PRE CALCULUS

ENGR. PETER BENJAMIN OBIANO

 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

EXPONENTS
• The exponent is a number written at the upper right of a number,
variable or expression that
Exponent / Index / Power

33 = 3 𝑥 3 𝑥 3 = 27

Base
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS
𝑚
❖ 𝑎 ∙𝑎 =𝑎 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 4𝑥 ∙ 4−𝑦 = 4𝑥−𝑦
𝑤 14 14−3 11
𝑎𝑚 = 𝑤 = 𝑤
❖ = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑤3
𝑎𝑛
𝑚 𝑛 𝑝
❖ 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛𝑝
❖ 𝑎0 = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 0 70 = 1
−𝑛 1 3 1
❖ 𝑎 = 𝑛 , 𝑎≠0 = 3 = 2𝑦 3
𝑎 𝑦 −3 1/𝑦 3
𝑎𝑏 𝑚 𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑚 2𝑎 5
25 𝑎5 32𝑎5
❖ = , 𝑐 ≠ 0, 𝑑 ≠ 0 = 4 4= 4 4
𝑐𝑑 𝑛 𝑐 𝑛 𝑑𝑛 𝑏𝑐 4 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

RADICALS
• A radical or a root is the mathematical inverse of an exponent.
3
3 = 27
Radical symbol
3
27 = 3
Index
Radicand
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

PROPERTIES OF RADICALS
3 3 4
❖
𝑛
𝑎𝑚 = 𝑛
𝑎 𝑚 274 = 27 = 34 = 81
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 5 5 5 4
❖ 𝑎∙ 𝑏= 𝑎𝑏 32 ∙ 1024 = 32 8 = 32768 = 8
3
𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 27 3 27 3 27 3
❖ 𝑛 = , 𝑏≠0 3 = 64
= 64
= 4
𝑏 𝑏 64

𝑚 𝑛 3 2 6
𝑚𝑛
❖ 𝑎= 𝑎 729 = 729 = 3
𝑛 𝑛 20 20
❖ 𝑎 =𝑎 3120 = 3120
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

EXPONENTIAL VS RADICAL EXPRESSIONS

𝑚 𝑛
𝑥 𝑚
𝑥𝑛
1 1 1 1
6
𝑦 4
𝑦 +
𝑥6 𝑥4 =𝑥 4
6
5 12
= 𝑥 12 𝑥5
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

1. Simplify the following expression: 2h2 k 4

7h−1 k 2 2

16 6 49 6
A. ℎ C. ℎ
49 16
49 10 16 6
B. ℎ D. ℎ
16 49
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

2𝑠+1 2𝑠−1
2. Evaluate: 4 5 − 10 5
𝑥=
2 52𝑠

A. 2𝑠 C. 53𝑠

B. 9 D. 8
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

3. Solve for y if 𝟖𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚+𝟐 and 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝒙−𝒚 = 𝟒𝒚

A. 2 C. 6

B. 4 D. 8
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

4. Solve for a: 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑 + 𝟓 = 𝟐
𝟑

A. 15 C. −15

B. 14 D. −14
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

5. Solve for a: 𝟖 + 𝒂 − 𝟒 = 𝟐

A. 40 C. 2

B. −40 D. no solution
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

LOGARITHM
The logarithm of any number N to a given base a is the index to which
the base must be raised to make it equal to the given number.

Exponential Form: 𝐚𝐱 = 𝐍

Logarithmic Form: 𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐍

 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

Types of Logarithm
Common Logarithm
The logarithm base 10 of a number. It is the index of 10 necessary to equal
to a given number.
Exponential Form: 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = 𝑵

Logarithmic Form: 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝑵 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑵

 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

Types of Logarithm
Natural Logarithm
The logarithm base e of a number. It is the index of e necessary to equal
to a given number. The number e is an irrational number whose value is
2.718281828.
Exponential Form: 𝒆𝒙 = 𝑵

Logarithmic Form: 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝑵 = 𝒍𝒏 𝑵

 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

Properties of Logarithm
Examples
❖ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐱𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐲 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲
𝐱 𝐱
❖ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐱 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐲 𝐥𝐧
𝐱+𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 − 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 + 𝟏

❖ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐲 𝐱 = 𝐱𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐲 𝐥𝐧 𝟒𝐲 𝐳+𝟐 = 𝐳 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝟒𝐲

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑𝟐
❖ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐰 𝟑𝟐 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐰
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚

❖ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐚 = 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

Properties of Logarithm
Examples
𝐥𝐧 𝟏 = 𝟎
❖ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟏 = 𝟎

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙
𝟏𝟎𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐳 = 𝟏𝟎𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝐳 = 𝐳
❖𝒂 =𝒙 𝐞𝐥𝐧 𝐚 = 𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐞 𝐚 = 𝐚
𝟑𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐰 = 𝐰
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

6. In 𝒍𝒏𝒙𝟐 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 𝟐 , find 2x.

A. 2e^2 C. ln x

B. e^2 D. 2 ln x
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

7. Find the value of find the value of 2x + 1 if log 6 + xlog4 = log 4

+ log (32 + 4^x).

A. 2 C. 6

B. 4 D. 7
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

Finding the Roots of Polynomials

If f(x) is a polynomial, then a is called a root of f(x) if
f(a) = 0.
Given f(x) = x^3 – 2x^2 - 5x + 6, its roots are -2, 1 and 3.
f(-2) = (-2)^3 – 2(-2)^2 - 5(-2) + 6 = 0
f(1) = (1)^3 – 2(1)^2 - 5(1) + 6 = 0
f(3) = (3)^3 – 2(3)^2 - 5(3) + 6 = 0
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

Finding the Roots of Polynomials

Number of Roots of an Equation
Every rational integral equation f(x) = 0 of the nth degree
has exactly “n” roots
x^2 – 4x + 4 has 2 roots
x^3 – 12x^2 + 9x - 3 has 3 roots
x^n + x^(n -1) + x^(n-2) +… + x + k has n roots
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

Quadratic Equations
General Form: ax^2 + bx + c = 0
Methods of Finding the Roots:
❖ By factoring
❖ By calculator (MODE – 5)
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

Methods of Finding the Roots:

By Factoring
x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
(x – 2) (x – 3) = 0
The roots
x–2=0 x–3=0 are 2 and 3
x =2 x =3
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

Methods of Finding the Roots:

By Calcutech
MODE – 5 – 3
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

8. Which of the following is the quadratic equation

whose roots are double the roots of 3x^2 – 19x +
20?

A. 6x^2-19x+10 C. 5x^2-17x+10

B. 3x^2-18x+10 D. 3x^2-38x+80
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

9. Find the sum and product, respectively, of the

roots of the equation x^2 – 2x – 8.

A. -2, 8 C. 2, -8

B. -8, 2 D. 8, -2
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

10. Find twice of the highest root of the cubic

equation: x^3 – 9x^2 + 26x – 24.

A. 4 C. 6

B. 8 D. 10
 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

11. What is the sum of the roots of the expression 5ax^2

+(9-4a^2)x-14a=0?

A. –(1– 4a^2)/2a C. –(6 – 4a^2)/4a

B. –(7 – 4a^2)/3a D. –(9 – 4a^2)/5a

 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

Given polynomial 𝒂𝒙𝒏 + 𝒃𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ 𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎

Sum of Roots = −𝒃/𝒂
Product or Roots = ±𝒄/𝒂
Use + if n is even
Use – if n is odd

5ax^2 +(9-4a^2)x-14a=0
𝑏 9 − 4𝑎2
Sum = − =−
𝑎 5𝑎
 PLANE ANGLE AND TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

PLANE ANGLE
A plane angle is determined by rotating a ray (half – line) about its
endpoint called vertex.
Angle
Initial
Terminal Side
Side

Vertex
 PLANE ANGLE AND TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

Conversion Factors

EQUIVALENT
360 degrees
1 Revolution 2π radians
400 gradians
6400 mils
 PLANE ANGLE AND TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

Angle Pairs

❖ Complementary Angles
Two angles with a sum of 90o
60o
Example: 30o and 60o
30o
 PLANE ANGLE AND TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

Angle Pairs

❖ Supplementary Angles
Two angles with a sum of 180o 150o
Example: 30o and 150o 30o
 PLANE ANGLE AND TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

Angle Pairs

❖ Explementary Angles
Two angles with a sum of 360o 150o
Example: 70o and 290o 30o
 RIGHT TRIANGLES

The Pythagorean Theorem:

 “In a right triangle, the square of
the length of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares of
the lengths of the legs”
c 2 = a2 + b 2
 RIGHT TRIANGLES

Note:
 In any triangle, the sum of any two sides must be
greater than the third side; otherwise no triangle can
be formed.
c = a + b → The triangle is right
2 2 2

c  a + b → The triangle is obtuse

2 2 2

c 2  a2 + b2 → The triangle is acute

 RIGHT TRIANGLES

Trigonometric Functions
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

SOH CAH TOA

 OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

 An oblique triangle is a triangle that contains no

right angle
 OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

 Sine Law
a b c
= =
sin A sinB sinC

 Use Sine Law if:

 Given two angles and any side
 Given two sides and an angle opposite one of them
 OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

Cosine Law
S tan dard Form : Alternative Form :
b2 + c 2 − a2
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc CosA cos A =
2bc
a2 + c 2 − b2
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac CosB cosB =
2ac
a2 + b2 − c 2
c 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos C cos C =
2ab
Use Cosine Law if:
 Given three sides
 Given two sides and their included angle
12. In a triangle,
find the side c if
angle C = 100o,
side b = 20 and
side a = 15.
A. 28
B. 27
C. 29
D. 26
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

❖ Reciprocal Relation:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 =
𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 =
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

❖ Quotient Relation:

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 =
𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙
𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 =
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

❖ Product Relation: ❖ Pythagorean Identities:

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏

𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 (𝒙)

 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

❖ Magic Hexagon ❖ Reciprocal Relation:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 =
𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 =
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙

Yung opposite ng isang

trigonometric function sa magic
hexagon ay yung reciprocal nya
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

❖ Magic Hexagon
❖ Quotient Relation:
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 =
𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙
𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 =
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙

Kunin mo yung dalawang susunod

na trigonometric functions, yung
una ay gagawing numerator, yung
pangalawa ay gagawing
denominatior
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

❖ Magic Hexagon
❖ Product Relation:

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙

Kunin mo yung dalawang katabi

niyang trigonometric function, at
iyon ang mga pagmumultiplyin mo
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

❖ Magic Hexagon ❖ Pythagorean Identities:

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏

𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 (𝒙)

 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

❖ Addition and Subtraction Formulas:

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ± 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 ± 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 ± 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 ∓ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚

𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 ± 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 ± 𝒚 =
𝟏 ∓ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

❖ Double Angle Formulas: ❖ Half Angle Formulas:

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

𝒔𝒊𝒏 =±
𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙

𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 =±
𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

❖ Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions:

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙 ± 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒚 ± 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒚

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙 ± 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒚 ± 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒚

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒙 ± 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒙 ± 𝒚 =
𝟏 ± 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒚
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

The Calculator’s Degree Mode and Radians Mode

Choose for Degree Mode

Choose for Radians Mode

 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

The Calculator’s Degree Mode and Radians Mode

 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

The Calculator’s Degree Mode and Radians Mode

 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

13. Simplify the expression 4 cos y sin y (1 – 2 sin^2 y).

A. sec 2y
B. cos 2y
C. tan 4y
D. sin 4y
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

14. Simplify (cos(2x))/(sin(x)+cos(x)).

A. cos(x) + sin(x)
B. cos(x) – sin(x)
C. sin (x) – cos(x)
D. – cos(x) – sin(x)
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

15.Which of the following is the equivalent of

f(t)= √ ((1+cos(4t))/2)?
A. cot (2t)
B. cos (2t)
C. sin (2t)
D. csc (2t)
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

16. The expression sinh(5x)cosh(2x) +sinh(2x)cosh(5x) is

equivalent to
A. cosh (7x)
B. cosh (3x)
C. sinh (3x)
D. sinh (7x)
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

How to Type the Inverse Trigonometric Functions on the Calculator?

Equivalent of
Arcsec(x)

Equivalent of
Arccsc(x)

Equivalent of
Arccot(x)
THE CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

Ordinate

Abscissa
DISTANCE FORMULA

𝐝= 𝐱𝟐 − 𝐱𝟏 𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 − 𝐲𝟏 𝟐
 DISTANCE FORMULA

17. How far is the

intersection of the
lines 4x – 5y = 26
and 3x + 7y + 2 =
0 from the origin?

A. 4.47
B. 6.71
C. 2.24
D. 8.94
ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE AND THE X – AXIS

1. 𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝛉
(x1,y1)

(x2,y2) 𝒎 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
Ø
2. Given two points

𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒎=
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
 EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINES

➢ Point – Slope Form:

y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
➢ Slope – Intercept Form:
y = mx + b

➢ Two – Point Form: y − y1 y2 − y1

=
x − x1 x2 − x1
➢Note:
➢Parallel lines have equal slopes.
➢Perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative reciprocal of the other
 EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINE

18. What is the

equation of the line
that passes through
(-3,5) and is parallel
to the line 4x-
2y+2=0?

A. 4x-2y+22=0
B. 4x+2y-11=0
C. 2x+y+11=0
D. 2x-y+11=0
 DISTANCE BETWEEN A LINE AND A POINT

Ax1 + By1 + C
d=
 A +B 2 2

➢ If B is positive and point is above the line = +

➢ If B is negative and point is above the line = –
➢ If B is positive and point is below the line = –
➢ If B is negative and point is below the line = +
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES

➢ Let:
➢ L1 = A1 x + B 1 y + C 1 = 0
➢ L2 = A2 x + B 2 y + C 2 = 0

C2 − C1
d=
A +B
2 2
 DISTANCE BETWEEN A LINE AND A POINT

19. What is the

distance between
line x + 2y + 8 = 0
and the point (5,-2)?

A. 4.20
B. 4.02
C. 4.44
D. 4.22
 CONIC SECTIONS

• Conics is the locus of a point which moves in

such a way that the ratio of its distance from a
fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix) is
constant.The constant ratio is called eccentricity.
 CONIC SECTIONS

• CIRCLE
• Cutting plane parallel to the
“base”
 CONIC SECTIONS

• ELLIPSE
• Cutting plane not parallel to
any element of the circular
cone
CONIC SECTIONS

• PARABOLA
• Cutting plane parallel to the
slant height
CONIC SECTIONS

• HYPERBOLA
• Cutting plane parallel to the
axis
GENERAL SECOND – DEGREE EQUATION OF
CONICS

Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 +Dx + Ey + F = 0

B2 – 4AC →Discriminant (D)

Behavior of Discriminant Type of Conic Section

(D)
D<0 Ellipse
D=0 Parabola
D>0 Hyperbola
GENERAL SECOND – DEGREE EQUATION OF
CONICS

Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 +Dx + Ey + F = 0

Relationship of A and C Type of Conic Section

A=C, B=0 Circle
A C, but the same sign Ellipse
If either A or C is zero Parabola
A and C are opposite in signs Hyperbola
 CIRCLE

The plane figure obtained as a

locus of a point whose distance
from a fixed point called the
center is constant.

Eccentricity is 0
 CIRCLE

General Equations:
Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equations:
• Center at Any Point (h,k)
( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2
• Center at Origin
x +y =r
2 2 2
 CIRCLE

20. Find the equation of the circle whose center is at (3, -5)
and whose radius is 4.
A. x2 + y2 -6x + 10y + 18 = 0
B. x2 + y2 -6x - 10y + 18 = 0
C. x2 + y2 +6x + 10y + 18 = 0
D. x2 + y2 +6x - 10y + 18 = 0
 CIRCLE

21. Find the value of k for which the equation x2 + y2 + 4x

– 2y – k = 0 represents a point circle.

A. 5
B. 6
C. -6
D. -5
 PARABOLA

• Is the locus of a point which moves so that it is always

equidistant from a fixed point called focus and a fixed line
called directrix
• Eccentricity is equal to 1
 PARABOLA

General Equations:
• Axis Parallel to the y-axis
Ax + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2

• Axis Parallel to the x-axis

Ay 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
 PARABOLA

Standard Equations:
• Axis Vertical:Vertex (h,k)
( x − h) 2 = 4a( y − k )

• Axis Horizontal:Vertex (h,k)

( y − k ) = 4a( x − h)
2
 PARABOLA

Length of Latus Rectum

• Latus Rectum - line that runs parallel to directrix and
passes through the focus
 PARABOLA

22. What is the equation of a parabola with a vertex at (2,3) and a

focus at (6,3)?

2
A. 𝑦 − 3 = 16 𝑥 − 2
2
B. 𝑦 + 3 = 16 𝑥 + 2
2
C. 𝑦 − 3 = −16 𝑥 − 2
2
D. 𝑦 + 3 = −16 𝑥 + 2
 ELLIPSE

• Is the locus of a point which moves so that the sum of

its distance from two fixed points (foci) is constant and
is equal to the length of the major axis
ELLIPSE
 ELLIPSE

Standard Equations:
• Major Axis Horizontal
( x − h) ( y − k )
2 2

2
+ 2
=1
a b

• Major Axis Vertical

( x − h) ( y − k )
2 2

2
+ 2
=1
b a
 ELLIPSE

Key Formulas

Length of Major Axis = 2a

Length of Minor Axis = 2b
 ELLIPSE

Key Formulas
• Length of Latus Rectum
2b 2
LR =
a

• Eccentricity
c
a
 ELLIPSE

Key Formulas
• Length of Latus Rectum
2b 2
LR =
a

• Eccentricity
c For an ellipse, eccentricity is lesser
a than 1
 ELLIPSE

Key Formulas
• Focal Distance (c)
c = a −b
2 2 c = ea

• Distance From Center to Directrix (d)

a
d=
e
 ELLIPSE

23. An ellipse has an

eccentricity of 1/3.
Compute the distance
between the directrices if
the distance between foci
is 4.

A. 18
B. 36
C. 32
D. 38
 ELLIPSE

24. Find the equation of

an ellipse with vertices
(0, ±8) and foci (0, ±4).

A. 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 192
B. 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 192
C. 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 = 192
D. 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 192
 HYPERBOLA

• Is the locus of a point which moves so that the difference of the

distances from two fixed points (foci) is constant and is equal to the
length of the transverse axis
 HYPERBOLA

Standard Equations
• Transverse axis horizontal
( x − h) ( y − k )
2 2

2
− 2
=1
a b
• Transverse axis vertical
( y − k ) 2 ( x − h) 2
2
− 2
=1
a b
“a” is always the denominator of the positive term
 HYPERBOLA

KEY FORMULAS
• Length of Latus Rectum
2
2b
LR =
a

• Eccentricity
c For a hyperbola, eccentricity is
a greater than 1
 HYPERBOLA

KEY FORMULAS
• Focal Distance (c)

c = a +b
2 2 c = ea

• Distance From Center to Directrix (d)

a
d=
e
HYPERBOLA
 HYPERBOLA

• Equation of Asymptotes
y − k =  m( x − h)

b
m= Transverse axis horizontal
a

a
m= Transverse axis vertical
b
 HYPERBOLA

25. What is the standard form of the

hyperbola that has vertices at (0,-2),
and (6,-2) and foci at (-2,-2) and
(8,-2)?
A. 16 𝑥 − 3 2 +9 𝑦+2 2 = 144
2 2
B. 16 𝑥 − 3 −9 𝑦+2 = 144
2 2
C. 9 𝑥 − 3 + 16 𝑦 + 2 = 144
2 2
D. 9 𝑥 − 3 − 16 𝑦 + 2 = 144
 HYPERBOLA

26. Find the equation of

the asymptote of the
hyperbola 4x2 – 9y2 = 36.

A. x+3y=0
B. 3x+2y=0
C. 2x-3y=0
D. x-3y
 PRE CALCULUS

ENGR. PETER BENJAMIN OBIANO