THE GENITIC CORE OF DEVELOPMENT:

IDENTIFICATION:
DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS- DISCIPLINE that EXAMINES how the GENOTYPE is TRANSFORMED into the PHENOTYPE.
INTRONS- INTERVING SEQUENCES BETWEEN TOW EXONS found in EUKARYOTES.
EXONS- CODE FOR AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF THE PROTEIN.
-TRANSCRIBED into MATURE Mrna AFTER.
CHROMATIN- BASIC UNIT OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE.
HISTONE PROTEINS- TWO MOLECULES each of HISTONES H2A-H2B and HISTONES H3-H4 WRAPPED WITH TWO LOOPS
--CONTAINING 140 BASE PAIRS OF DNA.
TRANSCRIPTION INITATION SITE- often called the CAP SEQUENCE because it REPRESENTS THE 5’ END OF THE RNA.
5’ UNTRANSLATED REGION- often called the 5’ UTR or LEADER SEQUENCE
- INTERVING SEQUENCE OF 50 BASE PAIRS BETWEEN the INITIATION POINTS of TRANSCRIPTION and
TRANSLATION.
ANATOMY of the GENE: PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS.
PROMOTERS- SITES that is usually ABOUT 30 BASE PAIRS UPSTREAM FROM THE SITE where the FIRST BASE is
TRANSCRIBED.
ENHANCER- DNA SEQUENCE that can activate the UTILIZATION a PROMOTER, CONTROLLING THE EFFICIENCY and RATE.
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS- PROTEINS that BIND to ENHANCE or PROMOTER REGIONS and INTERACT to
ACTIVATE or REPRESS the TRANSCRIPTION of a PARTICULAR GENE.
EXAMPLES OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS: MITF AND PAX6
PAX6 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR- need for MAMMALIAN EYE, NERVOUS SYSTEM, and PANCREAS DEVELOPMENT.
-CONTAINS TWO POTENTIAL DNA-BINDING DOMAINS.
CASCADES OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
NEURAL RESTRICTIVE SILENCER ELEMENT (NRSE)
-SEQUENCE found in CERTAIN PROMOTERS that PREVENTS the PROMOTERS ACTIVATION in ANY TISSUE EXCEPT
NEURONS.
DISCOVERY OF THE HUMAN GOBLIN
LOCUS CONTROL REGIONS (LCR)
-function as “SUPER-ENHANCERS”
-came from STUDIES of the GEENTIC DISEASE B-THALASSEMIA
IDENTIFYING THE DNA REGULATORY ELEMENTS GEL MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAY.
- The BASIS for this ASSAY is GEL ELECTROPHORESIS.
DNase PROTECTION ASSAY
- Where the RESULTS of this PROCEDURE are CONFIRMED.
- If DNA-BINDING PROTEIN such as PAX6 finds its TARGET SEQUENCE in a DNA FRAGMENT, it will BIND to it.
DNA METHYLATION AND GENE ACTIVITY
-The PROMOTERS of INACTIVE GENES become METHYLATED at CERTAIN CYTOSINE RESIDUES, and the
RESULTING METHYLCYTOSINE STABILIZES NUCLEOSOMES and PREVENTS TRANSCRIPTION.
POSSIBLE MECHANISMS BY WHICH METHYLATION REPRESSES GENE TRANSCRIPTION.
- One HYPOTHESIS is that METHYLATED DNA STABILIZES NUCLEOSOMES.
GENOMIC IMPRINTING- ABILITY to MARK a GENE s coming either from FATHER or the MOTHER.
- ADDITIONAL INFORMATION MAY REGULATE SPATIAL and TEMPORAL GENE ACTIVITY.
DOSAGE COMPENSION- MALE and FEMALE CELSS contain APPROXIMATELY EQUAL AMOUNTS of X
CHROMOSOMES-ENCODED GENE PRODUCTS.
- TRANSCRIPTION RATES of the X CHROMOSOMES are ALTERED.
CONTROL OF EARLY DEVELOPMENT BY NUCLEAR RNA SELECTION, TO BECOME AN ACTIVE PROTEIN, THE RNA MUST
BE:
1.PROCESSED into MESSENGER RNA by the REMOVAL OF
2.TRANSLOCATED from the NUCLEUS to CYTOPLASM.
3.TRANSLATED by the PROTEIN-SYNTHESIZING APPARATUS.
4.Must be POSTTRANSLATIONALLY MODIFIED to become ACTIVE.
DIFFERENTIAL MRNA PROCESSING AND DROPHILA SEX DETERMINATION
X CHROMOSOMES- PRODUCE TRANCRIPTION FACTORS that ACTIVATE the SEX-LETHAL(SXL) GENE.
AUTOSOMES- PRODUCE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that COMPETE for these ACTIVATORS.
DIFFERENTIAL MRNA LONGEVITY
- The LONGER an MRNA PERSISTS, the MORE PROTEIN can be TRANSLATED from it.
CONTROL OF RNA EXPRESSION BY CYTOPLASMIC LOCALIIZATION
- LOCALIZATION of MESSENGER is also often accomplished through their 3’UTRs is also often PERFORMED IN
OOOCYTE.
- RIBAGILIATI and COLLEAGUES (1985) showed that there are certain mRNAs in XENOPUS EMBRYOS that are
SELECTIVELY TRANSPORTED to the VEGETAL POLE of the FROG OOCYTE.

IDENTIFICATION:
LIFE CYCLE- DESCRIBE the SERIES OF EVERY STAGES THAT AN INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM PASSES THROUGH BETWEEN
THE TIME.
- THE LIFE CYCLE HAS TO BE ADAPTED TO ITS ENVIRONMENT, WHICH IS COMPOED OF NON-LIVING OBJECTS
AS WELLL AS OTHER LIFE CYCLES.
EMBRYOGENESIS- THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN FERTILIZATION.
GAMETES- ARE REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR SEX CELLS THAT UNITE DURING SEXUAL REPRODUCTION TO FORM A NEW
CELL CALLED A ZYGOTE.
CIRCLE OF LIFE: THE STAGES OF ANIMAL DEVELOPMENTAL THROUGHOUT THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
CLEAVAGE- IS A SERIES OF EXTREMELY RAPID MITOTIC DIVISION WHERE IN THE ENOURMOUS VOLUME OF ZYGOTE
CYTOPLASM IS DIVIDEID INTO NUMEROUS SMALLER CELLS.
GATRULA STAGE- IS AN IMPORTANT STAGE IN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.
GASTRULATION- IS THAT IT TAKES PLACE AFTER THE BLASTULA AND GARTRULATION PROCESSES.
ORGANOGENESIS- THE PROCESS OF ORGANOGENESIS IS THE FORMMATION OF ORGANS DURING EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT.
SEASONAL EVENTS- FIRST IN FROGS, GAMETEGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION ARE SEASONAL EVENTS FOR THIS ANIMAL.
SECOND FERTILIZATION- CAUSES THE CYTOPLASM OF THE EGG TO MOVE SUCH THAT DIFFERENT CYTOPLASM.
THIRD FERTILIZATION- ACTIVATES THOSE MOLECULES NECESSARY TO BEGIN CELL CLEAVAGE AND DEVELOPMENT.
THIS STAGE CALLED NEURULA- THIS DORSAL ECTODERM CELLS ARE TO FORM A TUBE AND BECOME THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM.
STAGE 2- LARVAL PHASE- BEGINS FROM THE MOMENT YOUNG FROG EMERGE FROM THE EGG.
STAGE 3- METAMORPHOSIS- THE TRANSITION FROM THYE LARVAL PHASE TO ADULTHOOD IS KNOWN AS
“METAMORPHOSIS”
STAGE 4- ADULT FROG
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION- IS ANOTHER INVENTION OF THE PROTIST THAT HAS HAD A PROFOUND EFFECT ON MORE
COMPLEX ORGANISM.
REPRODUCTION- INVOLVES THE CREATION OF NNEW INDIVIDUALS.
SEX- INVOLVES COMBINING OF GENES FROM TWO DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS INTO NEW ARRANGEMENTS.
CONJUGATION- FOR INSTANCE REPRODUCE BY FISSION, BUT SEX IS ACCOMPLISHED BY.
THE VOLVOCACEANS- THE SIMPLER ORGANISMS AMONG VOLVOCACEANS ARE ORDER TO ASEMBLES OF NUMEROUS
CELLS.
CHLAMYDOMAS- SEXUAL REPRODUCTION SAME GAMETES.
OOGAMY- THE LARGER VOLVOCACEANS HAVE EVOLVED A SPECIALIZED FORM OF HETEROGAMY, CALLED.
DIPLOBLAST- ANIMALS ARE THOSE WHO HAVE ECTODERM AND ENDODERM.
PROTOSTOMES- THE MOUTH IS FORMED FIRST.
ECDYSOZOA- ANIMALS THAT MOLT.
AMINOTE EGG- CARIES ITS OWN WATER AND FOOD SUPPLIERS.

IDENTIFICATION:
SPERM
- THE MALE GAMETE WHICH TYPICALLY IS MUCH SMALLER THAN THE OVE.
- FIRST DISCOVERED BY ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK.
SPERM ANATONOMY
ACROMOSAL VESICLE(ACROSOME)- STRUCTURE DERIVED FROM GOLGI APPARATUS.
SPERM HEAD- THE ACROSOME AND THE NUCLEUS.
FLAGELLUM- THE TAIL-LIKE PROJECTION.
AXONEME- STRUCTURES THAT ARE FORMED FROM MICTOTUBULES.
TUBULIN- THE MAJOR PROTEIN CONSTITUENT OF MICROTUBULES.
DYNEIN- THE PROTEIN THAT IS GOING TO HYDROLYZE ATP.
CAPACITATION IN MAMMALS- THE FINAL STAGES OF SPERM MATURATION.
NON-MAMMALIAN SPERMATOZA- DO NOT UNDERGO THE CAPACITATION STEP AND ARE READY TO FERTILIZE
AN OOCYTE.
CYTOPLASM OF EGG CONTAINS:
- NUTRITIVE PROTEINS
- RIBOSOMES
- TRNA, Mrna
- PROTECTIVE FACTORS (SUCH AS FILTERS, REPAIR ENZYMES, DISTRASTEFUL CHEMICALS, ANTIBIOTICS).
- MORPHOGENETIC FACTORS (TO REGULATE DEVELOPMENT).
VITELINE ENVELOPE- AN EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX THAT FORMS A “FIBROUS” MAT AROUND THE EGG.
EGG JELLY- RESIDE OUTSIDE THE VITELINE.
(EGG) CORTEX- A THIN LAYER OF CYTOPLASM ALONG THE INTERIOR OF THE CELL MEMBRANE.
CONTICAL GRANULES- HOMOLOGUS SYTUCTURE TO THE ACROMOSAL VESICLES IN SPERM.
IN MAMMALS WE SEE:
- ZONA PELLUCIDA- A THICK MATRIX.
- CORONA RADIATA- AND LAYER OF CELLS
CHEMOTAXIS- A PHENOMENOM WHERE BY THE SOMATIC CELLS, BACTERIA, AND OTHER SINGLE-CELL OR
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS DIRECT THEIR MOVEMENTS.
ACROMOSAL REACTION- THAT OCCURS IN THE ACROSOME OF THE SPERM AS IT APPROACHES THE EGG.
PROTEIN BINDIN- IS SEEN AT THE BASE OF GOBULAR CLUSTER OF ACROSOMAL ENZYME.
MONOSPERMY- THE NORMAL CONDITION OF FRTILIZATION THAT RESULT IN TH E FORMATION OF DIPLOID CELL.
POLYSPERMY- THE ENTRANCE OF MORE THAN ONE SPERM INTO THE OVUM.

IDENTIFICATION:
ORGANOGENESIS- PROCESS OF FROMATION OR ORGANS THREE GERM LAYER.
INDUCTION- PRODUCTION OF AN ENZYME IN RESPONSE TO THE PRESENCE OF A PARTICULAR COMPOUND.
AXIS OF ROTATION-
EMBRYONIC INDUCTION- THE PROCESS BY WHICH ONE TISSUE CALLS FORTH SPECIFIC MORPHOGENETIC
DEVELOPMENT IN AN ADJACENT TISSUE.
GERMAN EMBRYOLOGIST-1.HANS SPEMANN AND HIS STUDENT
2. HILDE MANGOID.
CNS- THE SECOND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MUSCLES AND OTHER AXIQAL ORGANS IN THE RECIPIENT.
DORSAL LIP- CALLED AS ORGANIZER BECAUSE AFTER THE TRANSPLANTATION TO VENTRAL SIDE ANOTHER EMBRYO.
CHORDAMESODERM- A SPECIFIC TYPE OF MESODERM THAT WILL DIFERENCIATE INTO NOTOCHORD, SOMITES, AND
NEURAL TUBE.
EPIDERMIS- AT THE END OF THE NEURULATION EVENT, ECTODERM THAT DID NOT DIFFERENTIATE AS NEURAL TUBE
WILL BECOME THE OUTER LAYER OF THE SKIN THE;
HOLOW STRUCTURES;
- VENTRICLES OF THE ADULT BRAIN AND
- CENTRAL CANAL OF THE SPINAL CORD.
NEURAL CREST- CELLS MIGRATE DOWNWARD FROM THEIR ORIGINAL POSITION AND FORM THE DORSAL ROOT
GAGNGILA OF THE SPINAL NERVES AND THE POSTRGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC NEURONS.
CRANIAL NEURAL CREST- THE FIRST SUBPOPULATION TO UNDERGO AN EPITHELIAL TO MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION.
VAGA NEURAL CREST- SUBPOPULATION ARIES FROM THE AXIAL LEVEL OF SOMITES.
TRUNK NEURAL CREST- ORIGINATE FROM THE PORTERIOR PART OF THE EMBRYO AND PRIMARRILY DIFFERENTIATE.
SACRAL NEURAL CREST- HAS CRUCIAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
SOMATIC MESODERM LAYER- OUTER LAYER THAT BECOMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ECTODERM.
SPLANCHNIC MESODERM- INNER LAYER BECOMES ASSOCIATED EITH THE ENDODERM.
COELOM- THERE IS A SPACE THAT IS FORMED BETWEEN THESE TWO LAYERS .
ENDODERM- MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM, MUCOSAL GLANDS AND SUBMUCOSAL OF THE GI TRACT.
MESODERM- LAMINA PROPIA,MUSCULARIS MUCOASAE, SUBMUCOSAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND BLOOD VESSELS.
NEURAL CREST-NEURI=ONS AND NERVES OF THE SUBMUCOSAL AND MYENTERIC PLEXUS.
LUNG BUDS- THE RESPIRATORY DEVELOPS FROM THE VENTRAL EVAGINATION.
IDENTIFICATION:
GASTRULATION AND NEURULATION
- GASTRULATION- PROCESS WHERE IMPLANTED BLASTULA FORMS THREE GERM LAYERS.
- TRANSFORMATION OF BILAMINAR DISC ( EPIBLAST AND HYPOBLAST) INTO TRILAMINAR DISC
(ECTODERM,MESODERM AND ENDODERM).
THREE PRIMARY GERM LAYERS
ECTODERM- THE OUTERMOST LAYER/FORMS FROM EPIBLAST/LATER DIFFERENCES INTO INTEGUMENTARY AND
NERVOUS SYSTEM.
MESODERM- FORM IN THE MIIDDLE OF EPIBLAST AND HYPOBLAST LAYERS/LATTER DIFFERENCES INTO MUSCULAR
SYSTEM,SKELETAL SYSTEM AND ALSO CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
ENDODERM- FORM FROM HYPOBLAST LAYER.
DURING GASTRULATION- THE PROCESS BEGINS WITH THE FORMATION OF THE PRIMITIVE STREAK ON THE SURFACE OF
THE EPIBLAST(ECTODERM)./LATTER THE DIFFERENCES INTO EPITHELIAL LAYERS OF LUNGS,
LIVER,PANCREAS,BLADDER,THYROID AND PARATHROID GLANDS.
THE PRIMITIVE STREAK- IS CLEARLY VISIBLE AS A NARROW GROOVE WITH SLIGHTLY BULGING REGIONS ON EITHER SIDE
AT THE CAUDAL END OF THE EMBRYONIC DISC.
PRIMITIVE NOTE- THE CEPHALIC END OF THE STREAK THE PRIMITIVE NOTE, A SLIGHTLY ELEVETED AREA SURROUNDING
THE SMALL PRIMITIVE PIT.
MECHANISM OF GASTRULATION
-CELLS OF THE EPIBLAST MIGRATE TOWARDS THE PRIMITIVE STREAK.
- ONCE THE CELLS HAVE INAVIGINATED,SOME DISPLACED THE HYPOBLAST,CREATING THE EMBRYONIC ENDODERM.
-THUS, EPIBLAST THROUGH THE PROCESS OF GASTRULATION IS THE SOURCE OF ALL OF THE GERM LAYERS,AND CELLS
IN THIS LAYERS WILL GIVE RISE TO ALL OF THE TISSUE AND ORGANS IN THE EMBRYO.
GASTRULATION OCCURS AT THREE EMBRYONIC SITES:
-PRIMITIVE STREAK
-NODE
-TAIL BUD
GASTRULATION AT THE PRIMITIVE STREAK- THE EPIBLAST IS A SIMPLE CIRCULAR PLATE OF CELLS. CELLS PROLIFERATE
AND CONVERGE THROUGH MIGRATION.
THE PRIMITIVE STREAK IS CONSIST OF:
1.PRIMITIVE GROOVE
2.PRIMITIVE NODE
3.PRIMITIVE PIT.
AFTER PRIMITIVE STREAK FORMATION,THE EMBRYO HAS:
1.CRANIOCAUDAL AXIS
2.DORSAL AND VERTAL SURFACES
3.RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES.
GASTRULATION AT THE NODE- THE PRIMITIVE STREAK STOPS ELONGATING AT ABOUT 75% OF THE WAY ALONG THE
LENGTH OF THE POSTERIOR-ANTERIOR AXIS.
GASTRULATION AT THE TAIL BUD- CELLS AT THE POSTERIOR OF THE PRIMITIVE STREAK ARE ALLOCATED TO FORM THE
TAIL BUD.
TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRULATION- KNOWN AS SACROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMAS, THAT COMMONLY CONTAIN
TISSUES DERIVED FROM ALL THREE GERMS LAYERS.
SACROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMA- IT IS DEVELOPED FROM REMNANTS OF PRIMITIVE STREAK.
IT IS A BEGIN TUMOR WHICH CONTAIN ELEMENTS OF INCOMPLETE DIFFERENTIATED
(3 GERM LAYERS).
NEURULATION-IS A PROCESS IN WHICH THE NEURAL PLATE BENDS UP AND LATER FUSES TO FORM THE HOLLOW TUBE
THAT WILL EVENTUALLY DIFFERENTIATE INTO THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
NEURAL CREST CELLS- MIGRATE AWAY FROMM THE NEURAL TUBE AND GIVE RISE TO A VARITEY OF CELL TYPES,
INCLUDING PIGMENT CELLS AND NEURONS.
THE STAGES OF NEURULATION INCLUDE THE INFORMATION OF:
-NEURAL PLATE-FIRST PLATE APPEARS
-NEURAL GROVE
-NEURAL FOLDS AND THEIR FUSION
-NEURAL CREST CELLS
-NEURAL TUBE
BEGINS DURING EARLY PART OF 4TH WEEK(22-23 DAYS)
ENDS BT THE END OF THE 4TH WEEK(27 DAYS).
IS INDUCED BY THE NOTOCHORD.
THE NEURULATION- UNDER THE INDUCING EFFECT OF THE DEVELOPING NOTOCHORD.
THE NEURAL PLATE-FIRST PLATE APPEARS
-CRANIAL TO THE PRIMITIVE NODE AND DORSAL TO THE DEVELOPING NOTOCHORD AND THE MESODERM ADJACENT
TO IT.
ON THE 18TH DAY THE NEURAL PLATE INVAGINATES TO FORM NEURAL GROOVE AND NEURAL FOLDS.
THE NEURAL TUBE SEPARATES FROM THE SURFACE ECTODERM,LIES IN THE MIDLINE,DORSAL TO THE NOTOCHORD.
-IS OPEN AT BOTH ENDS, COMMUNICATING FREELY WITH THE AMNIOTIC CAVITY.
-THE CRANIAL ½ OF THE NEURAL TUBE
-THE CAUDAL 2/3 REPRESENTS THE FUTURE SPINAL CHORD.
FOLDING OF THE EMBRYO
-FOLDING MEANS THE CONVERSATION OF THE FLAT TRILAMINAR EMBRYONIC DISC.
TIME
-FOLDIG OF THE EMBRYO BEGINS BY TH END OF 3RD WEEEK. IT IS COMPLETED BY THE 4TH WEEK.

IDENTIFICATION:
CLEAVAGE- After the fertilization development of multicellular organisms proceed by a process called cleavage.
BLASTOMERES- is a type of cell produced by cell division (cleavage) of the zygote after fertilization; blastomeres are
an essential part of blastula formation
FERTILIZATION TO CLEAVAGE- The transition from fertilization to cleavage is cause by the activation of mitosis
promoting factor (MPF).
THE CYTOSKELETAL MECHANISMS OF MITOSIS
-CLEAVAGE IS ACTUALLY THE RESULT OF TWO COORDINATED PROCESSES.
FIRST IS KARYOKINESIS- THE MITOTIC DIVISION OF NUCLEUS
MITOTIC SPINDLE- IS THE MECHANICAL AGENT OF THE DIVISIONN .
TUBULIN MICROTUBULES- COMPOSED OF TUBULIN THE SAME TYPE OF PROTEIN THAT MAKES UP THE SPERM
FLAGELLUM.
SECOND CYTOKINESIS- THE DIVISION OF THE CELL.
CONTRACTILE RING- THE MECHANICAL AGENTS OF CYTOKINESIS.
ACTIN MICROFILLAMENTS- MADE OF ACTIN THE SAME TYPE OF PROTEIN THAT EXTENDS THE EGG MICROVILLLI AND
THE SPERM ACROMOSAL PROCESS..
Patterns of embryonic cleavage-
• the amount and distribution of yolk protein within the cytoplasm
• factors in the egg cytoplasm that influence the angle of the mitotic spindle and the timing of its formation.
The HOLOBLASTIC is completed but has a low concentration of yolk while the MEROBLASTIC is incompleted but has a
high concentration of egg yolk.
Gastrulation-is the process of highly coordinated cell and tissue movements whereby the cells of the blastula are
dramatically rearranged.
TYPES OF CELL DURING GASTRULATION:
INAVIGATION- the infolding of a region of cells,much like the identing of a soft rubber ball when its poked.
INVOLUTION-the enturning or the inward movement of an expanding outer layer so that it spreads over the internal
surface of the remaining external cells,
INGRESSION-which is the migration of individual cells from the surface layer into the interior of the embryo,
DELAMINATION-the splitting of one cellular sheet into two more or less parallel sheets.
EPIBOLY- where in ithe movement of epithelial sheets usually of ectodermal cells that spread as a unit rather than
individually, to enclose the deeper layers of the embryo.
ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR AXIS- IS THE LINE EXTENDING FROM HEAD TO TAIL OR MOUTH TO ANUS IN THOSE
ORGANISMS THAT LACK HEAD AND TAILS.
THE DORSAL-VENTRAL AXIS- IS THE LINE EXTENDING FROM BACK DORSUM TO BELLY VENTRUM.
THE RIGHT-LEFT AXIS-IS THE LINE BETWEEN THE TWO LATERAL SIDES OF THE BODY.
THE FOUR CELLS OF ANIMAL VEGETAL TIER DIVIED TO EIGHT BLASTOMERS:
MESOMERES- divide to produce two “animal” tiers, an1 and an2, one staggered above the other.
MACROMERES-The vegetal tier, however, undergoes an unequal equatorial cleavage to produce four large cells
MICROMERES- also divide, albeit somewhat later, producing a small cluster beneath the larger tier.
CLEAVAGE IN SNAILS- Spiral holoblastic cleavage is characteristic of several animal groups, including annelid worms,
some flatworms, and most molluscs