DIRECT AND INDERECT SPEECH

Direct speech: Saeed said, ‘’ I like mangoes’’

Indirect speech: Saeed said that he liked mangoes.
Rules for changing Direct into Indirect speech
1. Changing of tenses
a) If the verb of reporting speech is in present or future tense there will be no change in
the verb of reported speech.
 Rahim says, “I get up early in the morning.”
 Rahim says that he gets up early in the morning.
b) When the verb of the reporting speech is the past tense the changing of the tenses as
 Rahim said, “I cook food.”
 Rahim said that he cooked food.
1. The present indefinite tense into past indefinite tense
 He said, “I like books.”
 He said that he liked books.
2. The present continuous tense into past continuous tense
 He said. “it is raining”
 He said that it was raining.
3. The present perfect tense into past perfect tense
 He said, “I have broken the leg of chair.”
 He said that he had broken the leg of chair.
4. The present perfect continuous tense into past perfect continuous
 He said, “I have been suffering from fever since Morning.”
 He said that he had been suffering from fever since morning.
5. The past indefinite tense into past perfect tense
 He said, “I went to Karachi.”
 He said that he had gone to Karachi.
6. The past continuous into past perfect continuous tense
 He said, “I was reading a book.”
 He said that he had been reading a book.
7. No changes in past perfect and past perfect continuous tense
 He said, “I had killed him.”
 He said that he had killed him.
 She said, “I had been reading a book since morning.”
 She said that she had been reading a book since morning.
 8. Will and shall into would and should
 Shakespeare said, “I will write another drama tomorrow.”
 Shakespeare said that he would write another drama the next day.
9. May into might can into could
Note when the reported speech express a universal truth no changing occur in the tense

 He said, “ Allah is one”

 He said that Allah is one.
 He said, “The earth moves around the sun.”
 He said that the earth moves around the sun.
2. Channing of pronouns
1. First person pronoun
 The first person pronoun in the reported speech changes according to the
subject of reporting speech.
 He said to me, “I am going to market.”
 He told me that he was going to market.
 The boy said to teacher, “I will not read today.”
 The boy told the teacher that he would not read that day.
2. Second person pronoun
 The second person in the reported speech always change according to the object
of the reporting speech.
 He said to me, “you have done your work.”
 He told me that I had done my work.
 He said his mother, “You are very kind.”
 He told his mother that she was very kind.
3. Third person pronoun
 No changing occurs when there is third person in the reporting speech.
 The boys said to me, “he wants to serve his country.”
 The boys told me that he wanted to serve his country.
3. Changing of some important words

Now Into Then Today Into That day

Here - There Tomorrow - The next day
Ago - Before Hither - Thither
This - That Hence - Thence
these - Those Yesterday - The previous day
Thus - so Last day - The previous night
Come - Go -
 He said to me, “He met me two year ago.
  He told me that he had met him two year before.
 He said to me, “I will not do this.
 He told me that he would not do that.
 I said to him, “I am going here.”
 I told him that I was going there.

Type of sentences
1. Assertive sentence
2. Imperative sentence
3. Interrogative sentence
4. Exclamatory sentence
1. Assertive sentence
To change the direct sentence into indirect we should follow the following roles.

 We put “that” between reported and reporting speech

 If reporting verb (say or said) followed by a noun change into (tell or told)
 If there is nomination of (yes or no) replied with affirmative/negative
Example.

 He says, “I am going.”
 He says that he is going.
 He said to me, “ I am writing a letter.”
 He told me that he was writing a letter.
Yes or No statement

 The painter said to me, “yes, I have painted this picture.”

 The painter replied in the affirmative and told he had painted that picture.
 He said, “No, I have not broken this glass.”
 He replied in the negative and said that he had not broken that glass.
Sometime the verb of reported speech replace the verb of reporting speech.

 Rizwan said, “I think it will rain heavily.”

 Rizwan thought that it would rain heavily.
 I said to him, “I think you for helping me.”
 I thanked him for helping me.
 The teacher said to me, “I hope you will pass.”
 The teacher hoped that I would pass.
2. Imperative sentences

 Say or said will change into tell, ask , request , order, advise, command
 The verb of reported speech changes into infinitive
Example.

 The teacher said to boys, “Sit down!”

 The teacher ordered the boys to sit down.
Imperative Sentences with Order Command

 The manager said to the peon,” Get out of my office.”

 The manager ordered the peon to get out of his office.
 She said to us,” Keep quiet over here.”
 She ordered us to keep quiet over there.
 The policeman said to the driver,” Show me your license.”
 The policeman ordered the driver to show him his license.
 The magistrate said to the policeman,” Arrest this pickpocket.”
 The magistrate ordered the policeman to arrest that pickpocket.
 She said to her servant,” Polish my shoes at once.”
 She ordered her servant to polish her shoes at once.
 The teacher said to the peon,” Turn on the fan now.”
 The teacher ordered the peon to turn on the fan then.
 “Open the door,” said the policeman to my neighbor.
 The policeman ordered my neighbor to open the door.
Imperative Sentences With Request Entreaty

 He said to us,” Please, do not make a noise in front of my house.”

 He requested us to not make a noise in front of his house.
 He said to my father,” Please forgive me this time.”
 He requested my father to forgive him that time.
 He said to his teacher,” Sir, kindly excuse me now.”
 He requested his teacher respectfully to excuse him then.
 She said to her,” Kindly, forgive me this time.”
 She requested her to forgive her that time.
 He said to me,” Please switch on the fan.”
 He requested I switch on the fan.
 I said to the visitor,” Please wait for a few minutes.”
 I requested the visitor to wait for a few minutes.
 The old woman said to me,” Please help me to cross this road.”
 The old woman requested me to help her to cross that road.
Imperative Sentences with Advice

 She said to her brother,” Work very hard from today.”

 She advised her brother to work very hard from that day.
 They said to him,” Take a bath very early in the morning.”
 They advised him to take a bath very early in the morning.
 She said to her children,” Pray five times a day.”
 She advised her children to pray five times a day.
 They said to him,” Trust in God and do the right.”
 They advised him to trust in God and did the right.
 I said to him,” Respect those who respect you.”
 I advised him to respect those who respect him.
 She said to me,” Pray five times a day.”
 She advised me to pray five times a day.
 You said to them,” Be quiet at home over here.”
 You advised them to be quiet at home over there.
 I said to them,” Play a fair game like true Muslims.”
 I advised them to play a fair game like true Muslims.
Negative Imperative Sentences

 Mother said to me,” Never tell a lie.”

 Mother forbade me to tell a lie.
 I said to him,” Do not betray your friends.”
 I forbade him to betray his friends.
 She said to her,” Do not tell a lie.”
 She forbade her to tell a lie.
 He said to us,” Do not waste my time.”
 He forbade us to waste his time.
 He said to me,” Do not mix with bad boys.”
 He forbade me to mix with bad boys.
 You said to her,” Do not pluck flowers from the garden.”
 You forbade her to pluck flowers from the garden.
 The doctor said to us,” Do not take more than two cups of tea a day.”
 The doctor forbade us to take more than two cups of tea a day.
 The mother said to the newcomer,” Do not sit here.”
 The mother forbade the newcomer to sit there.

3. Interrogative Sentences
  An interrogative sentence is a type of sentence that asks a question. It may either be
started with some Interrogative Word (who, when, why, where, how, whom, etc.) or
may have a helping verb (is, are, am, do, does, etc.
 said to”into “asked” or “inquired of “
 But if Interrogative Sentence is started with a helping verb, then add the word “if” or
“whether” to connect Reporting and Reported Speech.
The Interrogative Sentences With Interrogative Words

 I said to him,” When do you get up?”

 I asked him when he got up.
 She said to me,” Where are you going now?”
 She asked me where I was going then.
 I said to him,” What did you eat yesterday?”
 I inquired of him what he had eaten the previous day.
 She said to him,” Why were you weeping yesterday?”
 She inquired of him why he had been weeping the previous day.
 We said to them,” Who will be visiting your factory tomorrow?”
 We asked them who would be visiting their factory the next day.
 He said to her,” Which books did you buy from this shop?”
 He asked her which books she had bought from that shop.
 He said to me,” What are you doing here?”
 He asked me what I was doing there.
Interrogative Sentences That Start With A Verb (if any sentence shall or will, whether comes)

 “May I come in, madam?” said she to the principal.

 She asked the principal respectfully if she might come in.
 He said to me,” Are you going to school now?”
 He inquired of me if I was going to school then.
 You said to him,” Have you broken my jug today?”
 You asked him if he had broken your jug that day.
 We said to her,” Did you beat our servant yesterday?”
 We inquired of her if she had beaten our servant the previous day.
 He said to you,” Will you go to the pictures tonight?”
 He asked you whether you would go to the pictures that night.
 She said to him,” Did you lose your pen here?”
 She asked him if he had lost his pen there.
 He said to you,” Will you go to Peshawar tomorrow?”
 He asked you whether you would go to Peshawar the next day.
4. Exclamatory sentences
 Exclamatory Sentence may start ,with a word that expresses some grief (ha, alas),
 with a word that expresses the joy (aha, hurrah),
 or it may have a word that expresses the wonder (what, how)
 The words of sorrow can be replaced with the words “exclaimed with sorrow, exclaimed
with great grief, exclaimed sorrowfully”.
 The words of joy and happiness can be replaced with the words “exclaimed with great joy,
exclaimed joyfully”.
 Exclamatory Sentences that have some wonderful feelings can be converted into Indirect
Speech by replacing the words wonderful with the words “exclaimed in wonder, exclaimed
in astonishment” and the words” very” or “very great” would be added with the quality of
wonder.
 Make the word arrangement as of Assertive Sentence that ends with a full stop (.).
Exclamatory Sentences with Sorrow Feelings

 He said,” Alas! My brother has met with an accident.”

 He exclaimed with sorrow that his brother had met with an accident.
 She said to you,” Ha! You have failed in science by two marks only.”
 She exclaimed with grief that you had failed in science by two marks only.
 She said,” Alas! My cousin has died in a bus accident.”
 She exclaimed with great sorrow that her cousin had died in a bus accident.
 They said,” Ah! The house of our friends has caught fire.”
 They exclaimed with great grief that the house of their friends had caught fire.
 She said,” Alas! My prize bonds have been stolen by my servant.”
 She exclaimed with great grief that her prize bonds had been stolen by her servant.
Exclamatory Sentences with Wonder Feelings:

 They said to us,” Hurrah! We have defeated your team in this match.”
 They exclaimed with great joy that they had defeated our team in that match.
 He said,” Hurrah! My father has returned from Saudi Arabia.”
 He exclaimed with great joy that his father had returned from Saudi Arabia.
 My sister said,” Hurrah! I have won the first prize in sports.”
 My sister exclaimed with great joy that she had won the first prize in sports.
 We said,” Ha! Ha! Father has bought a plot of land for us in Faisalabad.”
 We exclaimed with great joy that father had bought a plot of land for us in Faisalabad.
 He said,” Hurrah! My brother stands first in English.”
 He exclaimed with great joy that his brother stood first in English