph is equal to the expression: .
l
17 Plot a graph of Q against h. [A]
18 The suggested relationship is correct if the graph is straight-line and passes through the origin. [D]
19 Determine the value of  by:
2 gd 4
= [A]
l  gradient
Safety Precaution
To prevent injury when adjusting the metal tubes, I will wear (protective) gloves. [S]
Further additional-detail points might include:
 Use a large measuring cylinder to reduce percentage uncertainty in the measurement of time t / flow rate Q.
 Detail on measuring h to the centre of the horizontal tube; e.g. add radius to tube.

13
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

Sample Question 1.5 (P05/M/J/09)

A student wishes to determine the Young modulus E of wood from the period of oscillation of a loaded wooden
rule, as shown in Fig. 1.5.1.

Figure 1.5.1

An equation relating the period of oscillation T to the overhanging length l of the rule is:

2 kl 3
T =
E
The constant k is given by:
162 M
k=
wd 3
where M is the mass of the load, w is the width of the rule and d is the thickness of the rule. Design a laboratory
experiment to determine the Young modulus of wood. You should draw a diagram showing the arrangement of
your equipment. In your account, you should pay particular attention to:
(a) the procedure to be followed,
(b) the measurements to be taken,
(c) the control of variables,
(d) how to analyse the data,
(e) how to determine E,
(f) the safety precautions to be taken. [15]

Solution

Figure 1.5.2

In this experiment, I will:

 vary l and determine T (for each value of l). [P + P]
 keep M constant. [P]
 also keep w and d constant. [D]
(i.e. use the rule having uniform w and d along the length.)

14
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

To collect and analyse the data, I will take the following steps:
1 Take a load of a large mass M to produce a measurable period of oscillation T. [D]
2 Measure the mass M of the load with a digital balance. [M]
3 Take a half-metre wooden rule.
4 Measure the width w and thickness d of the rule with vernier calipers. [M]
When measuring w and d, I will take multiple readings at different points along the rule and average. [D]
5 Build the experimental setup as shown in Fig. 1.5.2. In the experimental setup:
 the purpose of using the bench and G-clamp arrangement is to fix one end of the rule firmly in position.
[M]
 the purpose of using the thin pointer, positioned close to the equilibrium position of the load, is to
provide fiducial marker; so that the oscillations may be timed with ease. [D]
When building the experimental setup, I will secure the load to the rule with tape. [D]
6 Record the overhanging length l of the rule. [M]
7 Set the rule into oscillation, while keeping the amplitude of oscillation (reasonably) small (to ensure that the
equation relating T and l holds good.) [D]
8 Wait until the oscillations have settled. [D]
9 With a stopwatch, time at least 10 oscillations, so that the time t taken for 10 oscillations is (reasonably) large
and hence the percentage uncertainty in its measurement is (reasonably) small. [D]
10 Repeat step 9 and find the average value of t. [M]
11 Determine the period of oscillation T by:
t
T=
10
12 Change the position of the load on the rule (to vary l).
13 Repeat the procedure from step 6 to 11, and thus obtain about 6 sets of results.
14 From the two equations given in the question, it can be shown that:

2  162 M  3
T = 3 l
 wd E 
2 3 162 M
From the above equation it follows that the gradient of T vs. l graph is equal to the expression: .
wd 3 E
2 3
15 Plot a graph of T against l . [A]
16 If no mistake is made up to this point, then the graph will be straight-line and pass through the origin. [D]
17 Determine the Young modulus E of wood by:

162M
E= [A]
wd  gradient
3

Safety Precaution
To prevent injury from the load, which may detach from the rule during oscillation, I will keep my feet well away
from it. [S]
Further additional-detail points might include:
 Discussion of use of motion sensor, e.g. orientation, or light gates with detail.

15
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

Sample Question 1.6 (P53/O/N/10)

A student wishes to determine the resistivity of aluminium. The resistivity  of a conductor is defined as:
RA
=
l
for a conductor of resistance R, cross-sectional area A and length l. Fig. 1.6.1 shows the typical dimensions of a
–8
strip of aluminium of lengths c, d and t. The resistivity of aluminium is about 10  m.

Figure 1.6.1 (not to scale)

Design a laboratory experiment to determine the resistivity of aluminium using this strip. The usual apparatus of a
school laboratory is available, including a metal cutter. You should draw a diagram showing the arrangement of
your equipment. In your account you should pay particular attention to:
(a) the procedure to be followed,
(b) the measurements to be taken,
(c) the control of variables,
(d) the analysis of the data,
(e) the safety precautions to be taken. [15]

Solution

Figure 1.6.2

In this experiment, I will:

 vary c and determine R (for each value of c). [P]
 keep (t) and d constant. [P]
 also keep temperature of the strip constant. [P]
To collect and analyse the data, I will take the following steps:
1 Measure the thickness t and width d of the strip with a micrometer screw gauge. [M]
When measuring t and d, I will take multiple readings at different points along the strip and average. [D]
2 Determine the average cross-sectional area A of the strip by multiplying t and d together.
3 Measure the length c of the strip with a metre rule. [M]

16
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

4 Build the experimental setup as shown in Fig. 1.6.2. In the experimental setup:
 the purpose of using the ohmmeter is to measure the resistance of the strip. [M]
(Note: It is not necessary to label those components of the circuit that have already been represented
by their conventional symbols.)
 the purpose of using the electrodes (metal plates/rods) is to secure good contact between the circuit
and the strip. [M]
 the purpose of using the wooden block is to insulate the strip). [D]
When setting up the circuit, I will also use conducting putty to make sure that the whole cross-sectional area
of the ends of the strip is in good contact with the electrodes. [D]
5 Record the resistance R of the strip from the ohmmeter. [M]
6 Using a set square draw, on the strip, a straight mark (about 15 cm from either end) perpendicular to its
length, and then cut the strip along the mark with a metal cutter. [D]
7 Repeat the procedure from step 3 to 5, and thus obtain about 6 sets of results.
8 The equation given in the question can be rearranged as:

R =  c
 A

From the above equation, it follows that the gradient of R vs. c graph is equal to the expression: .
A
9 Plot a graph of R against c. [A]
10 If no mistake is made up to this point, then the graph will be straight-line and pass through the origin. [D]
11 Determine the resistivity  of aluminium by:
 = gradient  A [A]
Safety Precaution
To prevent cuts from the sharp edges of the strip, I will wear (protective) gloves. [S]

Further additional-detail points might include:

 Determination of a typical resistance of aluminium strip using values of dimensions given.
 Likely meter range of ohmmeter/ammeter/voltmeter with reasoning.
Note: Usually, a measuring instrument with smaller range is more sensitive (i.e. has smaller least count). An
appropriate measuring instrument is the one the (maximum) range of which is not much greater than the
maximum possible value of the physical quantity to be measured. Such instrument gives least percentage
uncertainty in the measurement of the physical quantity measured.
 Use a protective resistor to reduce current/heating effect (if power supply, ammeter and voltmeter circuit is
used to determine the resistance).

17
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

Sample Question 1.7 (P05/M/J/08)

A student wishes to measure the resistivity of glass. A teacher suggests that its resistivity is of the order of 10 
6

m which is very large. Resistivity  is defined by the equation:

RA
=
l
where R is resistance, A is cross-sectional area and l is the length of the material. The student is given a number
of sheets of glass of the same thickness and of different areas. Design a laboratory experiment to determine the
resistivity of glass. You should draw a diagram showing the arrangement of your equipment. In your account you
should pay particular attention to:
(a) the procedure to be followed,
(b) how the glass would be connected to the circuit,
(c) the measurements that would be taken,
(d) the control of variables,
(e) how the data would be analysed,
(f) any safety precautions that you would take. [15]

Solution

Figure 1.7.1

In this experiment, I will:

 vary A and determine R (for each value of A). [P + P]
 keep temperature of the glass sheets constant. [P]
To collect and analyse the data, I will take the following steps:
1 Wash and dry the glass sheets. [D]
2 Measure the thickness l of a glass sheet with a micrometer screw gauge. [M]
When measuring l, I will take multiple readings (using different glass sheets) and average. [D]
3 Take a glass sheet and determine its area A, which is to be kept perpendicular to the direction of flow of
current, by first measuring the respective side lengths with a metre rule and then multiplying them together.
[M]
4 Build the experimental setup as shown in Fig. 1.7.1. In the experimental setup:
 the purpose of using the ohmmeter is to measure the resistance of the sheet. [M]
 the glass sheet is oriented so that it offers minimum resistance. [M]
 the purpose of using the electrodes (metal plates) is to secure good contact between the circuit and
glass sheet. [D]
When setting up the circuit, I will also use conducting putty to make sure that the whole area A of the sheet is
in good contact with the electrodes. [D]
5 Record the resistance R of the sheet from the ohmmeter. [M]
6 Take another glass sheet of different area A.

18
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

7 Repeat the procedure from step 3 to 5, and thus obtain about 6 sets of results.
8 The equation given in the question can be rearranged as:
 1
R = l  
 A
From the above equation, it follows that the gradient of R vs. (1/A) graph is equal to the expression ‘ l’.
9 Plot a graph of R against (1/A). [A]
10 If no mistake is made up to this point, then the graph will be straight-line and pass through the origin. [D]
11 Determine the resistivity  of glass by:
(gradient)
= [A]
l
Safety Precaution
 To prevent cuts when handling the glass sheets, I will wear (thick) gloves. [S]

Further additional-detail points might include:

 Determine typical resistance of glass using the given value of resistivity.
 Use EHT (an extremely high voltage source) or power supply > 100 V or micro-ammeter/galvanometer (as
the resistance of the glass sheet is very high, so very high voltage is required to produce measurable current
in the circuit).
 Likely meter range of ammeter or ohmmeter with reasoning.
 Additional method of securing good contact between circuit and glass sheet, e.g. use G-clamp or weight.
Note: If EHT power supply, ammeter and voltmeter circuit is used to determine the resistance of the glass sheet,
then the safety precaution should be related to the EHT power supply; such as
 To prevent electric shock when changing the circuit, I will switch off the EHT power supply first/wear rubber
gloves.

19
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

Sample Question 1.8 (P53/O/N/13)

A student is investigating how the resistance R of nichrome in the form of a wire varies with temperature θ. It is
suggested that:
R = R0(1 + αθ)
where R0 is the resistance at 0 °C, α is a constant and θ is the temperature measured in °C. Design a laboratory
experiment to test the relationship between θ and R and determine the value of α. You should draw a diagram
showing the arrangement of your equipment. In your account you should pay particular attention to:
(a) the procedure to be followed,
(b) the measurements to be taken,
(c) the control of variables,
(d) the analysis of the data,
(e) the safety precautions to be taken. [15]

Solution

Figure 1.8.1 Figure 1.8.2

In this experiment, I will:

 vary θ and determine R (for each value of θ). [P + P]
 keep length of the wire constant. [P]
To collect and analyse the data, I will take the following steps:
1 Take a long nichrome wire to obtain a large value for its resistance and hence a small percentage
uncertainty in the measurement of resistance. [D + D]
2 Immerse it in the ice-water mixture as shown in Fig. 1.8.1. [M]
(The temperature of melting ice is always 0 C)
3 Wait for its temperature to become 0 C. [D]
4 Record its resistance R0 from the ohmmeter. [M]
5 Take the wire out of the ice-water mixture and build the experimental setup as shown in Fig. 1.8.2. In the
experimental setup:
 the purpose of using the heater is to supply heat to the nichrome wire through water. [M]
 the purpose of using the stirrer is to make sure that the heat is distributed uniformly. [D]
 the purpose of using the thermometer is to measure the temperature of the wire. [M]
 the purpose of using the ohmmeter is to measure the resistance of the wire. [M]
6 Switch on the variable power supply connected to the heater. The temperature of the water (and everything
immersed in it) will start rising.

20
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

7 Wait for the reading of the thermometer (i.e. temperature of the water and wire) to stabilise.
8 Record the temperature θ of the wire from the thermometer.
9 Record the resistance R of the nichrome wire from the ohmmeter.
10 Turn up the heater a bit. The temperature of the water will start rising again.
11 Repeat the procedure from step 7 to 9, and thus obtain about 6 sets of results.
12 The equation given in the question can be rearranged as:
R = (R0α)θ + R0
From the above equation, it follows that the gradient and y-intercept of R vs. θ graph are equal to ‘R0α’, and
R0 respectively.
13 Plot a graph of R against θ. [A]
14 The suggested relationship is correct if the graph is straight-line and does not pass through the origin. [D + D]
15 Determine the value of α by:
(gradient)
α= [A]
R0
Safety Precaution
To prevent burns from hot nichrome wire, I will wear gloves. [S]

Further additional-detail points might include:

 Use insulated wire.
 Use a protective resistor to minimise heating effect (if power supply, ammeter and voltmeter circuit is used to
determine the resistance).

21
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

Sample Question 1.9 (P52/O/N/09)

When a current passes through a wire, the wire becomes hot and expands. This can be investigated in a
laboratory by passing a current through a wire of diameter d and measuring the displacement y, as shown in Fig.
1.9.1.

Figure 1.9.1

It is suggested that the diameter d of the wire is related to y by the equation:

q
y = pd
where p and q are constants. Design a laboratory experiment to investigate the relationship between d and y, so
as to determine a value for q. You should draw a diagram showing the arrangement of your equipment. In your
account you should pay particular attention to:
(a) the procedure to be followed,
(b) the measurements to be taken,
(c) the control of variables,
(d) the analysis of the data,
(e) the safety precautions to be taken. [15]

Solution

Figure 1.9.2

22
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

In this experiment, I will:

 vary d and measure y (for each value of d). [P]
 keep (original) length of the wire (between the clamps), and current (through it) constant. [P + P]
 also keep room temperature constant. [D]
To collect and analyse the data, I will take the following steps:
1 Measure the diameter d of the wire with a micrometer screw gauge. [M]
When measuring d, I will take multiple readings at different points along the wire and average. [D]
2 Build the experimental setup as shown in Fig. 1.9.2. In the experimental setup:
 the purpose of using the variable power supply is to supply current to the wire, and the purpose of using
the screen is to mark the initial and final positions of the wire. [M]
 the purpose of using the ammeter is to check the current flowing through the wire. [M]
 the purpose of using the protective resistor is to reduce the current to minimise the heating effect. [D]
 the purpose of using the G-clamps is to keep the distance between the retort stands constant so that
the length of the wire between the clamps remains constant. [D]
 the purpose of using the long wire is to produce a large y and thus reduce the percentage uncertainty in
the measurement of y. [D + D]
When building the experimental setup, I will draw a vertical line on the white screen with the help of a set
square, and position the screen so that the vertical line is midway between the clamps. [D]
3 Draw, on the vertical line, a small mark to indicate the initial position of the wire, while keeping the eye at the
level of the wire to avoid parallax error. [D]
4 Switch on the variable power supply. A current will start flowing through the wire, and it will start undergoing
expansion.
5 Wait for the wire to stabilise, and then mark its final position on the screen the same way as in step 3. [M]
6 Determine the displacement y by measuring the distance between the initial and final position marks with
vernier calipers. [M + D]
7 Take another wire of different diameter.
8 Repeat the procedure from step 1 to 6, and thus obtain about 6 sets of results.
9 When repeating the procedure to collect the data, I will:
 always adjust the output voltage of the variable power supply to keep the current through the wire
constant. [D]
 always check the starting position, for y, of each wire. [D]
10 From the equation given in the question, it can be shown that:
lg y = q lg d + lg p [D]
From the above equation, it follows that the gradient and y-intercept of lg y vs. lg d graph are equal to q and
lg p respectively.
11 Plot a graph of lg y against lg d. [A]
12 The suggested relationship is correct if the graph is straight-line. [D]
13 Determine the value of q by:
q = gradient [A]
Safety Precaution
To prevent burns from the hot wire, I will wear gloves. [S]

23
 QUESTION 1: PLANNING

Sample Question 1.10 (P05/O/N/08)

A student wishes to investigate how the resistance R of a light-dependent resistor varies with the distance d from
an intense light source. It is believed that the relationship between R and d is:
R = kd n
where k and n are constants. Design a laboratory experiment to test the above relationship. The light-dependent
resistor has a resistance of 100  when it is in bright light and a resistance of 500 k when no light falls on it. You
should draw a diagram showing the arrangement of your equipment. In your account you should pay particular
attention to:
(a) the procedure to be followed,
(b) the measurements that would be taken,
(c) the control of variables,
(d) how the data would be analysed,
(e) any safety precautions that you would take. [15]

Solution

Figure 1.10.1
In this experiment, I will:
 vary d and measure R (for each value of d). [P + P]
 keep current through the light source (lamp) constant; [P]
(so that its brightness, or the intensity of light emitted, remains constant)
 also keep temperature of the light-dependent resistor (LDR) constant. [D]
 also keep the orientation of the LDR, with respect to the lamp, constant. [D]
To collect and analyse the data, I will take the following steps:
1 Choose a dark room to perform the experiment so that there is no source of light other than that used on
purpose (i.e. lamp), as the resistance of LDR changes with intensity of light falling on it. [M + D]
2 Build the experimental setup as shown in Fig. 1.10.1. In the experimental setup:
 the purpose of using the independent lamp is to shine light on the LDR connected into a separate
circuit. [M]
 the purpose of using the metre rule fixed to the optical bench is to measure the distance d between the
lamp and LDR. [M]
 the purpose of using ohmmeter is to measure the resistance R of the LDR. [M]
 the purpose of using the ammeter is to check if the current through the lamp remains constant. [D]
 the purpose of using the variable power supply is to keep the current through the lamp constant. [D]
 the purpose of using the optical bench and sliding holders is to keep the orientation of the LDR, with
respect to the lamp, constant. [D]

24
 PAPER 5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

3 Note the readings, on the metre rule, of the positions of the lamp and the LDR by looking from above, and
determine d by calculating the difference between the readings. [D]
When measuring d, I will avoid parallax error by keeping the eye in the right position as shown in Fig. 1.10.1.
[D]
4 Record the resistance R of the LDR from the ohmmeter. [M]
5 Change d by sliding the holder holding LDR.
6 Repeat the procedure from step 3 to 4, and thus obtain about 6 sets of results.
7 From the equation given in the question, it can be shown that:
lg R = n lg d + lg k [D]
From the above equation, it follows that the gradient and y-intercept of lg R vs. lg d graph are equal to ‘n’ and
‘lg k’ respectively.
8 Plot a graph of lg R against lg d. [A]
9 The given relationship is correct if the graph is straight-line. [A]

Safety Precaution
To prevent burns from the hot lamp, I will wear gloves. [S]

Further additional-detail points might include:

 Determination of a typical current using value of resistance given.
 Likely meter range of ohmmeter or ammeter with reasoning.

25